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Topic: Contact language

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	Language contact -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thus, language contact is a very common phenomenon in human history, and the world's present vast linguistic diversity has developed in the presence of this constant contact.
		Change due to language contact, in this analogy, is akin to the ((genetics) a combining of genes or characters different from what they were in the parents) recombination that happens when separate organisms exchange genetic material.
		Language contact can also lead to the development of new languages when people without a common language interact closely, developing a (An artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages) pidgin, which may eventually become a full-fledged language through the process of (Click link for more info and facts about creolization) creolization.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/la/language_contact.htm (786 words)

	Linguistic Society of America - Fields of Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Among the most interesting cases of language contact are those which came about as the result of trade or of colonial expansion.
		These creole languages are a blend of mostly European vocabulary with a grammar representing a compromise between that of the West African substrate and that of the European superstrate.
		Research on the linguistic aspects of language contact leads uto insight on the nature of linguistic systems, the mechanisms by which they interact to produce new strategies of communication, the creativity of human beings in adopting and adapting new materials to be reshaped into new manifestations of the human faculty of language.
	www.lsadc.org /fields/index.php?aaa=contact.htm (1497 words)

	Encyclopedia: English language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		English is a West Germanic language that originated from languages brought to Britain during the first half of the first millennium by Germanic settlers from various parts of north-west Germany.
		The English language belongs to the western sub-branch of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
		The Norman language is a Romance language, one of the Oïl languages.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/English-language (9747 words)

	Contact Languages in the Bantu Area
		I use the term ìecologyî as short for both the ethno‚graphic conditions of language contact andóby analogy to ëgene poolí in biologyóthe feature pool constituted by the languages in contact and from which new structural principles are selected into the restructured variety.
		Nonetheless, in both cases an indigenous language was adopted by exogenous populations who were kept on the margins and precluded by the circumstances of their immigration from participating in the regular lives of the natives.
		Many of their speakers are educated and experience the normal challenges of language contact in diglossic situations in which it is tolerated to mix the lower language with elements from the higher language, viz., English, French, or another European language, depending on the country.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mufwene/mufw_bantucon.html (6659 words)

	Buber's Basque Page: Basque and Gascon Language Contact
		It functions as a model language (LM), whereas the latter is the replicant language (LR), borrowing from Gascon: In this case mainly lexical borrowings are introduced, but on the long run subsequent phonological and morphosyntactic changes come about.
		Substratum influence is due to prior language shift from a less prestigious substratum language (LS) to a new target language (LT), in this case from Basque to Gascon.
		The distinction of different types of contact-induced change is crucial for the understanding of the relation between language contact and change in general.
	www.buber.net /Basque/Euskara/gascon.html (1677 words)

	Language Census Contact and Survey Letter 2005 - Language Census (R30-LC) (CA Dept of Education) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Language Census coordinator's responsibilities include distributing materials to schools, holding training sessions, verifying data, and ensuring that data for every school in the district or county office (including charter schools) are electronically returned to the CDE.
		The Language Census coordinator will also be our point of contact for any questions about the data submitted by the district or county.
		Enclosed with this memorandum is the 2005 Language Census Contact Survey for your local educational agencies (LEA) which is used to update your Language Census contact information and to notify the CDE if your district does not anticipate having any English learners and/or fluent English-proficient students on March 1, 2005.
	www.cde.ca.gov /ds/sd/lc/contactltr05.asp (420 words)

	Language Contact
		Creoles, on the other hand, are languages with speakers for whom the creole is the primary form of communication--the native language as it were.
		Their vocabulary tends to be derived from the superstrate language because speakers of the substrate languages have higher motivation to learn the words of the economically powerful.
		In pidgin contact situations, there is often little time or means for substrate speakers to be formally educated in the superstrate language, so they often acquire lexical items rather than whole grammars.
	www.unc.edu /~gerfen/Ling30Sp2002/language_contact.html (1117 words)

	Language Contact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		So, for those of us who study languages, it is convenient to simply talk about the languages as though they had a life of their own.
		If speakers of a language want to identify with each other, they may find themselves adjusting their speech to eliminate the more obvious differences in pronunciation or vocabulary.
		Sometimes, however, speakers of such a language resist having their identity (as marked by their language variety) taken away from them and they may react to the pressures to use the more prestigious language by working all the harder to preserve, protect and develop their traditional language of identity.
	www.sil.org /sociolx/LNG-Contact.html (430 words)

	Language Contact Questionnaire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Too much work on language contact has tended to concentrate on the linguistic effects of that contact without enough attention being paid to the sociolinguistic situations in which contact has arisen.
		Language contact happens in situations of bilingualism, where speakers of one language also speak another language or languages.
		Please provide a list of the phonemes in the language you are writing on, and, if you can, indicate which of these phonemes are inherited from a proto-language and which of them have come into the language through borrowing.
	rspas.anu.edu.au /linguistics/Conferences/EastNusantara/ContactQuest.html (3095 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - contact language
		Language, the principal means used by human beings to communicate with one another.
		Language is primarily spoken, although it can be transferred to...
		Speech is a learned system of communication requiring the coordinated use of voice, articulation, and language skills....
	ca.encarta.msn.com /contact+language.html (179 words)

	Russian Language Software,contact details,Russian windows,ms-office software (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Language Source is the No.1 Language Software distributor provide prompt and effective help to a vast number of corporate organizations, resellers and end users.
		Language Source is a conscientious and ambitious company, keen to succeed by offering our clients the best possible service.
		Language Source гордится качеством своей работы и ставит перед собой грандиозные цели.
	www.russian-software.co.uk /contact.html (379 words)

	IBM: Welcome to Language Environment
		In today's complex world of technology, enterprises are faced with the task of finding efficient and consistent means for developing quality applications with multiple languages, while maintaining their existing inventory of legacy code.
		Language Environment is the future direction for application development, playing a vital role within the operating system.
		View the Language Environment presentations given at the August 2005 SHARE Conference in Boston.
	www.ibm.com /servers/eserver/zseries/zos/le (115 words)

	Yiddish as a Contact Language (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		4 Grammar of the Yiddish language (context) - Katz - 1987
		1 Languages in contact (context) - Weinreich - 1952
		1 Yiddish --- the fifteenth Slavic language (context) - Wexler - 1991
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /prince98yiddish.html (387 words)

	English Language School - Contact Us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Contact Us See our Application page to download our free brochure and application or to apply online.
		If you would like the English Language Institute to send you an application and brochure, please fill out the brochure request form or phone 617-731-7145.
		To contact a specific individual, see our Faculty and Staff page.
	www.pmc.edu /eli/contact.html (108 words)

	Language Links :. Contact Us .:
		Language Links is a subcontracted service provider of on-site interpreting and written translating services to employers of Spanish-speaking workers.
		Language Links provides practical and effective solutions for managing a multicultural workforce to owners and managers.
		Language Links also specializes in training, developing, and managing clients’ Hispanic employees and HR functions.
	www.golanguagelinks.com /contact.htm (106 words)

	EFL Language Schools in Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Foyle Language School is a family-run international language centre situated in the beautiful and historic city of Derry.
		Established in 1966, the Language Centre of Ireland is recognised as one of Ireland’s premier schools.
		Aisling Ireland is a small established Language School that offers professionally designed courses in General and Business English (year round) and vacation courses for adults and teenagers in Dublin and on the west coast of Ireland (June to Sept).
	www.lingocity.com /links/irelink.html (1028 words)

	Spanish in Contact: Introduction
		Quechua, historically the language of the Incas and more recently declared a national language in Peru, is also spoken in parts of Bolivia and Ecuador, and has the largest number of speakers of all the indigenous languages of the Americas (approximately fifteen million speakers).
		Because language in society is inherently multifaceted and multidisciplinary, the study of such a complex phenomenon as bilingualism (or multilingualism) cannot be justly limited to traditional or purely linguistic approaches: the domains of syntax, morphology, phonology, and semantics.
		Thus, the study of bilingualism includes not only languages in contact, in the most traditional sense, but also entails serious explorations into newer subfields like geolinguistics and language planning, as well as other academic fields such as education, psychology, anthropology, sociology, political science, and law.
	www.cascadilla.com /sicintro.html (2982 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Language Contact in the American Deaf Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Started in 1986 as a project to simply describe the linguistic and sociolinguistic features of contact signing and to determine if this type of signing is aptly labeled a pidgin, this book blossomed in depth as the authors' data increased.
		Included in the book is a model of linguistic outcomes of language contact in the deaf community, the patterns of language use which emerged from the data, and the implications of the findings on deaf education, second language teaching, and interpreting.
		The best place for us to begin is by reviewing research on language contact in spoken language situations.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0124580408?v=glance (628 words)

	Sign Language - Contact Us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Laurent Clerc brought a method of teaching sign language from the National Royal Institution for the Deaf in Paris that was already very effective.
		Children were there full time to be immersed in sign language and the culture of the Deaf Community.
		Sign Language interpreting services began to be provided at many colleges around the country, as well as in hospitals, courtrooms, and government agencies and in the workplace!
	www.signlanguage.org /history.htm (586 words)

	Puppy Training for Kids
		The purpose of this site is to invite children of all ages to actively participate in the education and care of their puppy that was just become one of the members of the family.
		It's extremely good for children to have good communication and contact with animals; it permits them to develop great quantity of abilities, besides the right care of puppy helps them to develop human values, such as affection and compassion.
		So we recommend that the parents and children read this book together and that the adult supervises the training of the pet at all times.
	www.seefido.com /html/puppy_training_for_kids.htm (431 words)

	yourDictionary.com • Advisory Council of Experts
		"Noun phrase structure in the languages of the Mediterranean." Forthcoming in Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung (with L. Gaeta).
		Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology.
		Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics (with T. Kaufman).
	www.yourdictionary.com /about/experts.html (1024 words)

	Dr Ghil`ad Zuckermann
		Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
		Israeli Hebrew is a spoken language, 'reinvented' over the course of the twentieth century.
		the modes and dynamics of language contact could hardly be more timely.
	www.zuckermann.org /enrichment.html (563 words)

	Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics
		"For the integration of contact-induced language change into historical linguistics this book constitutes the greatest breakthrough since Uriel Weinreich's Languages in Contact of 1953, and I am convinced it will be the touchstone for the further development of the discipline for years to come."--Edgar W. Schneider, English World-Wide
		Ten years of research back up the bold new theory advanced by authors Thomason and Kaufman, who rescue the study of contact-induced language change from the neglect it has suffered in recent decades.
		The authors establish an important new framework for the historical analysis of all degrees of contact-induced language change.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/2338.html (166 words)

	Jewish Language Research Website: Researchers
		Arnold, Rafael: Germany; Ladino translations, Judeo-Spanish, languages of the Sephardim in Italy (16th/17th century), language contact
		Zuckermann, Ghil`ad: Australia; camouflage linguistics, language genetics, linguistic typology, morphology, lexicology, polychronic contact linguistics, israeli culture and language, jewish linguistics, applied linguistics, psychometrics, mnemotechnics, comparative literature, poetics, poetry (e.g.
		Zuckermann, Ghil`ad: United Kingdom; camouflage linguistics, language genetics, linguistic typology, morphology, lexicology, polychronic contact linguistics, israeli culture and language, jewish linguistics, applied linguistics, psychometrics, mnemotechnics, comparative literature, poetics, poetry (e.g.
	www.jewish-languages.org /researchers.html (1719 words)

	Foreign Language Department Contact Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Department of Foreign Languages offers a wide array of degree programs, much in keeping with the global focus of the University of Evansville.
		For those interested in ancient languages, UE offers a major or minor in Classical Studies and a Classical Languages minor, with numerous class offerings in Latin and Greek.
		Many students combine their language major with International Studies or Global Business.
	foreignlanguages.evansville.edu (163 words)

	Evertype: List of Language Lists
		COMPARLINGAFRIC is opened to topics where comparative linguistics in African languages of the Sahel-Sahara zone are the subject of discussion, such as: Languages and language families of the Sahel-Sahara zone: (Mande, Chadic, Berber, Nilo-Saharan...); genetic relationships; the description of changes in the context of languages of oral tradition; linguistic changes and factors concerning language transformation.
		Latin American Linguistics and Languages Discussion List (LATAMLIN) Discussion and a means of communication for anyone working on or interested in the study of Linguistics and Languages in Latin America; languages of communication are English, Spanish and Portuguese.
		Model languagers or language modelers can be found among writers, game players, computer game designers, science-fiction and fantasy fans, professional linguists and teachers.
	www.evertype.com /langlist.html (2386 words)

	Hours and Location—Contact Us
		Room Reservations: Instructors needing to reserve a language classroom should use our online request or email us at: ylcroom@uoregon.edu.
		Here are online calendars for Pacific Hall 110, 111, 115, 119 and the Keithan Lounge; you may also want to see a description of our facilities.
		This page is maintained by the Yamada Language Center at the University of Oregon.
	babel.uoregon.edu /YLC/info.html (131 words)

	Radix links: Hungarian families with genealogy pages
		Please contact me and if you like, I put a link to your site.
		Genealogical information on the Czanik family name in Hungary, the USA and South Africa as published on the internet, includes family trees, photographs, links, contacts and geographical information.
		Contact: John A. Kovacs oops: 13/03/2000: this page seems to be gone
	www.bogardi.com /cgi-bin/rdxlinks.pl?familysites (3039 words)

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