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	Landscape Ecology
		Landscape ecology is the study of how ecosystems are arranged and how their arrangements affect the wildlife and environmental conditions that comprise them.
		An ecologist might study a population of wildlife species in a given habitat, while a landscape ecologist looks at how the holistic patterns of the land, such as its topography, water, forest cover, and human uses, affect wildlife populations.
		As a discipline, landscape ecology is quite young, but already many conservation biologists have found its essential elements extremely useful in their work.
	www.wcs.org /sw-high_tech_tools/landscapeecology (133 words)

	Landscape ecology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Landscape ecology is a sub-discipline of ecology and geography that address how spatial variation in the landscape affects ecological processes such as the distribution and flow of energy, materials and individuals in the environment (which, in turn, may influence the distribution of landscape "elements" themselves such as hedgerows).
		Although landscape ecology theory may be slightly outside of the “classical and preferred domain of scientific disciplines” because of the large, heterogeneous areas of study (Sanderson and Harris 2000), general ecology theory is central to landscape ecology theory in many aspects.
		Landscape ecology has been cited as a major contributor to the development of fisheries biology as a distinct biological science discipline (Magnuson 1991), and is frequently incorporated in study design for wetland delineation in hydrology (Attrill and Rundle 2002).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Landscape_ecology (2751 words)

	FOR-76: Landscape Ecology and Ecosystems Management
		A landscape is a heterogenous area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that are repeated in various sizes, shapes, and spatial relationships throughout the landscape.
		Landscape ecology is the study of structure, function, and change in a heterogenous land area composed of interacting ecosystems.
		Although metapopulation dynamics and the concepts of landscape ecology are complex and difficult for the general public to understand, we must make the effort to understand these concepts because of their importance in determining decisions about landscape-level and wildlife management.
	www.ca.uky.edu /agc/pubs/for/for76/for76.htm (4900 words)

	Forest Research - Landscape ecology
		Landscape ecology is an exciting and rapidly evolving discipline that is highly relevant to the ecology and management of British forests.
		Landscape ecology research can be applied to modern forestry and landscape management through the effective targeting and evaluation of landscape change.
		The rural and urban landscape ecology (ruLE) group is a wider group within Forest Research including researchers who cover a range of landscape scale issues.
	www.forestresearch.gov.uk /landscapeecology (456 words)

	Conservation Ecology: A fractal landscape realizer for generating synthetic maps
		The availability of limited numbers of prescribed actual landscapes precludes careful sensitivity analysis of the effects of landscape arrangement on the uncertainty of the assumptions used in spatial simulations, making the simulation results subject to the statistical effects of pseudoreplication (Hargrove and Pickering 1992).
		Landscape simulations that control particular aspects of landscape pattern, i.e., contagion (Gardner and O'Neill 1991), patchiness (Gustafson and Parker 1992), Markov transition probabilities (Johnson et al.
		A plethora of landscape pattern metrics exists, but there is no agreement about which aspects of a landscape are most important to match in a synthetic construction, or what magnitude of difference constitutes a formally acceptable degree of fit.
	www.ecologyandsociety.org /vol6/iss1/art2/main.html (5120 words)

	All Early Papers from Landscape Ecology
		All papers published in Landscape Ecology from its origin in 1987 through 1997 are now available for free downloading as PDF files.
		The journal Landscape Ecology was established in 1987, marking the beginning of new growth and synergy within the field.
		University of Wisconsin Forest Landscape Ecology Lab
	landscape.forest.wisc.edu /landscapeecology (276 words)

	Glossary Landscape Ecology
		Patterns of connected landscape elements, which were important for the ecological functioning of the landscape (Schreiber 1988).
		In ecology: The whole of the constant physical and chemical conditions influencing the residence and/or stature place of an organism or a biocoenosis.
		- Landscape ecology, 3 (2): 67-89; The Hague.
	www.landscape-ecology.info /Glossaren.html (4658 words)

	Landscape Ecology - A Journal by Springer
		Landscape Ecology seeks new and innovative papers that improve our understanding of the relationship between pattern and processes, and their consequences.
		Landscape research can be approached from natural or human sciences and the effects of abiotic, biological, ecological, or cultural aspects of landscapes.
		Papers submitted to the journal must adequately address relationships between ecological dynamics, landscape heterogeneity, and landscape change, and authors should take care that their papers address the current literature and questions within the field that are appropriate to the subject matter of the paper.
	www.environmental-expert.com /magazine/springer/10980/index.asp (607 words)

	WWF \| Conservation Science \| Landscape ecology and conservation landscape design
		The giant pandas of the Qinling Mountains, China: a case study in designing conservation landscapes for elevational migrants.
		Abstract: Traditional approaches to the study of fragmented landscapes invoke an island-ocean model and assume that the non-habitat matrix surrounding remnant patches is uniform.
		We are also studying the use of certain landscape features, such as palm swamps and clay licks, which may be essential for the survival of these and other related species.
	www.worldwildlife.org /science/research/ecology.cfm (1183 words)

	UC Davis Ecology - Ecology Home
		The Ecosystems and Landscape Ecology Area of Emphasis (EandLE-AOE) in the Graduate Group in Ecology (GGE) is designed to meet the needs of students who wish to earn a Masters or a Ph.D. degree in the study of ecological processes at scales between the organismal level and the global landscape.
		Landscape ecologists also use spatial and functional analysis to study the complex interrelationships of ecosystems as components of a complex landscape.
		Approaches are both theoretical and applied, and involve the study of: (1) process dynamics through time, including energy and material flows in ecosystems; (2) the interaction of ecosystem components at the macro-level of organization; (3) landscape modification and change; and (4) landscape ecology as an aid to environmental planning.
	www.ecology.ucdavis.edu /AOE/Ecolan/ecolan_home.htm (213 words)

	Principles of Landscape Ecology for Managing Temperate Ecosystems
		Landscape ecology is a branch of ecological science that studies how the spatial arrangement of living organisms and ecosystems affects the way they interact with each other.
		Landscape ecologists usually study these relationships across large areas (landscapes), which may vary in size from a few hundred acres to hundreds of thousands of acres.
		How landscape patterns affect the ability of animals to move across the landscape and colonize new habitat.
	www.ncrs.fs.fed.us /4153 (311 words)

	What is Landscape Ecology? \| Home
		Landscape ecology is about people, ecosystems, species, energy, pollutants, GIS and remote sensing, modeling, disturbance, flows, conservation, and many many other things.
		So, to capture the energy of the science, as well as the technical aspects, we asked a number of landscape ecologists to tell us what landscape ecology is to them and why it is important.
		When you read their short essays one thing will emerge -- landscape ecology is where the action is -- the passion and excitement of our authors is contagious.
	www.usiale.org /whatisle/index.htm (186 words)

	Agricultural Landscape Design
		In this context, landscape ecology and geographical information system (GIS) analyses are emerging as conceptual frameworks to provide effective and feasible solutions in achieving overall system sustainability.
		The role of these habitat patches in preserving biodiversity and their interaction within the agricultural landscape has been stressed considering a specific area located in the Salento Peninsula, which is a part of the Apulia region (Southern Italy).
		Manage Whole Systems: : Landscape ecology and geographical information analyses emphasize a whole-system approach in the study of the agricultural landscape focusing the attention on the relationship between farms and natural systems.
	www.agroecology.org /cases/aglandscapedesign.htm (683 words)

	Key Topics in Landscape Ecology
		Landscape ecology is the science and art of studying and influencing the relationship between spatial pattern and ecological processes across different spatiotemporal scales and levels of biological organization.
		Leading landscape ecologists provide in-depth reviews and syntheses of a series of key issues, including adequacy of landscape data, spatial pattern analysis, heterogeneity and ecosystem processes, metapopulations, scaling, landscape pattern optimization, land use change, and landscape conservation, management, planning, and design.
		It should be of interest to a wide audience, including academic professionals and practitioners in ecology, environmental science, and landscape planning and design.
	leml.asu.edu /Landscape-Ecology (152 words)

	ISU Spatial/Landscape Ecology - Publications
		Analysis of predator movement in prairie landscapes with contrasting grassland composition.
		Quantitative classification of a historic northern Wisconsin landscape: mapping forests at regional scales.
		The effect of gopher mounds and fire on the spatial distribution and demography of a short-lived legume in tallgrass prairie.
	www.nrem.iastate.edu /landscape/Spatial/spatial_pubs.html (1195 words)

	Amazon.com: Learning Landscape Ecology: Books: Sarah E. Gergel,Monica G. Turner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process by Monica Turner
		It is an ideal companion to the text, Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice by Monica G. Turner, Robert H. Gardner, and Robert V. O'Neill, also published by Springer-Verlag.
		Landscape Ecology — Quantitative Techniques in Landscape Planning covers all aspects of landscape planning, from the initial stages of the study to the final stage of processing data and obtaining a c.
	www.amazon.com /Learning-Landscape-Ecology-Sarah-Gergel/dp/0387952543 (1154 words)

	NCRS - Landscape Ecology
		Complex movement rules are being constructed to govern the behavior of dispersers as they move through a heterogeneous landscape, where mortality, food availability, and movement preferences differ among habitat types.
		These changes are assumed to be related to proximity to certain landscape features such as roads and waterways, to characteristics of the site, and to socio-economic factors.
		The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the probability of patch colonization.
	www.ncrs.fs.fed.us /4153/eric_gustafson.asp (1513 words)

	IALE Portal
		The response of elephants to the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation in a Southern African agricultural landscape pp.
		The influence of forest harvesting on landscape spatial patterns and old-growth-forest fragmentation in southeast British Columbia pp.
		Landscape planning for a rural ecosystem: case study of a resettlement area for residents from land submerged by the Three Gorges Reservoir, China
	www.landscape-ecology.org /publications/journals.htm (3795 words)

	Landscape Ecology Lab
		We are a research group in spatial ecology and landscape ecology (under the direction of Dr. Marie-Josee Fortin) at the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto.
		The expertise of LE-Lab is at the interface of several disciplines (e.g., spatial ecology, landscape ecology, conservation, forest ecology, spatial statistics, modelling and GIS), where the most important and challenging problems lie.
		Current research projects cover three research areas: (1) spatial ecology (species-habitat relationship, scaling issues, fragmentation, connectivity, conservation); (2) spatial and landscape statistics (sampling, edge detection, spatial autocorrelation, randomization tests, graph theory) and (3) forest ecology (disturbances, fire spatial dynamics, forest harvesting modeling).
	www.zoo.utoronto.ca /fortin (355 words)

	Amazon.com: Landscape Ecology: Books: Richard T. T. Forman,Michel Godron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This important new work--the first of its kind--focuses on the distribution patterns of landscape elements or ecosystems; the flows of animals, plants, energy, mineral nutrients and water; and the ecological changes in the landscape over time.
		Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning by Wenche Dramstad on 11 pages
		Landscape Ecology in Agroecosystems Management by Lech Ryszkowski on 6 pages
	www.amazon.com /Landscape-Ecology-Richard-T-Forman/dp/0471870374 (856 words)

	Landscape Ecology Home Page \| Landscape Ecology Branch \| US EPA
		Landscape Indicators for Pesticides Study for Mid-Atlantic Coastal Streams
		Landscape Model Development for Estimating Nutrient and Sediment Loads to Streams in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the U.S. South Carolina Case Study
		An Assessment of Landscape Change in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States And Consequences to Streams and Terrestrial Wildlife Habitats (1973-1992)
	www.epa.gov /nerlesd1/land-sci (307 words)

	Iale UK \| Home Page \| International Association of Landscape Ecology - United Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		International Association of Landscape Ecology - United Kingdom
		Landscape ecology is the study of the interactions between the temporal and spatial aspects of a landscape and its flora, fauna and cultural components
		The core objectives of IALE (UK) are to promote communication, inter-disciplinary research and the development of knowledge and interaction between scientists and those engaged in the planning and management of the landscape.
	www.iale.org.uk (64 words)

	About Landscape Ecology
		Landscape ecology, as the name implies, is the study of landscapes; specifically, the study of landscape patterns, the interactions among the elements of pattern, how patterns and interactions change over time, and the application of these principles in the formulation and solving of real-world problems.
		Thus, landscape ecology is defined best by its focus on spatial heterogeneity and pattern; specifically, how to characterize it, where it comes from, why it matters, how it changes through time, and how we manage it.
		Please contact Dr. Kevin McGarigal (see contact information below) to add your landscape ecology site to this list.
	www.umass.edu /landeco/about/about.html (117 words)

	Landscape Ecology & Recovery Science - Watershed Program - EC - Northwest Fisheries Science Center
		A Spatial Analysis of Urban Landscape Patterns Associated with Pre-Spawn Mortality in Coho Salmon Populations
		Understanding landscape-scale relationships among salmon and their habitats is essential to habitat recovery planning.
		Team members on a field trip at the 2004 annual meeting of the International Society for Landscape Ecology.
	www.nwfsc.noaa.gov /research/divisions/ec/wpg/landscape.cfm (165 words)

	EnviroNetBase: Environmental Handbooks Online
		Many advances in spaceborne instrumentation, remote sensing, and data analysis have occurred in rece...
		Ecology and Biomechanics: A Mechanical Approach to the Ecology of Animals and Plants
		Water Reuse for Irrigation: Agriculture, Landscapes, and Turf Grass
	www.environetbase.com /default.asp?id=409 (1358 words)

	Landscape Ecology - Landscape Ecology Journals, Books & Online Media \| Springer
		IALE aims to develop landscape ecology as a scientific basis for analysis, planning and management of the landscapes of the world.
		IALE encourages landscape ecologists to transcend boundaries and to work together building theory and developing knowledge of landscape pattern and process, developing integrative tools, and making them applicable to real landscape situations and applying them to solve problems.
		International Association for Landscape Ecology (Rest of the World)
	www.springer.com /west/home?SGWID=4-102-70-35541277-0&changeHeader=true&referer=www.wkap.nl&SHORTCUT=www.springer.com/prod/j/0921-2973 (105 words)

	US-IALE : Home Page
		provide a link among practitioners in landscape ecology within the United States as well as the international community
		promote interdisciplinary research and communication among scientists, planners, and other professionals concerned with landscape ecology
		By joining US-IALE, you automatically become a member of the umbrella international organization, the International Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE).
	www.cof.orst.edu /org/usiale (111 words)

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