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Topic: Language shift

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	Language shift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Language shift, sometimes referred to as language transfer or rate of assimilation, is the process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speaking another language.
		An example of language shift would be that of formerly Spanish-speaking families in the Philippines gradually switching over to English since the end of World War II until the former eventually ceased to be a practical everyday language in the country.
		Language shift can be detrimental to at least parts of the community associated with the language which is being lost.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Language_shift (373 words)

	Language Shift (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Language shift occurs among languages with an unequal prestige relationship.
		Speakers of a substrate language “shift” to the superstrate language.
		If the speakers undergoing shift are the only speakers of the substrate language, the substrate language undergoes language death.
	www.ic.arizona.edu /~indv101/contact1/sld016.htm (39 words)

	Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore: the Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy.
		In Malaysia (and in Singapore), language policy is not set by the Tamils, and Tamils are therefore in the position that Telugu speakers or Kannada speakers are in Tamilnadu:One of the great drawbacks of Indian language policy is the weakness of provisions for language groups living in linguistic states where they constitute a minority.
		One is language death; speakers become bilingual, younger speakers become dominant in another language, and the language is said to die.
		Finland's language policy seems egalitarian, at least as it is described in the literature, but it does not result in Swedish holding its own with Finnish; Swedish is losing speakers rapidly, and its speakership is aging rapidly, as young speakers switch to Finnish, or emigrate.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html (6165 words)

	House - Language Shift among the Navajos
		House's purpose is to describe language shift among the Navajo people--from their heritage language to English--and to suggest how the shift might be reversed.
		The central question reflects a paradox in contemporary Navajo society: Why is the language shifting so fast when nearly every Navajo she speaks to says that "the Navajo language is crucial to maintaining Navajo culture and that both are part of a Navajo identity?" (p.
		The circumstances of language shift among the Navajo reveal discrepancies between belief and practice.
	www.aaanet.org /cae/aeq/br/house.htm (983 words)

	White Mountain Apache Language Issues
		Language is a universal human ability (Comre, 1989; Yule, 1996), but one should not infer that all languages have similar grammar rules from this.
		Another obstacle to learning indigenous languages is a lack of pedagogical materials and one of the reasons for that lack is because some native people oppose having their languages written down or recorded.
		The results of the questions on language ideology from a small segment of my tribe revealed that they value their language and culture and that there are many causal factors for the erosion and loss of their language and a rapid shift to English.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jar/TIL_12.html (5301 words)

	Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction is a fascinating anthropological study of language and cultural change among the villagers of Gapun, in the Sepik region of Papua New Guinea.
		Despite their strong attachment to their own language as a source of identity and as a tie to their lands, people are abandoning their vernacular in favour of Tok Pisin, the most widely spoken language in Papua New Guinea.
		By examining village language socialization practices and drawing on Marshall Sahlins's ideas about structure and event, Don Kulick reveals how daily interactions, attitudes towards language, children, change, and personhood, all contribute to a shift in language and culture that is beyond the villagers' understanding and control.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521599261 (335 words)

	Reversing Kwak'wala Language Shift
		Particularly unstable is the situation where the community is bilingual in a minority language as well as a language of wider communication, as is the case with Kwak'wala.
		It is common for a dying minority language to borrow vocabulary and phonology from the dominant language.
		The most common error taken by language revival efforts for languages in stage seven is to go immediately to stages four and five of Fishman's model, which have to do with education, before addressing the needs of the foundational stages that have to do with family, neighborhood, and community.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jar/RIL_4.html (9216 words)

	Terralingua -- Bibliographies
		Agnew, J. Language shift and the politics of language: the case of the Celtic languages of the British Isles.
		Language shift in community and individual: the phenomenon of the laggard semi-speaker.
		Durkacz, V.E. The decline of the Celtic languages: a study of linguistic and cultural conflict in Scotland, Wales and Ireland from the Reformation to the twentieth century.
	www.terralingua.org /Bibliographies/BiblioMIT.htm (11131 words)

	Thor's "Language Maintenance and Language Shift" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		If a debate amongst linguists on language maintenance is to be honest and practical, it has to begin by identifying the values and self-interest of linguists (which are as legitimate as any others in their own domain).
		In this we can compare a language to a cyclone, which is unpredictable within the range of cyclone-like phenomena, or an economic cycle which is unpredictable within the normal limits of all economic cycles.
		Here I align language with all the other cultural artifacts that may be used for self-definition, used as a tool for the revisualization that can help to give a people back their humanity and hope.
	thormay.net - !http: //thormay.net/lxesl/lxmaintenance.htm (1998 words)

	Language Maintenance Bibliography
		A discussion by a Tlingit woman and her husband, both of whom have worked on Tlingit language issues for many years, of the many factors that stand in the way of successful language maintenance.
		A collection of papers on various aspects of language death, ranging from the social circumstances in which a language declines to the ways in which the language itself changes when it is on its last legs.
		On the basis of a detailed analysis of a variety of threatened languages and attempts at maintenance and revival, Fishman explains the factors that affect language survival and provides valuable advice.
	www.ydli.org /biblios/maintbib.htm (448 words)

	Language shift in action (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		I will focus on some interesting examples of language shift that can be observed in the language use patterns of Hindu communities in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
		Analyses on language vitality and shift indicate that both communities under consideration are undergoing processes of intergenerational shift.
		Calculations based on Broeder and Extra's concept of language vitality indices show that, for all generations, the vitality of the languages of the majorities, Dutch and English, within the two Hindu communities is at least as high as the vitality of the heritage languages of both communities.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~hollebr/colloq/avoird (360 words)

	Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages and Can ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As the century advanced, some students of language came to focus not just on the characteristics of minority languages but also on the fact that many of them were dwindling or even at risk of extinction (e.g., Krauss, 1991), and descriptions of processes of language loss began to appear (e.g., Miller, 1971).
		The analysis of languages in competition, in terms of societal functions that are involved, contested, lost or gained in such interlanguage competition and the degree of 'cruciality' of these functions for the future longevity of given languages, is what the study of 'reversing language shift' seeks to become, in both theoretical and practical terms.
		On the other hand, languages which are relatively flourishing should probably concentrate on Level 1 functions, 'education, work sphere, mass media and governmental operations at higher and nationwide levels.' The crucial or fulcrum stage for ultimate, long-term language survival is Level 6, 'the intergenerational and demographically concentrated home-family-neighbourhood-community: the basis of mother-tongue transmission' (p.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/cmlr/594/594_review_burnaby.html (1281 words)

	Endangered Language Groups
		Smaller languages are in more danger, but the complex social, economic, political, or religious factors are decisive for the transmission of an original language from parents to children.
		Dorian, Nancy C. Language shift in community and individual: The phenomenon of the laggard semi-speaker.
		Fishman, Joshua A. Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages.
	www.sil.org /sociolx/ndg-lg-grps.html (824 words)

	Language Decay
		Fishman, Joshua A. Language maintenance and language shift as a field of inquiry: a definitionof the field and suggestions for its further development.
		Katsoyannou, Marianne (1997, July), 'Language shift and grammatical reduction in an endangered language: The terminal speakers of Greko (Italy)', XVIth International Congress of Linguists, Paris: Palais des Congrès.
		Patterns of acquisition and attrition in a transplanted language: The case of Thanjavur Marathi in India.
	w3.byuh.edu /academics/lang/attritionbiblio/decay.htm (3533 words)

	LinguaLinks Subject Index
		Dressler 1981: Language shift and language death : A Protean challange for the linguist (in Bibliography (Sociolinguistics))
		Durkacz 1983: The decline of the Celtic languages: A study of linguistic and cultural conflict in Scotland, Wales, and Ireland from the Reformation to the twentieth century (in Bibliography (Sociolinguistics))
		Timm 1980: Bilingualism, diglossia, and language shift in Brittany (in Bibliography (Sociolinguistics))
	www.ethnologue.com /LL_docs/index/Languageshift(Sociolinguistics).asp (1308 words)

	Amazon.com: Language Shift Among the Navajos: Identity Politics and Cultural Continuity: Books: Deborah House (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This thought-provoking anthropological study by House (sociology, anthropology, and social work, Texas Tech Univ.) provides an in-depth examination of the role the Navajo language plays in perpetuating Navajo cultural identity and explores the challenges presented by a continuing shift in language usage among Navajo people from Navajo to English.
		House expresses a real concern for the steady drop in the number of fluent speakers of Navajo and proposes a model for reversing this language shift based upon the traditional Navajo values of balance and harmony.
		An inquiry into why speakers of the Navajo language continue to shift to English at an alarming rate--and what can be done about it.
	www.amazon.com /Language-Shift-Among-Navajos-Continuity/dp/0816522200 (679 words)

	Language Shift.
		Less-educated Tamils, however, especially those still living in plantation communities, continue to speak Tamil, and the prognosis for their language maintenance is for the time being favorable.
		There are a number of reasons why English-educated Tamils are in fact switching to English as a dominant language, and there is no one reason that is more important than others.
		In fact Tamil is doing fine when the conditions that enhance language maintenance pertain, and these are precisely those enumerated by Kloss for German immigrants in the US:Note that Kloss's fifteen factors contain six positive factors, and nine ambivalent factors; in the current case, factor 1 is unambiguously positive, while 2-4 below are ambivalent, i.e.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/node2.html (1254 words)

	SIL Bibliography: Language shift
		SIL publications on Language shift listed by country.
		Review of: English in language shift: The history, structure and sociolinguistics of South African Indian English, by Rajend Mesthrie.
		"Language of work: the critical link between economic change and language shift."
	www.ethnologue.com /show_subject.asp?code=LSH (111 words)

	Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 40, no. 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A noun class marked by long-vowel pluralization appears to be widespread in the Tepiman languages and may reflect a broader tendency within Uto-Aztecan.
		Emphasis is on the parallactic view afforded by an ethnolinguistic and ethnohistorical orientation that considers the multiplicity of local views, language as practice, and relations to other historical dimensions of sociocultural change heretofore residual to previous linguistic and sociolinguistic models of language shift.
		Moreover, Uzbek, a Turkic language of Central Asia, requires that nouns be specified in order to be counted, and, just like Mandarin or Thai (and other typical “classifier” languages) and Russian or English (and other typical “gender” or “nonclassifier” languages), it has several different grammatically motivated strategies, including classifying specifiers, for accomplishing the specification.
	www.indiana.edu /~anthling/v40-1.html (510 words)

	BBC NEWS \| England \| Staffordshire \| Academic swears by language shift
		A cultural commentator says the growing trend of swearing among celebrities is part of the evolution of language.
		Chris Howard, South Wales representative for the National Association of Head Teachers, said on Wednesday that Manchester United star Wayne Rooney's recent verbal attack on a match referee was being emulated by some students in their dealings with teachers.
		Chefs Gordon Ramsay and Jamie Oliver have also come under fire for the language they use on television.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/england/staffordshire/4294579.stm (293 words)

	Instant Cognition » Blog Archive » Language Shift
		It’s not a paradigm shift but it is still significant.
		The language is evolving and somewhere out here on the fringe the new metrics are starting to take shape.
		The language is changing, and all the rest that makes up web analytics is goint to change too - will the existing web analytics take the charge on that change or will some new whipper-snapper of a company that’s working out here on the fringe change the game?
	blog.instantcognition.com /2006/07/13/language-shift (1209 words)

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