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Topic: Language policy in France

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	Language policy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although nations historically have used language policies most often to promote one official language at the expense of others, many countries now have policies designed to protect and promote regional and ethnic languages whose viability is threatened.
		A policy favouring the official language is a policy of unilingualism.
		A policy favouring the two official languages is a policy of bilingualism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Language_policy (640 words)

	Language policy in France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Académie française was established in 1635 to act as the official authority on the usages, vocabulary, and grammar of the French language, and to publish an official dictionary of the French language.
		Its author, Henri Grégoire, deplored that France, the most advanced country in the world with regard to politics, had not progressed beyond the Tower of Babel as far as languages were concerned, and that only 3 of the 25 million inhabitants of France spoke French as their native tongue.
		Accurate information on the state of language use is complicated by the non-recognition of regional languages and the inability of the state to ask language use questions in the census.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Language_policy_in_France (1883 words)

	France - MSN Encarta
		Roughly hexagonal in shape, France shares boundaries with Belgium and Luxembourg to the northeast; Germany, Switzerland, and Italy to the east; and Spain and Andorra to the southwest.
		France faces three major seas: the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the North Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the southeast.
		France is a nation of varied landscapes, ranging from coastal lowlands and broad plains in the north, to hilly uplands in south central France, to lush valleys and towering, snow-capped Alps in the east.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568934/France.html (1263 words)

	Culture of France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		France has played an important role for centuries as a cultural center, with Paris as a world center of high culture.
		France is noted for its cosmopolitan, civilized approach to life, combined with great concern for style, fashion and appearances.
		France is notable for holding the football World Cup in 1998, for holding the annual cycling race Tour de France, and the tennis Grand Slam tournament Roland Garros, or the French Open.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Culture_of_France (2359 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Language policy in France
		A regional language is a language spoken in a part of a country - it may be a small area, a federal state or province, or a wider area.
		A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a country.
		Excluding the languages spoken in the régions d'outre-mer and other overseas territories, and the languages of recent immigrants, the following languages are spoken by sizeable minorities in France: RÃ©gion doutre-mer, or Overseas regions, is a recent designation given to the dÃ©partements doutre-mer which have similar powers to those of the rÃ©gions of metropolitan France.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Language-policy-in-France (4024 words)

	Languages of France: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Several other language (language: A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols) s are spoken by a substantial percentage of the population due to immigration (immigration: Migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)).
		Gascon (Gascon: the gascon language is an occitan dialect mostly spoken in gascony (in the french départements...
		Gallo (Gallo: gallo is a regional language of france, traditionally spoken in eastern brittany....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/languages_of_france (1566 words)

	France (10/05)
		France was one of the earliest countries to progress from feudalism to the nation-state.
		France deployed additional military forces to Cote d’Ivoire in 2002 and to Central African Republic in 2003 to address crises in both countries and, with EU partners, led an international military operation to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2003.
		France is an active participant in the major supplier regimes designed to restrict transfer of technologies that could lead to proliferation of weapons of mass destruction: the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Australia Group (for chemical and biological weapons), the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and the Missile Technology Control Regime.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm (5572 words)

	France - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is bound by Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany to the north and northeast, Switzerland, Italy and Monaco to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the southeast, Spain and Andorra to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
		France is distinguished topographically by the four Hercynian Massifs.
		France receives an average of 450 billion cubic metres of precipitation per annum as either rain or snow and no part of the country receives less than 508 mm (20 inches) annually.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/france.htm (1759 words)

	Nuclear policy: France stands alone \| thebulletin.org
		France would not be able to independently test nuclear weapons any more if, for warhead safety or reliability reasons, it needed to do live nuclear testing again and withdraw from the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; the only realistic option would be to use another country's test facilities.
		France prides itself on its policy of nuclear sufficiency and continues to emphasize that its nuclear arms are weapons of "non-use." At the same time, it seeks a more flexible deterrent, able to confront a wider range of threats with a wider range of targeting options.
		One of the foundations of French nuclear policy was the idea that "the nuclear risk cannot be shared." Extended deterrence such as the one provided by the United States to the rest of NATO was judged not credible.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=ja04tertrais (3403 words)

	NATIONAL PROFILES OF LANGUAGES IN ýEDUCATION: ISRAEL : LANGUAGE POLICY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		French, recognized as important because of cultural, political and economic ties and as the community language of a sizable body of immigrants, is taught optionally (or as a required subject in place of Arabic) from 5th to 12th grade.
		The new policy rationalizes and modifies existing policies and practices, and in particular set general goals and lays down funding mechanisms for the teaching of languages in the schools.
		Ministry policy provides a basis of optional and required teaching hours for each language, but these hours may be supplemented by local educational districts and by schools for their own resources.
	www.biu.ac.il /hu/lprc/lprcprof.htm (2173 words)

	Migration Information Source - French Government Revives Assimilation Policy
		In the 1960s and 1970s, France's policy toward immigrants was geared towards assimilating them into French society, where they were expected to adhere to traditional values and cultural norms.
		France pursued an "integrationist" policy from the mid-1980s onward, devoting government resources to organizations that encouraged immigrants to abide by the law but retain their distinctive cultures and traditions.
		In order to finance the language training and values instruction associated with the new assimilationist policy, the government has decided to sharply cut government funding for many associations responsible for the integration of immigrants—especially those that help immigrants express their own culture.
	www.migrationinformation.org /Feature/display.cfm?ID=165 (852 words)

	Immigrant Policy Project, Recent Immigration Developments in Germany and France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		France, too, is an integral part of the European Union and equally committed to introduce legislation along the lines of the EU's transnational objectives of immigration and asylum policy.
		France's population "grays" and shrinks, because of declining fertility rates and increased life expectancy.
		France received the sixth most applications among Western European countries and ranges in seventeenth position in applications relative to its population.
	www.ncsl.org /programs/immig/eupaper.htm (4813 words)

	Professor D. Kibbee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This has led to a detailed study of the history of language legislation in France, from the period when Latin was competing with Gaulish through the latest battles against anglicisms.
		In collaboration with scholars in France and the UK, we are creating databases of prescriptive materials, from the 17th into the 21st century in order to study what is prescribed or proscribed, how these attitudes are justified and disseminated, and their effectiveness.
		Recent students have completed theses on language debates during the French Revolution, the history of the baccalauréat exam and its relationship to language policy and linguistic theory in the 19th and 20th centuries, borrowings from French, English and Arabic in the Senegalese language Wolof, and issues of translatability of concepts between English and French.
	www.french.uiuc.edu /People/faculty/Kibbee.htm (477 words)

	France - Economic analysis of government's policies, investment climate and political risk.
		France has the longest road network in the EU In the early 1990s about 29 million motor vehicles were in use; approximately 23.8 million of these were passenger cars.
		France has a minimum wage that is revised annually on July 1 and also whenever the cost of living index increases by 2 percent.
		France is also one of the leading countries for outward investment and the third largest destination for inward investment.
	www.mkeever.com /france.html (7592 words)

	Education Policy Analysis Archives: Vol. 3 No. 10 Sayers "Language Choice & Global Learning Networks"
		The question of which language (or what mix of languages) to employ as the "coin of the realm" when teachers and students participate in computer-based global learning networks is too often answered, without hesitation or reflection, with a single alternative: English.
		With this language policy in place, the classes began their work on parallel learning projects in a way that encouraged the acquisition of a new language in both settings.
		Asynchronicity allows second language learners the extra time they need to elaborate and polish written texts --all the while based on "models" of native speakers of the target language-- constantly seeking (and relying heavily) upon assistance from their local language and cultural resources who may be teachers, peers, and community members (Sayers, 1986).
	epaa.asu.edu /epaa/v3n10.html (7710 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.339: Language policy
		Thus, even though the indigenous languages may be declared as "national languages" and "part of our cultural heritage that must be cherished" they remain underdeveloped and cannot be effectively used outside the domains of the household and friendship circles.
		English became the language of liberation in Namibia but prior to independence it was spoken by a very small group (less than 5% of the total population) in fairly restricted domains, mainly in commerce and industry.
		The proceedings of the Third International Conference of the International Academy of Language Law was held in Pretoria in April 1992 and the proceedings is publishead as Prinsloo, K.P., Y. Peeters.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/6/6-339.html (1277 words)

	Ethnologue report for France
		Of those, 29 are living languages, 1 is a second language without mother-tongue speakers, and 2 are extinct.
		Westhoek in the northeast corner of France between the Artois Hills and the Belgium border.
		Southeastern France, province of Provence, south of Dauphiné, region of Nimes in Languedoc.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=France (1091 words)

	Remarks at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris - Sciences Po
		The history of the United States and that of France are intertwined.
		And it is no secret that the United States and France have sometimes disagreed in the past about how to proceed on a common agenda.
		The good news is that while France and the United States have disagreed from time to time, and everybody has paid attention to that, the United States and France have continued to cooperate on a wide, wide range of efforts.
	www.state.gov /secretary/rm/2005/41973.htm (5302 words)

	Internet Public Library: Language & Linguistics
		Yet if we go back only a few thousand years, none of these languages were spoken in their respective countries and indeed none of these languages existed anywhere in the world.
		Features Foreign Languages for Travelers, which translates common words, numbers, shopping/dining, travel, directions, places, times and dates, etc. among numerous languages, with audio (.au) files for pronunciation; and links to other Web resources for language learning.
		A comprehensive guide to language resources on the Web." In the Guides, you will find pointers to WWW sites, links to our Font Archive, links to our annotated list of language related news groups, and links to language related mailing lists." You can browse alphabetically, geographically, or by language family.
	www.ipl.org /div/subject/browse/hum40.00.00 (1073 words)

	ZNet \| Foreign Policy \| Asylum Seekers in Australia
		Alas, all those warm millennium feelings are long forgotten as the Government of John Howard has, at a stroke, demolished the national image with racist and inhumane policies, shamelessly and aggressively implemented, currently against desperate refugees.
		It is difficult to find anyone not appalled by the policy on refugees.
		But their gestures, however noble and charitable, are no longer enough, now that Hanson's "unfinished legacy" has found its true legitimacy in an elected government.
	www.zmag.org /content/ForeignPolicy/pilger0209.cfm (1706 words)

	LING 540, Language Policy
		Outline Handout on development of a policy through the 19th century.
		Example of a study using census material from Malaysia and Singapore to study language shift.
		Paper on the topic of language shift in Singapore.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/540/oldscheds/2001sked.html (297 words)

	French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
		“France in the world: culture, language, education, development: What is going to change” (Paris, May 15, 2006)
		The foreign minister presented measures for simplifying and streamlining intervention mechanisms in the cultural and educational fields to improve the effectiveness and clarity of our efforts abroad.
		The minister delegate will reaffirm France’s commitment to the proposal to transform UNEP into a United Nations Environment Organization.
	www.diplomatie.gouv.fr /en (329 words)

	NPR : Reviving the Occitan Language with Reggae
		NPR : Reviving the Occitan Language with Reggae
		Paris became its capital and the language of the north became what we now know as French.
		Two hundred years later, some natives of the southern region of France are challenging the one-language decree, using a blend of reggae, folk, and the music of the medieval troubadours.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=3862320 (263 words)

	Country Browser: France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This area contains a list of interesting reports based around the 31718 titles in the IMDb from France (including international co-productions).
		The form below allows you to search the database for titles from France only.
		Terms and Privacy Policy under which this service is provided to you.
	us.imdb.com /Sections/Countries/France (100 words)

	French 280 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA).Citations and abstracts to world literature on the nature, use, and teaching of language, as well as linguistics, speech, communication and related topics.
		Modern Languages Association Bibliography (MLA): Indicates the citation and subjects covered in articles from periodicals and books on literary criticism, linguistics, and folklore.
		Humanities Abstracts: Abstracts of articles from English language periodicals covering topics such as archaeology, folklore, language and literature, performing arts, and religion.
	dizzy.library.arizona.edu /users/ppromis/fren280.html (660 words)

	Education Policy Studies Laboratory: Language Policy Research Unit--Arizona State University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		MM Relates His Personal Struggles with Language; Over Two Hours, He Explains Why It Is Crucial to Make Major Language Policy Shift
		Language Changes Enter Decisive Round of Debate; Tabling White Paper, Minister Says Reforms Are Aimed at Firing up Interest of Students
		Languages Not Compulsory in Two-Thirds of State Schools
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/nov04.htm (1724 words)

	Symposium on Language Policy on 20-21 December, 1995 - Language Policy Research Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Symposium on Language Policy on 20-21 December, 1995 - Language Policy Research Center
		International Symposium on Language Policy on 20-21 December, 1995 at Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan
		Language policy in the Nordic countries and the Baltic states.
	www.biu.ac.il /hu/lprc/lprcsymp.htm (300 words)

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