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	Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Afghanistan (officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan); Persian (Dari): جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان, Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت; is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Asia.
		Afghanistan faces numerous problems, ranging from its devastated economy, the return of millions of refugees, continued warlordism, drug trafficking, and a new government that is struggling with the political forces trying to define the sort of country Afghanistan will become in the 21st century.
		Afghanistan is a land-locked mountainous country, with plains in the north and southwest.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Afghanistan (5332 words)

	Persian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prior to British colonization, Persian was also widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in the subcontinent throughout the Middle Ages and became the "official language" under the Mughal emperors.
		Over this period, the morphology of the language was simplified from the complex conjugation and declension system of Old Persian to the almost completely regularized morphology and rigid syntax of Modern Persian, in a manner often described as paralleling the development of English.
		The Academy of Persian Language and Literature has argued in an official pronouncement [6] that the name "Persian" is more appropriate, as it has the longer tradition in the western languages and better expresses the role of the language as a mark of cultural and national continuity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_language (2248 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Tajik language
		Tajik or Tadjik (тоҷикӣ, تاجیکی, tojikí) is a descendant of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia.
		The Pamir languages of the Pamir Mountains of Central Asia are Shughni, Sarikoli, Yazgulyam, Munji, Sanglechi-Ishkashimi, Wakhi, and Yidgha.
		Tajik or Tadjik (тоҷикӣ, tojikí, تاجیکی toğikī) is a descendant of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Tajik-language (1657 words)

	Dari (Afghanistan) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dari is the major language of the country and is spoken in the northern and western parts including the capital Kabul in the east.
		Approximately 60% of the population of Afghanistan is native speakers, with bilingualism widespread.
		Dari is the language of the Sassanids and the official Zoroastrian priesthood language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dari_%28of_Afghanistan%29 (1653 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages; it is, along with Pashto, one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.
		It is the primary language of the Tadzhik, Hazara, and Chahar Aimak peoples.
		Dari, rather than Pashto, serves as the means of communication between speakers of different languages in Afghanistan.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/Language.Dari.shtm (144 words)

	Afghanistan
		Afghanistan is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest.
		International efforts to rebuild Afghanistan lead to the formulation of the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA), as a result of the December 2001 Bonn Agreement, and later addressed at the Tokyo Donors Conference for Afghan Reconstruction in January 2002, where $4.5 billion was collected for a trust fund to be administered by the World Bank.
		The official languages of Afghanistan are Afghan Persian or Dari 50% and Pashtu 35%.
	www.creekin.net /n1-afghanistan.html (2269 words)

	Persian Language
		Dari Persian, mainly spoken in Afghanistan, until recently, deferred to the Tehran standard as its model, and although there are clear phonological and morphological contrasts, due partly to the influence of neighbouring Turkic languages, Farsi and Dari Persian remain quite similar.
		For example, it was an important language during the reign of the Moguls in Indian where knowledge of Persian was cultivated and encouraged; its use in the courts of Mogul India ended in 1837, banned by officials of the East Indian Company (British Colonialism).
		The Early Modern period of the language (ninth to thirteenth centuries), preserved in the literature of the Empire, is known as Classical Persian, due to the eminence and distinction of poets such as Roudaki, Ferdowsi, and Khayyam.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/articles/persian_language.php (1384 words)

	History of Pushto language
		Indo-Iranian languages are spoken in a wide area stretching from portions of eastern Turkey and eastern Iraq to western India.
		The variation in spelling of the language's name (Pashto, Pukhto, etc.) stems from the different pronunciations in the various dialects of the second consonant in the word; for example, it is a retroflex [sh] in the Kandahari dialect, and a palatal fricative in the Kabuli dialect.
		In Afghanistan, Pashto is second in prestige to Dari, the Persian dialect spoken natively in the north and west.
	www.afghan-network.net /Ethnic-Groups/pashtu-history.html (976 words)

	Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken language in ...
		It is the language of Iran (formerly Persia) and is also widely spoken in Afghanistan and, in an archaic form, in Tajikistan and the Pamir Mountain region.
		Avestan, probably spoken in the northeast of ancient Persia, is the language of the Avesta, the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism.
		Parthian was the language of the Arsacid or Parthian Empire (circa 250 BC-AD 226).
	www.farsinet.com /farsi (1134 words)

	Pushto Language Profile
		Pushto is one of the national languages of Afghanistan (Dari Persian is the other), and the home language of Pushtuns living in the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan, and many Pushtuns living in Baluchistan (Iran and Pakistan).
		Indo-Iranian languages are spoken in a wide area stretching from portions of eastern Turkey and eastern Iraq to western India (see Crystal 1987 and Payne 1987).
		In Afghanistan, Pushto is second in prestige to Dari, the Persian dialect spoken natively in the north and west.
	brain.com.pk /~charsadda/pakhtun/pushtolanguage.htm (1158 words)

	Languages Of Afghanistan
		Dari is taught in schools; radio Afghanistan broadcasts are promoting a standardized pronunciation of the literary language which is based on the old dictional tradition of the country, with its archaic phonetic characteristics.
		GAWAR-BATI 8,000 in Afghanistan; 8 or 9 villages in the Kunar Valley.
		PASHAYI 1% of the population in Afghanistan (1982) From Gulbahar across Kapisa and Laghman provinces to Nuristan on the Alingar River, especially the Alisheng Valley and valleys north of Sarobi.
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/languages.html (1078 words)

	Definition of Pashto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Pashto (پښتو; also known as Afghan, Pushto, Pashto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, and Pukhto) is the language spoken by the ethnic Afghan otherwise known as the Pashtun people who inhabit Afghanistan and the Western provinces of Pakistan.
		Dari often dominates over Afghan/Pashto in Afghanistan in everyday government use since the capital was moved to Kabul from Kandahar in the 18th century.
		It is spoken by circa 35% of Afghanistan population who are of the Pashtun tribe, as well as by ethnic Pashtuns who live on the other side of the disputed Durand Line in present day Pakistan (ca.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Pashto (797 words)

	The Pakhtu/Pashto Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The variation in spelling of the language's name (Pashto, Pukhtu, Pakhtu etc.) stems from the different pronunciations in the various dialects of the second consonant in the word; for example, it is a retroflex [sh] in the Kandahari dialect, and a palatal fricative in the Kabuli dialect.
		With the adoption of Pushto/Pakhtu as a national language of Afghanistan, some revisions of the spelling system have been made in the interest of clarity.
		In Afghanistan, Pushto/Pakhtu is second in prestige to Dari, the Persian dialect spoken natively in the north and west.
	www.pakhtun.com /pakhtuLanguage.htm (990 words)

	Language Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The contribution of this collection of articles is to construct an updated picture of languages and language policy in the region, and give potential language learners a clearer picture of what kinds of resources exist, and what is still needed.
		Even though the titular languages are now official in these former republics, it is still necessary to know Russian in order to study them with these materials.
		This paper examines language policy in the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan, where Pashtu was spoken (and was a language of nationalism), but where Persian was written.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /salrc/afghanistan/lgpolicy/SpecialLP804.html (1129 words)

	The Center for Persian Studies :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Persian speakers in Afghanistan tend to be local ethnic Pushtuns of a relatively educated urban background.
		This region is the cradle of the Persian language and of the Persian empires of old.
		Persian is the official language of Iran and it is spoken by most of the population of over 67 million people even though it is the native language of only just over half of them.
	www.languages.umd.edu /persian/persianlanguage1.php (2011 words)

	AFGHANS: Their History and Culture
		Persian is the principal West Iranian language and Pashto the principal East Iranian language.
		Although the languages in Afghanistan are written using adaptations of the Arabic alphabet, none is related to Arabic, which is a member of the Semitic language family, along with Hebrew, and completely different from either the Indo-European or the Altaic language families.
		Pashto was designated a national language of Afghanistan by the Pashtuns in the various constitutions, and in the period of modernization, all non-Pashto-speaking government workers were required to learn the language.
	www.culturalorientation.net /afghan/alang.html (1413 words)

	10 largest people groups among 70 in Afghanistan - (BP)
		The most populous people group in Afghanistan, the Pashtun, have access to the "Jesus" film and Christian broadcasts in their language.
		They are the most reached people group in Afghanistan, but 65 percent of them have not heard the gospel.
		Tajiks, the second-largest people group in Afghanistan, have access to the Jesus film, Christian broadcasts and portions of the New Testament in their language.
	www.bpnews.net /printerfriendly.asp?ID=11993 (705 words)

	Talking the language of a new Afghanistan -DAWN - International; 19 July, 2004
		Presidential elections in Afghanistan are due on October 9 after being postponed twice first to June and then to September.
		She speaks to people in her native Pushtu and also in Dari, the language used by most Afghans for communication between different peoples in the country.
		Beyond that, she is talking the language of a new Afghanistan.
	www.dawn.com /2004/07/19/int3.htm (662 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Language
		DARI - Dari is derived from "darbari" meaning the language of the court of kings, spoken in the Central, Northern, and Western Provinces of Afghanistan
		- Pashto is spoken in the Southern, South eastern Provinces of Afghanistan, Pashtu could possibly be the ancestors all Hebrew Languages, and the language of the lost tribes of Israel.
		The Major Languages of Afghanistan are Pashto and Dari where an Afghan is familiar with at least one of these languages.
	www.afghanland.com /culture/language.html (180 words)

	TNI Drugs and Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) is an independent research organisation whose mission is to conduct and facilitate action-oriented research and learning that informs and influences policy and practice.
		Afghanistan has been the centre of attention for the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) since it became clear that the country had gained the status of the world's largest source of opium.
		It has documented the expansion of poppy fields in Afghanistan and the reasons behind it; the role of opium as a source of credit and in livelihood strategies of small farmers and war refugees; the role of women in the opium economy and the rural dynamics behind the illicit trade.
	www.tni.org /links/drugs-afghanistan.htm (1704 words)

	Top 20 Encyclopedia
		Prior to British colonization, Persian was also widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in the subcontinent throughout the Middle Ages and became the official court language under the Mughal emperors.
		Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch.
		In the ISO 639-1, the local names form the basis for the language codes and for this reason "fa" is the designation for the Persian language in that system.
	encyc.connectonline.com /index.php/Persian_language (1644 words)

	Literature, Art & Music: Ideas & Identities of India Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Since the United States asked Gen. Pervez Musharraf for help in the War on Terrorism, the dictator and his officials have wasted no opportunity to remind Washington (and the world) that the last time Pakistan lent a hand it was abandoned by the Americans as soon as their objective had been met.
		After helping the U.S. fight a proxy war against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in the 1980s, Pakistan had hoped to remain Washington's special friend: instead, it was treated like a pariah, with the added humiliation of seeing the Americans chummy up with India.
		Yet beneath the direct, honest language is a love letter to the individual, freedom, and life itself.
	www.chowk.com /paint_picks_book_review_discussion_form.cgi?pbookid=15 (15590 words)

	Farsi/Persian Computing Information (Penn State)
		This is probably the most prestigious language of Afghanistan although others are widely spoken and used.
		In Afghanistan, Uzbek is written in the Arabic script, but in neighboring Uzbekistan, the language is written in either Cyrillic or the Roman alphabet.
		Language tags are also suggested so that search engines and screen readers parse the language of a page.
	tlt.its.psu.edu /suggestions/international/bylanguage/pashto.html (1265 words)

	Afghanistan Online: Languages Spoken in Afghanistan
		Pashto and Dari (Afghan Persian/Farsi) are the official languages of Afghanistan.
		Pashto was declared the National Language of the country during the beginning of Zahir Shah's reign, however, Dari has always been used for business and government transactions.
		Turkic languages (Uzbek and Turkmen) are spoken by about 11 percent of the population.
	www.afghan-web.com /language (296 words)

	Multilingual Books December Newsletter
		Dari is considered along with Pashto as the two official languages of Afghanistan.
		It is a member of the indo-Iranian language of families.
		The best time to acquire languages and a life-long love for them is when we are children.
	www.multilingualbooks.com /news-5.html (1130 words)

	Afghanistan, Asia
		Afghan Community in Australasia: Language Corner - discusses Pashto, Dari, and others of the numerous languages spoken in Afghanistan.
		Languages Spoken in Afghanistan - provides information on Pashto and Dari (Farsi) including history and special additions to the Arabic alphabet.
		Literature and Language of Afghanistan - discusses Pashtu and Dari.
	www.partyguideonline.com /location/asia/Afghanistan.html (314 words)

	Afghanistan's Web Site - Afghanistan Ethnic Origins and Languages
		The Pashtuns speak Pashto, which is an Indo-European language and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.
		In the far south live the Baluchi, whose Indo-European language (called Baluchi) is also spoken in southwestern Pakistan and southeastern Iran.
		In the mid-1990s attempts have been made to reestablish shared rule; however, many of the ethnic groups have sought a greater share of power than they had before the war, and violence is a common result of the disputes.
	www.afghanistans.com /Information/People/EthnicityLanguages.htm (436 words)

	Pocket PC Thoughts :: View topic - Pocket PCs Help Soldiers Communicate in Afghanistan
		Check out this thread for a description of how U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan are using Pocket PCs to smooth the way with locals by communicating with them in their own language.
		A key component of these idealized futures is the elimination of the language barrier; if individuals can understand one another, that eliminates at least one reason to fight, and opens the possibility of working things out peacefully.
		And while this isn't the most complimentary thing to be said about the military, do seat yourself in reality: it's a bunch of 18-20 year olds in a country that they don't want to be in for a total of 6 months.
	www.pocketpcthoughts.com /forums/viewtopic.php?p=115254 (1022 words)

	BUBL LINK: Afghanistan
		A catalogue of all the languages and dialects spoken in Afghanistan, with details of the numbers of speakers of each language.
		Individual resources are selected by academics, policy makers and scientists and include special reports delivered by the United Nations and the latest reports relating to the status of weapons inspections in Iraq.
		Basic reference information about Afghanistan, such as area, capital, population, population density, geography, language, religion, time zone, history and government, plus business and social information, including details of accommodation, addresses, climate, regions, travel, visas, passports, money, health and public holidays.
	www.bubl.ac.uk /link/a/afghanistan.htm (512 words)

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