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Topic: Language typology

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	Linguistic typology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a language with cases, the classification depends on whether the subject of an intransitive verb has the same case as the agent or the patient of a transitive verb.
		Other languages (called "active languages") have two types of intransitive verbs—some of them ("active verbs") join the subject in the same case as the agent of a transitive verb, and the rest ("stative verbs") join the subject in the same case as the patient.
		Whaley, L.J. Introduction to typology: The unity and diversity of language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Linguistic_typology (688 words)

	Joseph Greenberg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In particular, Greenberg invented the notion of "implicational universal", which takes the form "if a language has structure X, then it must also have structure Y." For example, X might be "mid front rounded vowels" and Y "high front rounded vowels" (for terminology see phonetics).
		Greenberg is also widely known and respected for his development of a new classification system for African languages, which he published in 1963.
		In 1971 Greenberg proposed the Indo-Pacific languages super-family, which groups together the Papuan languages (several language families spoken in Papua New Guinea and nearby regions which are not Austronesian) together with the native languages of Tasmania and the Andaman Islands, but excludes Australian Aboriginal languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseph_Greenberg (737 words)

	Typology of Language Grammars
		A synthetic language is one in which grammatical relationships are expressed by modifications of the form of words.
		Most languages have the subject added at the beginning of a phrase, but there is a small proportion which add the subject at the end of a phrase.
		The tense of a verb is indicated by a tense-auxiliary.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/langtyp.htm (1686 words)

	Typology syllabi
		Comrie, B. 'Language universals and linguistic typology: data-bases and explanations', Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 46, 3-14.
		We will include what many consider to be outlier types of language (sign language, child language, pidgins and creoles) for their contributions to a fully articulated typology of languages.
		Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology.
	www.lancs.ac.uk /fss/organisations/alt/syllab.htm (1458 words)

	Studying language typology by means of corpora
		Generative Grammar is interested in language competence in a fairly straightforward manner -- relying on introspection and speaker’s intuition, it is subjective and not empirical in the sense that it does not build itself on large amounts of heterogeneous data but rather on few languages or standard dialects.
		Language Typology is first and foremost interested in language performance, which is based on empirical description and comparison of a great number of languages.
		One of the assumptions in the universalist research is the belief that all the languages of the world, ancient or modern are intrinsically similar and exhibit similar complexity of system that, although different on the surface goes back to similar deep structure.
	www.cl.ut.ee /ee/yllitised/first/lummeerilt.html (1935 words)

	The Language Page
		Language consists of single word, pronounced as SAE "peas," is spelled "cardboard" (using roman script), and means "Give me another beer." In some dialects the meaning is changed to extremely vulgar expletives.
		Vocabulary, syntax, morphology and every other conceivable aspect of the language changes nearly constantly, depending on the date and time, gender of the user, age of the user, whether the user is lying or telling the truth, and much, much else.
		A classical language, a sanskrit, it is the official language of Livagia used in all official, legal, political and higher academic contexts and in all but the most ephemeral writing.
	members.tripod.com /microtonal/language/conlang/ethnologueam.html (1815 words)

	Cognitive Typology
		The linguistic discourse with the framework of typology is hence characterized by a certain reluctance to systematic superstructures that would formulate a deductive theory to approach the empirics of typology.
		It follows that functional and semantic aspects of language architectures are mainly to be explained in a diachronic perspective, though the potential to adopt newly established communicative and cognitive routines plays an important role in the dynamic potential of language systems.
		Language systems and cognitive activities are thought to be structurally coupled on the basis of a mainly diachronic relationship that presupposes an adequate linguistic treatment of the data in question.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~wschulze/cog_typ.htm (5459 words)

	The Language Page
		Language of official imperial administration, public education, and, along with C'ali, international political, intellectual and religious discourse.
		Typology: VSO with SOV and SVO alternatives occurring mainly in poetry.
		Wania is south of Filofonecia in western Gon; the language originated in the nearby continent of Weni.
	members.tripod.com /microtonal/language/conlang/ethnologueny.html (1771 words)

	Sign language typology
		The Sign Language Typology Research Group will conduct research over a period of four years until October 2007 with a core team consisting of the project director, 2-3 PhD and post-doctoral researchers, and 2 research assistants, plus a varying number of visitors and associated researchers.
		Given that most sign languages in the world are scarcely documented or even entirely undescribed, descriptive and corpus-based work is of great importance for broadening the existing data base.
		The sociolinguistic situation in such villages is unique in that the sign languages are used freely by both deaf and hearing people, exist on a very small geographical scale, are not in contact with other sign languages and have developed in the absence of any deaf education system.
	www.mpi.nl /world/SignLang/WEB-FINAL/sl-typology-summary.htm (897 words)

	Cognition, Culture and Typology in Language Acquisition and Evolution: Zapotec
		Iconicity, grammaticalization and language acquisition: the analysis of patterns of iconic and analogic motivation in early constructions.
		Spatial cognition and language acquisition: the analysis of spontaneous and elicited production data, comprehension data and action imitation data to identify patterns of language specific semantic development and their cognitive and socio-cultural foundations.
		Zapotec, although its base of speakers is fairly numerous, is an endangered language and the number of children acquiring it as a first language is constantly diminishing.
	www.kommunikation.aau.dk /research/lacozap (851 words)

	SIL Bibliography: Language typology
		SIL publications on Language typology listed by country.
		"Language typology in relation to narrative texts of indigenous languages of Latin America."
		Longacre, Robert E. "Discourse typology in relation to language typology."
	www.ethnologue.com /show_subject.asp?code=LTP (68 words)

	[No title]
		Moravcsik, E.A. 'Typology in linguistics.' Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 29, 315-337.
		Plank, F. 'Typology by the end of the 18th century.' In: History of the language sciences: An international handbook on the evolution of the study of language, ed.
		Stassen, L. 'AND languages and WITH languages.' In: Noun phrase stucture in the languages of Europe, ed.
	www.lancs.ac.uk /fss/organisations/alt/sylplank.htm (7034 words)

	John Benjamins: Book details for Language Typology 1987 [CILT 67]
		These papers from the 1987 Typology Symposium a follow-up to the 1985 meeting in Moscow deal with the relevance of typology for historical linguistics.
		Its relevance for application of the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction is noted with reference to the glottalic theory and problems in other language families.
		Along with changes in other languages (like those of East and Southeast Asia), these problems are discussed in an effort to determine general and specific tendencies in language change, and to contribute towards the development of diachronic typology.
	www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=CILT+67 (221 words)

	LIN 591 - Language Universals and Typology - Seminar - Fall 1999
		After that, we will examine a number of issues in different language families (the topics are up to the interests of the students) and the relevance of typology to language change.
		The final paper could focus on either a language universal, an issue in a particular language family or in language change.
		www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/alt: the homepage of the association for language typology.
	www.public.asu.edu /~gelderen/typ.htm (1186 words)

	On-line conference "Language Typology"
		Her assessment refers in part to the fact that semantically there is a continuum of classifier types ranging from the synonymous and purely taxonomic types to the more or less purely prototypical or configurational types, and few people now would argue that configurational classifiers set up classical taxonomies.
		While this distribution is not always true in real-life discourse, it is notable that the classifiers in her sample refer anaphorically to the same referents that pronouns do and exist within the same taxonomic animacy classification system.
		Nevertheless, when it comes to their putative classifying function, there is overwhelming evidence cross-linguistically that the explicit categories of things to which classifiers may explicitly and grammatically refer are in fact limited by the taxonomic logic constraint to strict basic (and subordinate) level taxonomies, as shown in the present analysis of Japanese.
	fccl.ksu.ru /winter.99/lang_typ/beckwith.htm (3807 words)

	5. Focusing and Language Typology
		In both language types, the theme or topic (T) comes first, followed by the identifying verb (IDv) in SVO, by the focus constituent (F) in SOV languages.
		In SVO languages, the focus (F) comes last, in SOV languages it is the identifying verb (IDv).
		The unmarked functional sequence postulated for English as an SVO language holds not only for focusing constructions involving neutral, head (pro)nouns but also for 'it'-clefts, as far as their pre-clause is concerned.
	angli02.kgw.tu-berlin.de /Korean/HNonmun/ch5.htm (1863 words)

	A Typological Approach to Field Linguistics
		The emphasis in this website is on tools for language description, as opposed to tools for language documentation, suggestions for choice of hardware etc. Links to websites that provide information on topics beyond the purview of our website can be found at the bottom of the page.
		The Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project: The Rausing Project is a large-scale initiative with three components: a language documentation program, which funds documentation projects throughout the world; an academic program, which trains students to do documentary work; and a digital archive for storing endangered languages data.
		The Foundation for Endangered Languages: The Foundation for Endangered Languages seeks to raise awareness of endangered language issues and supports the documentation and revitalization of endangered languages.
	lingweb.eva.mpg.de /fieldtools/tools.htm (2775 words)

	Comrie, Bernard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Syntactic typology: Studies in the phenomenology of language, ed.
		LaPolla, Randy J. The Role of Migration and Language Contact in the Development of the Sino-Tibetan Language Family”, Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Case Studies in Language Change, ed.
		“On the typology of relative clauses.” Linguistics 24:663-680.
	www.umt.edu /ling/classes/Typology03.htm (459 words)

	[No title]
		This course is an introduction to the typological study of syntax, with particular reference to methodological foundations of language typology and theoretical implications of linguistic diversity.
		Subject and topic: A new typology of language.
		Schachter, P. The Subject in Philippine Languages: Topic, Actor, Actor-Topic, or None of the Above.
	www.stanford.edu /~emaslova/Teaching/Typology.html (357 words)

	Language in India
		The stem modification may cause some change in the internal phonological structure, mostly either by doubling of consonants or by lengthening of vowels or by denasalization of homorganic nasal+stop consonant clusters inside the verb stem.
		Tokyo: Institue for the study of languages and clutures ofr Asia and Africa.
		Languages of India According to the 1991 Census
	www.languageinindia.com /nov2001/rajendran1.html (5207 words)

	List of publications by Martin Haspelmath
		Language typology and language universals: An international handbook.
		[Martin Haspelmath with Oda Buchholz] "Equative and similative constructions in the languages of Europe." In: van der Auwera, Johan (ed.) Adverbial constructions in the languages of Europe.
		Typology of verbal categories: Papers presented to Vladimir Nedjalkov on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
	email.eva.mpg.de /~haspelmt/publist.html (2001 words)

	Humbul : Linguistics : language typology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Association for Linguistic Typology (ALT) is an international organisation aiming to advance the study of cross-linguistic diversity and its underlying patterns.ALT organises annual or biennial meetings and regional workshops; awards prizes for outstanding typological research; and publishes an annual journal, Linguistic Typology.
		Report about the Valencian language consists of a brief discussion of Valencian, whether it is a dialect of Catalan or a language in its own right.
		The author attempts to define the differences between languages and dialects, and then examines the linguistic, sociolinguistic, juridical, and literary characteristics and separateness of the Valencian tongue.
	www.humbul.ac.uk /output/headlist.php?sub=linguistics&code=FJ.2005 (285 words)

	LING 480
		Language universals and linguistic typology: Syntax and morphology (2nd edition).
		Languages of the World. In the Handbook of Syntactic Theory.
		Baker, M. Baking a Polysynthetic Language In The Atoms of Language.
	faculty.washington.edu /bcitko/index_files/Page816.html (232 words)

	TYPOLOGY AND LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The study of all languages is not feasible, because
		languages of today are not sufficiently varied and numerous to include examples of all structures possible in language
		The head position is different from language to language, which is governed by parameter rule.
	elex.amu.edu.pl /~krynicki/my_pres/my_pres_3.htm (856 words)

	Conference Organization - Martin Haspelmath
		Typological insights about variation and invariance in linguistic structures depend on the systematic exploitation of descriptions of particular languages, many of which are now endangered.
		This tension is unfortunately approached too rarely in a constructive manner, but it is of crucial importance for progress in linguistics, since new insights can grow primarily at the interface of detailed language-particular analysis and broader theories.
		Despite the difficulties, both language description and language typology have made enormous progress over the last two decades by profiting from each other.
	email.eva.mpg.de /~haspelmt/dgfs2006.html (571 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue
		Language typology, which has developed in response to these fundamental questions, is concerned with the construction of theoretical frameworks capable of delimiting the range of possible human languages and of capturing constraints on cross-linguistic variation.
		Language typology is a major concern of all contemporary schools of linguistics, yet a coherent image of the field is difficult to form because of the diversity of theoretical orientations and practical methodologies.
		The collection as a whole provices both a survey of the place of individual typological schools in the historiography of the subject and a comprehensive account of the present state of language typology in an international context.
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198238669 (518 words)

	Inleiding Taalkunde
		Linguistics is the study of language in the broadest possible sense.
		Linguistics in cognitive science focuses on language as a cognitive faculty.
		Theory and methods of linguistics; the various components of a grammar: syntax, semantics, phonetics/phonology; typology; first language acquisition; language technology.
	www.let.uu.nl /~Paola.Monachesi/personal/it03.html (489 words)

	SIL Bibliography: Typology
		Bishop, Nancy M. A typology of causative constructions: an update.
		Derbyshire, Desmond C. Review of: Introduction to typology: The unity and diversity of language, by Lindsay J. Whaley.
		Rensch, Calvin R. "Typological and genetic consideration in the classification of the Otomanguean languages."
	www.ethnologue.com /show_subject.asp?code=TYP (578 words)

	Keyword Index
		Klimov, Georgij A. On the Character of Languages of Active Typology.
		Klimov, Georgij A. On the Source of the Genitive in Ergative Languages.
		Language Change and Typological Variation: In Honor of Winfred P. Lehmann on the Occasion of his 83rd Birthday.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/ietype/keyword/language_type/active_languages.html (251 words)

	Linguistics 400 : Language Typology
		The scope is broad: physical and mental processes connected with language, its social and cultural role and the contribution its study can make to related disciplines and professions, theory and practice of language study, and diverse approaches to language description, analysis, and interpretation.
		Written with the non-specialist in mind, entries are arranged alphabetically and conclude with a brief bibliography.
		Includes languages, language families, concepts and extensive biographical entries.
	www.library.cornell.edu /olinuris/ref/linguistics400_spring06.html (1648 words)

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