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	Excerpts from the work of Suzette Haden Elgin
		But suppose you want to construct a language that might be of some practical use for communication in your fictional universe...
		For the Láadan language, which was constructed to express the perceptions of women, I began by translating the Twenty-Third Psalm, because the King James Bible is one of the most masculine-perception-expressing books I know of and that psalm is the right size.
		Many contemporary linguists insist that the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in its strong form (language controls perceptions) is nonsense, which is true, and either ignore the weak version (language constrains and structures perceptions) or call it nonsense too — which is false, and is itself nonsense.
	www.sfwa.org /members/elgin/SHE_Excerpts01.html (2121 words)

	Constructed language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		An artificial or constructed language (known colloquially as a conlang among aficionados), is a language whose vocabulary and grammar are specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture as with natural languages.
		Constructed languages are often divided into a priori languages, in which much of the grammar and vocabulary is created from scratch (using the author's imagination or automatic computational means), and a posteriori languages, where the grammar and vocabulary are derived from one or more natural languages.
		Since these languages are not usually intended for easy learning or communication, a naturalistic fictional language tends to be more difficult and complex, not less (because it tries to mimic common behaviours of natural languages such as irregular verbs and nouns, complicated phonological rules, etc.).
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=5262 (707 words)

	Constructed language at AllExperts
		An artificial or constructed language (known colloquially as a conlang among aficionados), is a language the phonology, grammar and/or vocabulary of which are specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture the way natural languages do.
		In this regard, even "natural languages" may be submitted to a certain amount of artificiality, and in the case of prescriptive grammars, where wholly artificial rules exist such as the one prohibiting a split infinitive in English, the line is difficult to draw.
		Constructed languages are often divided into a priori languages, in which much of the grammar and vocabulary is created from scratch (using the author's imagination or automatic computational means), and a posteriori languages, where the grammar and vocabulary are derived from one or more natural languages.
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/co/constructed_language.htm (2081 words)

	The Language Construction Kit
		If a language doesn't have case it may rely on word order to indicate the relationship between a verb's arguments; but there is another alternative: head-marking on the verb.
		A natural language has a wide variety of registers, or styles of speech: from the ceremonial or ritual, to the official or scientific, to the journalistic or novelistic, to ordinary conversation, to colloquial, to slang.
		In quite a few languages it's perceived as rather a familiarity to address someone using the second person pronoun: to be polite you use the plural (French vous), or a third-person form (Italian Lei, Spanish Usted from vuestra merced 'your mercy', Portuguese o senhor 'the gentleman'), or a title (Japanese sensei 'teacher', otousan 'father', etc.).
	www.zompist.com /kitgram.html (4685 words)

	Language Construction Kit - Definition, explanation
		The Language Construction Kit is a collection of HTML documents written by Mark Rosenfelder and hosted at Zompist.com intended to be a guide for making constructed languages.
		The Kit proceeds from the simplest aspects of language upward, starting with phonology and writing systems, moving on to words, going through the complexities of grammar, and ending with an overview of registerss and dialects.
		This sensible progression, as well as the warnings against common oversights, frequent use of examples from natural languages, and healthy dose of humor, has earned the Kit its popular and respected status among the Internet conlanging community.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/la/language_construction_kit.php (294 words)

	James MacFarlane's Linguistics Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: )
		I am currently involved in psycholinguistic experiments designed to test 1) ASL user's knowledge of phonotactic constraints in their language, 2) The storage of complex words in the mental lexicon & 3) The storage of two-word constructions in the mental lexicon.
		Languages: The majority of my research has been on American Sign Language, with some work on English, Spanish and other sign languages.
		MacFarlane, J. (1998) The grammaticization of WRONG in American Sign Language.
	www.unm.edu /~jmacfarl/home.html (199 words)

	Reflection's Edge
		There is no aspect of written language, from rhetorical style and syntax to the usage and even the spelling of single words, that you cannot check for accuracy against abundant primary sources and secondary literature.
		Language contact in the Danelaw counties of northern England seems to have contributed to the loss of many of those endings, and the use of a much stricter word order to convey subject and object.
		The most extreme language contact situation comes about when adult speakers of several languages are thrown into contact and devise a pidgin to communicate - a core vocabulary which each speaker uses according to her own language's grammatical rules.
	www.reflectionsedge.com /archives/jun2005/eftt2_eb.html (3476 words)

	An Haiku Language
		Since it was created for a work of fiction, Lapine is what's known as an artistic language: a kind of constructed language made with aesthetic pleasure in mind.
		I've been noodling on constructed languages to some extent for many years, but in December 2006 I started to learn more voraciously how langauge works and how they can be constructed.
		Language Construction Kit; the simple answer is that a language consists of small units that denote meaning, and that these can be combined using a grammar to create longer expressions.
	inamidst.com /topic/haikulang (2182 words)

	How to create a language
		Languages can have a regular stress rule, in which case you only have to mention it, or it can be irregularly stressed, in which case you should indicate it.
		Thus, a language that groups (treats alike) S and A is an accusative language (P gets the accusative case); a language that groups S and P is an ergative language (A gets the ergative case); and a language that groups S and A or S and P according to the verb is an active language.
		An ergative language, as we saw, is one that marks the subjects of transitive verbs with one case (ergative, ERG), and the subjects of intransitive verbs and objects of transitive ones with another case (absolutivo, ABS).
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/nyh/how__all.html (18673 words)

	Hitlist for Conlangers
		Languages are either head initial or head final; this describes the placement of the crucial item, the head, in phrases in the language.
		Gender: In Indo-European languages, this tends to represent sex: masculine, feminine, neuter, etc. But there are many languages that classify all sorts of other things here: man-made, organic, smaller than a breadbox, you name it.
		Related, some languages have different forms of "we" to indicate that the addressee is included or not.
	www.sccs.swarthmore.edu /users/08/kit/old/langkit.html (1040 words)

	LtU Classic Archives (Site not responding. Last check: )
		a webchapter?) is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages-- for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage.
		It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languages-- which can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages.
		Well, while not a programming language construction it is still language construction.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /classic/message10673.html (126 words)

	The Language Construction Kit
		A language might have just two palatalized consonants (Spanish does: ll, ñ), but one that has a whole series of them is more typical.
		Perhaps the airstream itself works differently: perhaps they have no nose, and therefore can't produce nasals; or they can't stop breathing as they talk, so that all their vowels are nasal; or the airstream is at a higher velocity, producing higher-pitched sounds and perhaps more emphatic consonants.
		Very probably the degree of redundancy of human languages is pretty precisely calibrated to the minimum level of information needed to cope with typical levels of distortion.
	www.zompist.com /kitlong.html (4634 words)

	Halfbakery: Build-A-Language
		While driving in Wales recently I discovered that the Welsh are very keen to have their own language again because the EU gives them a lot of money, to promote it.
		There are logical ones such as loglan and lojban, both of which have been promoted since the 50's and have gotten nowhere; there's realistic langauges such as the languages of the Mark Rose's Verduria, one of the most famous groups of languges in the Conlanging community; and just for fun languages such as Chicken.
		Moreover, the campaign to reclaim our language after its persecution in victorian times was as strong during periods of stiff opposition as it is now.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Build-A-Language (1025 words)

	Languages of Madoria
		Verentian: Spoken by the inhabitants of the Sevachelle Valley, it is a mixture of Andalorian and Sevalin language*.
		The language of the Aramur, an intelligent race that inhabit the eastern portion of the Prulam.
		Verentian still bears a close relation to that original language, but Sardian was an attempt to break away from what had become too restrictive a set of sounds.
	web.cecs.pdx.edu /~kenstcyr/languages.html (1365 words)

	Not Yet History
		This site is devoted to the exposure of my work, which consists in the creation of fictional settings (peoples, cultures, societies) with a special emphasis on their languages.
		The Bokuchi live in the mouth of the Persian Gulf around the beginning of the 21st Millennium, in a time where no fossil fuels are left.
		The Terb (or Terbians) are a people of fishermen and farmers that live somewhere on Earth, in the far future (so far that the Earth now has days of 24 hours and 20 minutes).
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/nyh (285 words)

	Galaxy > Linguistics > Languages > Constructed Languages > Fictional Languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Language Construction Kit O Kit de Construc o de L nguas (em portugu s; traduzido por Gustavo Pereira) This set of webpages (what's a set of webpages a webchapter) is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages-- for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage.
		In fact, my passion for constructing languages was one of the most important reasons I studied comparative linguistics at the Institute for Comparative Linguistics of the University of Leyden.
		TEONAHT Our language can be seen as an ancient city: a maze of little streets and squares, of old and new houses, and of houses with additions from various periods; and this surrounded by a multitude of new boroughs...
	www.gallaxy.com /directory/84739 (979 words)

	Language
		You could say that a culture is defined by their language (but then, how else can you define except in terms of language?).
		Tolkien's great work of fiction found its genesis in language -- as he invented his new languages, he had to invent the peoples who spoke them and the history that changed them.
		Klingon Language Institute deals with a fictional language that was actually developed by a linguist.
	www.bmarch.atfreeweb.com /language.htm (640 words)

	TCAnet: School House K-12: Humanities
		The purpose of EDSITEment is to offer a gateway for teachers, students, and parents searching for high-quality material on the Internet in the subject areas of literature and language arts, foreign languages, art and culture, and history and social studies.
		The Language Construction Kit is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages-- for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage.
		It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languages-- which can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages.
	www.arts.state.tx.us /schoolhouse/links.asp?pi=106 (482 words)

	Dave's Language Creation Notebook
		Language creation can be a tough thing to get a hold of.
		And, of course, there are always the essays of Rick Morneau (if you're a language creator, or interested in language creation, and are not familiar with these essays, you probably should become familiar with them).
		Sure, there are plenty of books that have created languages in them (go here for an ever-growing, yet inexhaustive, list), but there are very few (one?) that actually discuss the creation of language in any depth.
	dedalvs.free.fr /notes/index.php (835 words)

	language bookmarks by klaus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		klaus 2006-06-13 21:36 chinese · language · linguistics
		klaus 2006-06-13 21:36 chinese · input_method · language
		klaus 2006-06-13 21:35 chinese · input_method · language
	www.simpy.com /user/klaus/tag/language/p=0,100 (1271 words)

	linguaphiles: Created Language
		Obviously it wasn't a super-complete language since we did it in about three weeks and we were fifteen years old, but it was incredibly jolly to get together and build that kind of system from scratch.
		Years ago, when I was 19 or so, I had a stab at outlining a language for an eeevil invading race of giants in a fantasy setting.
		I highly recommend, also, Mark Rosenfelder's Language Construction Kit, which will give you pretty much all of the most basic features you need to think about.
	community.livejournal.com /linguaphiles/3006652.html (1085 words)

	The Language Construction Kit
		All you could want to know about Verdurian is on the web; the language information is just part of that encyclopedia of Almean life, Virtual Verduria.
		Cuêzi is a pretty, Greco-Latinish language; Wede:i is wonderfully agglutinating; Kebreni is designed to be not very much like English while still being typical of human languages; Elkarîl is a non-human language which violates several human universals.
		Pablo Flores has some nice Tolkienesque languages, plus his own guide to language creation (based on this one).
	zompist.com /kit.html (800 words)

	Crossword Construction Kit - Crossword creator for Windows - Home Page
		Crossword Construction Kit is a great tool for educators, students, publishers, corporate trainers and puzzle enthusiasts to quickly produce professional looking puzzles.
		Crossword Construction Kit is invaluable for busy teachers, corporate trainers and others who need to quickly generate puzzles for their students, employees, etc. Save time, effort and ultimately money without skimping on quality.
		Read what customers say about Crossword Construction Kit.
	www.crosswordkit.com (339 words)

	Open Directory - Games: Roleplaying: World Building: Invented Languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Constructed Human Languages - Comprehensive guide to various invented and artificial languages.
		The Language Construction Kit - Intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages -- for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage.
		It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languages -- which can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages.
	www.newhoo.com /Games/Roleplaying/World_Building/Invented_Languages (230 words)

	Web Directory » Web Directory » Games » Roleplaying » World Building » Invented Languages
		Constructed Human Languages - Comprehensive guide to various invented and artificial languages.
		The Language Construction Kit - Intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages -- for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage.
		It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languages -- which can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages.
	www.dcpages.com /DC_ODP/?c=Games/Roleplaying/World_Building/Invented_Languages (283 words)

	VERBATIM
		The Word Detective on the Web is the online version of The Word Detective, a newspaper column answering readers' questions about words and language.
		The Word Detective is written by Evan Morris and appears in finer newspapers in the U.S., Mexico and Japan.
		Medieval Names Archive: "This collection of articles on medieval and renaissance names is intended to help historical re-creators to choose authentic names." There are sections on choosing a medieval name, names in specific cultures, and names of places, things, and animals."
	www.verbatimmag.com /links.html (313 words)

	Constructed Languages
		In fact, my passion for constructing languages was one of the most important reasons I studied comparative linguistics at the Institute for Comparative Linguistics of the University of Leyden.
		I've prepared a page with a small bibliography of linguistics texts useful for someone creating a languages that purports to be a natural one - I've never been much interested in 'logical languages,' or 'auxiliary languages'.
		With the current rate of language death and the current rate of constructed language birth, it seems entirely likely that within a few years there will be more artificial and constructed languages than natural ones.
	www.xs4all.nl /~bsarempt/conlang.html (730 words)

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