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	Landsgemeinde - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Landsgemeinde is one of the oldest and simplest forms of direct democracy practised in some cantons of Switzerland.
		The Landsgemeinde has always been a political instrument of rural areas; in city states like for example Lucerne, Schaffhausen, or Berne, a general assembly of all citizens had never been established and would also have been impractical.
		For practical reasons, the Landsgemeinde has been abolished in all but two cantons, where it is still the highest political instance of the canton: in Glarus it takes place each first Sunday in May, in Appenzell Innerrhoden on last Sunday in April.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Landsgemeinde (465 words)

	Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden Online: Landsgemeinde (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The «Landsgemeinde» is a sovereign assembly of active citizens which, once per year, is held by way of a solemn ceremony whereby the members of the highest authorities are elected and new laws are passed.
		The «Landsgemeinde» elects the seven members of the Governing Council including the acting Governing Chairman, as well as the members of the cantonal court of justice and the chief judge.
		Until 1993, the «Landsgemeinde» conferred the right of citizenship of the canton of Appenzell Inner Rhodes and thereby that of the inner part of Appenzell and Oberegg as well as the right of citizenship of the Swiss confederation.
	www.ai.ch /en/politik/sitzung (1006 words)

	ZUHAIR - LoveToKnow Article on ZUHAIR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1798 its inhabitants opposed the French, and the canton formed part of the Tellgau, and later of one of the districts of the huge canton of the Waldsttten in the Helvetic republic.
		In 1803 it regained its independence as a separate canton, and by the constitution of 1814 the Landsgemeinde, or assembly of all the citizens, which had existed for both districts since 1376, became a body of electors to choose a cantonal council.
		The reform movement of 5850 did not affect the canton, which in 1845 was a member of the Sonderbund and shared in the war of 1847.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Z/ZU/ZUHAIR.htm (928 words)

	Appenzell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It sends one member (named by the Landsgemeinde) to the federal Ständerath, and one also to the federal Nationalrath, while it forms but a single administrative district, though divided into six communes.
		This institution is of immemorial antiquity, and the meetings in either case are always held on the last Sunday in April.
		As various old-fashioned ceremonies are observed at the meetings and the members each appear with his girded sword, the sight of a meeting of the Landsgemeinde is most striking and interesting.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Appenzell (1005 words)

	GLARUS - LoveToKnow Article on GLARUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The canton still keeps its primitive democratic assembly or Landsgemeinde (meeting annually in the open air at Glarus on the first Sunday in May), composed of all male citizens of 20 years of age.
		At last it was arranged that, besides the common Lands gemeinde, each party should have its separate Landsgemeinde (1623) and tribunals (1683), while it was not till 1798 that the Protestants agreed to accept the Gregorian calendar.
		But in 1836 by the new Liberal constitution one single Landsgemeinde was restored, despite the resistance (1837) of the Romanist population at Nafels.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GL/GLARUS.htm (1476 words)

	glarus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		To secure peace it was decided that each party should have its own assembly (Landsgemeinde) in 1623, and at a later stage in 1683 each side was granted the right to have its own tribunals.
		Between 1798 and 1803 Glarus was part of the Canton of Linth as established by Napoleon.
		In 1836 the constitution was adapted to unite the assemblies and establish only one Landsgemeinde.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /glarus.html (387 words)

	Old Swiss Confederacy - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the Battle of Näfels in 1388, an Austrian army of Albert III, the successor of Leopold, was defeated, and in the peace treaty concluded the next year, Glarus maintained its independence from the Habsburgs.
		In the mountainous areas, a community management of common fields, alps, and forests (the latter being important as a protection against avalanches) soon developed, and the communes in a valley cooperated closely and began buying out the noble landowners or simply to dispossess them of their lands.
		Regional diets, the Landsgemeinde, were formed to deal with the administration of the commons; it also served as the high court and to elect representatives, the Landamman.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Old_Swiss_Confederacy (4650 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		By the start of the fourteenth century, the Landsgemeinde was a well-established tradition in the three allied cantons and the other mountain cantons.
		The Landsgemeinde is one of only three documented institutions of direct government by citizen assembly in the world, the other two being the ancient Athenian ecclesia and the town meetings of New England.
		It was not as 'direct' a process as the Landsgemeinde, but it was based upon the same notion that the legitimacy of decisions rested in the assent of the people.
	www.referendumplatform.nl /literatuur/kobach.doc?osCsid=7500707cb7447dce63f02c9b1a204d16 (19398 words)

	History of SWITZERLAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In Switzerland such a meeting is called a Landsgemeinde (district community); the earliest record of one is in Schwyz in 1294.
		Even today a Landsgemeinde is still held every year, on the last Sunday of April, in the tiny canton of Appenzell.
		At the earliest known Landsgemeinde, in Schwyz in 1294, the issues are of grave concern, with weighty implications for the future of the region.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac78 (1779 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.3, Entry 237, SWITZERLAND: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Article forty-four of the constitution says: "The landsgemeinde can adopt, modify or reject the propositions which are made to it, or refer them to the triple council finally, either to report on them, or to decide." Everywhere the propositions to be submitted to the landsgemeinde must be made public a certain time in advance.
		It is appointed by the landsgemeinde, and replaces the council for affairs of lesser importance.
		He keeps the seal of state, signs and seals concordats and conventions, etc. He watches over the execution of the decrees of the landsgemeinde, the councils, and the commission of state, in so far as the execution is not intrusted to a special authority.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy1007.html (7121 words)

	Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden Online: Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Inner Rhodes is a canton that still has a Landsgemeinde (cantonal public voting held outside on the Landsgemeinde Square).
		The «Landsgemeinde» elects seven members of the Governing Council including one acting Governing Chairman as well as the members of the cantonal and district courts, including their chairmen.
		At the «Landsgemeinde» of 28th April 1996, a woman was voted for the first time into the Governing Council.
	www.kantone-web.ch /kantone/ai/en/politik/politikmain (143 words)

	Landsgemeinde (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Eligible citizens of the canton meet on a certainday in the open air to decide on laws and expenditures by the council.
		Critics of the landsgemeinde argue that the democratic fundamental right on anonymous casting of votes by this form ofdemocracy are not ensured.
		The landsgemeinde was abolished in most cantons not for the aforementioned reason, but because of thesheer population.
	www.therfcc.org /landsgemeinde-214576.html (199 words)

	Landsgemeinde 2001
		A few Edmonton Swiss Society members headed south for the annual Landsgemeinde in Erskine/Stettler (Buffalo Lake).
		Most of the ESMC singers were unable to attend, due to their departure on the Swiss Tour 2001 a few days later.
		It was my second Landsgemeinde and there will be many, many more to come.
	www.edmonton-swiss.ca /lg2001.htm (195 words)

	Swiss Public Memory before the Great War
		The Landsgemeinde is the hallmark of the strength of the canton and individual voter rights, though exclusively male until 1971.
		The enactment of such an event would have held special poignancy for the descendants of the earliest colonists, for it was in such an open air meeting in the village of Schwanden in canton Glarus 60 years ago that the emigration plan was first proposed and then acted upon.
		The enactment of the Landsgemeinde and the tableaux provided a reminder of the virtues of simplicity and poverty that flew in the face of the progressive narrative that otherwise dominated the day's oratory.
	csumc.wisc.edu /mki/Resources/Online_Papers/proceedings/hoelsch.html (5112 words)

	ISIL -- Town Hall Democracy
		It is the first Sunday of May in the mountain canton of Glarus, where the Landsgemeinde has met every year since 1387.
		The village square is festooned with the red and white flag of Switzerland and the canton's own red flag with the figure of its patron saint, St. Fridolin.
		Finally, the business done, the Landsgemeinde is adjourned, and the citizens refresh old acquaintances -- and themselves -- in the village taverns.
	www.isil.org /resources/libertystrategies/town-hall-democracy.html (1521 words)

	Swiss News: Hands up!(preserving tradition in Appenzell)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For even today where voting is quickly on its way to becoming little more than an electronic click away-courtesy of the Internet-Appenzell continues its age-old tradition of the "Landsgemeinde," where a count of hands still decides votes.
		The linden tree at the "Landsgemeinde" square is the most happening place in Appenzell Inner Rhodes each year on the last Sunday of April.
		Shouts and screams, animated discussions that entail topics related to politicians and politics till the air as it is...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:100805118&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (208 words)

	Lectures : WHAT IS THE USE OF REPUBLICAN VIRTUE ? ACVS
		Whereas Coxe made only a brief mention of the Glarus' Landsgemeinde, his French translator, Ramond de Carbonnières, adds a long digression in which he gives a detailed eye-witness account of an Assembly he attended in May 1777.
		At least three new editions were issued during the decade of the reign of Charles X. Raoul Rochette is fascinated by the Landsgemeinde, particularily by the Landamann abdicating his power in front of the Assembly of the people, before the new election.
		His analysis of the Landsgemeinde and of the political system of government in the rural cantons completely destroyed the paradox of Montesquieu and opened the way for a new consciousness of liberty and virtue in a democracy.
	www2.unil.ch /acvs/E/lectures_0098_virtue.html (620 words)

	Appenzell Ausser-Rhoden -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It has an area of 94 square miles (243 square km) and was divided for religious reasons from Appenzell Inner-Rhoden half canton in 1597.
		Its constitution dates from 1908, and its capital and largest town is Herisau, although the Landsgemeinde (open-air general legislative…
		Its constitution dates from 1908, and its capital and largest town is Herisau, although the Landsgemeinde (open-air general...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9008069 (336 words)

	History of Glarner Families, by Gottfried Heer
		Eight days afterwards, the question of a common Landsgemeinde for both religions was taken up, and they realized that the defendants of the outgoing payment should submit to a then gathering Landsgemeinde once more within 4 weeks, and if it was not done, then another process would be undertaken with them.
		The fourth cantonal president from the Marti family was Bartholomäus Marti, born in 1715 as the son of the previously mentioned cantonal president, Joh.
		The 1751 Landsgemeinde therefore confirmed the prohibition enacted in 1749, but permitted innkeeper of „The Eagle" Marti his large stock of wood, which he had ready for transportation outside the canton, to be sold there.
	www.eye.ch /swissgen/kant/glhemart.htm (9675 words)

	swissinfo Travel - Northern Switzerland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The open air vote, known as the “Landsgemeinde”, is a tradition which dates back to the 14th century, and the only way to really understand its significance is to experience it at first hand.
		On this special Sunday the local train to Appenzell is unusually full, there is an atmosphere of excitement in the air, and old friends greet each other not with a “how are you?”, but with the question “are you going to vote?”.
		But despite all the enthusiasm for the Landsgemeinde and its traditions, there are question marks over its future.
	www.swissinfo.org /sen/swissinfo.html?siteSect=9415&sid=666761 (1090 words)

	Parliament Building
		Along the curved back wall, seats resembling choir-stalls are provided for the Councillors of State who come across to the National Council for the sessions of the United Federal Assembly whose principal task is the election of the members of the Federal Council (the Executive) and Federal Tribunal (Supreme Court).
		Through painted arcades on the rear wall towards the "Dome Hall" one looks upon a Landsgemeinde (outdoor meeting of all voting citizens) in the canton of Nidwalden; the "Landsgemeinde" is one of the shining examples of Swiss parliamentary procedure.
		Tables with the years of important events in Swiss constitutional history are found mounted in the arcades.
	www.parlament.ch /dl/E/Parlamentsgebaeude/Parliament_Building.htm (515 words)

	Canton of Zug (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The constitution of 1814 abolished open assemblies (Landsgemeinde), which had existed for in the canton since 1376.
		In 1845 the canton of Zug became a member of the Sonderbund and shared in the war of 1847 which was lost to the Swiss confederation.
		In 1848 the remaining functions of the open assemblies (Landsgemeinde) were abolished.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Canton-of-Zug.htm (918 words)

	Landsgemeinde - Dangeruss-Industries.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Of all the Swiss cantons, only eight rural cantons once used the Landsgemeinde on state level{{refrural}}, six of which abolished it for practicality and anonymity reasons.
		Nidwaldenabolished by resolution of the Landsgemeinde on December 1, 1996{{refnw}}.
		Appenzell Ausserrhodenabolished by vote on September 28, 1997{{refar_1}}; the last Landsgemeinde was on April 27, 1997{{refar_2}}.
	www.dangeruss-industries.com /results/Landsgemeinde.html (455 words)

	The Films of Erich Langjahr - English Summary
		Its subject is the Landsgemeinde of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in eastern Switzerland, one of the few largescale examples of a sovereign, direct democratic institution which governs a territory.
		Less dryly put, it is the annual occasion where citizens gather in a village square to vote in their government for the next year and to decide policy issues, all by an open show of hands.
		First we see a woman, doing her ironing in her living room and talking about the Landsgemeinde: from her we gather that the event takes place on the village square, and that the houses framing the square turn into a spectators' arena.
	www.langjahr-film.ch /lang/en/start_en.php (4025 words)

	Don't mention the skiing: It's like Tatler but it's not (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is also famous for the Landsgemeinde which was held yesterday.
		Such is the excitement generated by this archaic voting ritual that it is televised across Switzerland.
		Finally in 1991 - with significant pressure from the Federal Government - women were deemed to be able to understand enough to vote in their local elections.
	www.20six.co.uk /nextEntries/ybeh6qn4yxds?c=2.2005 (1559 words)

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