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Topic: Languages of China

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	Languages of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chinese language policy in mainland China is heavily influenced by Soviet nationalities policy and officially encourages the development of standard spoken and written languages for each of the nationalities of China.
		Language policy within China is the subject of a number of political controversies mostly having to do with the political status of minority nationalities in China.
		Some critics of the PRC government, such as the Tibetan Government-in-Exile argue that China's official multilingualism is a sham and that social pressures and political efforts result in a policy of sinicization and often term PRC policies cultural genocide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Languages_of_China (930 words)

	Korean language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The language is also one of the two official languages (the other is Standard Mandarin) in neighbouring Yanbian, China.
		The standard language (pyojuneo or pyojunmal) of South Korea is based on the dialect of the area around Seoul, and the standard for North Korea is based on the dialect spoken around P'yŏngyang.
		Traditionally, the Korean language has had strong vowel harmony; that is, in pre-modern Korean, as in most Altaic languages, not only did the inflectional and derivational affixes (such as postpositions) change in accordance to the main root vowel, but native words also adhered to vowel harmony.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Korean_language (3439 words)

	Tungusic languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It is an Agglutinative language that demonstrates limited vowel harmony, and it has been demonstrated that it is derived in the main from the Jurchen language though there are many loan words from Mongolian and Chinese.
		Manchu began as the primary language of the Qing dynasty Imperial court, but by the 19th century even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language.
		In fact, the modern custodians of the language are actually the Sibe who live near the Ili River valley in Xinjiang and were moved there by Qianlong Emperor of China in 1764.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Tungusic-languages (480 words)

	The Languages of China (S. Robert Ramsey) - review
		In The Languages of China Ramsey takes a broad approach, covering the cultural and social and historical setting of languages and not just their linguistics.
		Language has played an unpredictable role in defining minorities: some are clearly distinguishable both culturally and linguistically (the Uighur, for example); others are culturally hard to distinguish from their Han neighbours (the Zhuang); and some speak Chinese dialects and are distinguished only by religion or culture (the Muslim Hui).
		Two chapters then survey the minority languages systematically: in the north the Altaic language family (Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungus); in the south a broad "linguistic area" (with shared features resulting from diffusion) containing representatives of several language families (Tibeto-Burman, Tai, Miao-Yao, Mon-Khmer) and many unclassified languages.
	dannyreviews.com /h/Languages_China.html (667 words)

	Study Abroad & Cultural Immersion with Languages Abroad - China
		The capital of the People's Republic of China (with a population of 12 million) and an ancient capital of six dynasties, it is one of the most famous historical and cultural cities in the world.
		Beijing is the centre of China's tourism and one of the world's most fascinating cities.
		Total immersion is the fastest way to learn a language, plus your learning when you don't expect it, hearing people speak on the street or ordering your meals, talking to the taxi drivers.
	www.languagesabroad.com /countries/china.html (517 words)

	Tungusic Research Group: Endangered Languages
		The Tungusic languages, in all liklihood, will cease to be spoken in the next fifty years or so.
		All this points to the remarkable fact that an entire language family may be eliminated from our globe in half a century.
		In most cases, the written "standard" of the language does not match the variety spoken in local communities, or no written form of the language exists at all.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~trg/endangered.html (623 words)

	chinese languages directory - China-Lifestyles.com
		This chinese languages and china top selection directory page is your source for featured chinese languages and information.
		the method we've chosen, as is used on this chinese languages topic area, is to present lists of links at the top of the page in handy "title only" form, while providing additional commentary for those who desire it, as footnotes.
		The Chinese languages are the languages of the Han people the major ethnic group of China including both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China.
	www.china-lifestyles.com /china-top-selection/chinese-languages.php (1375 words)

	Wikinfo \| Languages of China
		These languages span across six linguistic families and most of them are dissimilar morphologically and phonetically.
		And during the last dynasty, the Qing, the Manchu language also had a strong influence, although some of the later Manchu royalty themselves voluntarily adopted the Chinese language as well.
		For example, the Hui Chinese and the Han Chinese speak the same language, the Chinese language.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Languages_of_China (456 words)

	Chinese Cultural Studies: Chinese Literature: Brief Guide
		China is the only country in the world with a literature written in one language for more than 3,000 consecutive years.
		China's literary tradition continues to the present, though much 20th-century writing has concentrated on efforts to reform or modernize China.
		Lu Xun was born Chou Shu-jen in Shaoxing in 1881.
	acc4.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~phalsall/texts/chinlit.html (3520 words)

	China's Languages
		The official language of the PRC is "Putonghua", a literal translation of which is "common speech".
		Also, Ethnologue lists more than 200 languages in use in China and there are countless local dialects.
		This is quite common, especially in the south of China, far from Beijing where the standard originated.
	www.liuzhou.co.uk /china/language.htm (1425 words)

	Learn Chinese, Chinese languages, China tours
		China is beginning a very different cultural revolution with the launch of language centres around the world.
		Long resentful of being the target of "cultural imperialism", China is embarking on an ambitious plan named after the great sage Confucius to spread the use of its language around the world.
		The Government is setting up language and cultural institutes in major foreign cities and dispatching modestly paid volunteers to teach in small communities.
	www.chinatour.com /chinese/chinese.htm (357 words)

	Chinese Cultural Studies: The Chinese Language and Alphabet
		The vast majority of these are in China (over 980 million) and Taiwan (19 million), but bstantial numbers are to be found throughout the whole of South-east Asia, especially in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore.Imporiant Chinese- speaking communities are also found in many other parts of the world, especially in the USA.
		It is possible to identify 'clusters' of languages which have certain features in common, such as the 50 or so Lolo languages, spoken by around 3 million people in parts of Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and China.
		Han Chinese is thus to be distinguished from the non-Han minority languages used in China.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~phalsall/texts/chinlng2.html (1520 words)

	Languages Plus - Beijing, China - Cultural Activities
		As to be expected from a capital city, Beijing is leading the country’s cultural revival, and a crop of teahouses have recently reappeared in the capital that show a variety of Beijing Opera, martial arts and acrobatics and serve delicious selections of tea and cakes.
		Also worth seeing is traditional Chinese acrobatics, which have existed in China for two thousand years and cover anything from gymnastics and animal tricks to magic and juggling.
		Invented, developed and refined throughout thousands of years of Imperial China, the Beijing cuisine and its Peking Duck centerpiece have a special spot in the hearts of the natives of the national capital.
	www.languagesplusabroad.com /locations/beijingactivities.html (620 words)

	Wikinfo \| China in world languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Those used in European languages have indirect names came from the sea-route that bear little resemblance to what is used in China.
		The mention of the Chinas in ancient Sanskrit literature, both in the Laws of Manu and in the Mahabhãrata, has often been supposed to prove the application of the name before the predominance of the Qin Dynasty.
		In 1946, the Republic of China demanded the prohibition of use of "Shina" to Japan.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=China_in_world_languages (874 words)

	Requests for new languages/China - Meta
		What make Chinese looks to be a single language is that Chinese languages are written in the same set of ideograms, although some characters can only be found in one or several language.
		Traditional Chinese characters are still used in Hong Kong (official), Macau (official), part of China still ruled by the Republic of China, i.e.
		The rest of the world consider Chinese as a collection of related languages, using the same criteria as in classifying the languages for the rest of the world: mutual intelligibility.
	meta.wikimedia.org /wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/China (1235 words)

	Study Abroad & Cultural Immersion with Languages Abroad - China - Beijing
		Situated in the northwestern part of China, Beijing is a huge city and has 18 districts.
		Course for all language levels - set dates for beginners - use of course materials - each student will be expected to take a short placement test on the first Monday morning - lessons are usually held 8:00am to 12:00 noon - min age 18 - Max.
		Chinese programs designed for all levels of the language and a lot emphasis is placed upon the speaking ability of the student.
	www.languagesabroad.com /countries/beijing.html (902 words)

	Ethnologue report for China
		Covers all of mainland China north of the Changjiang River, a belt south of the Changjiang from Qiujiang (Jiangxi) to Zhenjiang (Jiangsu), Hubei except the southeastern corner, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, the northwestern part of Guangxi, and the northwestern corner of Hunan.
		Their language has an Oghuz Turkic base, has taken on a medieval Chaghatay Turkic stratum through Central Asian contacts and finally acquired a stratum of features from local languages.
		Ethnic population: 4,873 in the official nationality in China (1990 census).
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=China (8374 words)

	Amazon.com: The Languages of China: Books: S. Robert Ramsey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		China is an immense country with a rich linguistic heritage, and it is a challenge to cover even the basics adequately in a mere 340 pages.
		The "Chinese language", the set of mutually unintelligible dialects belonging to Han people and descended from a relatively recent common ancestor, is by far the most widely-spoken in China, and Ramsey dedicates the first half of the book to it.
		First is the "Altaic family" spoken in the north of China, the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages that may or may not be a valid genetic grouping, but which have significant typological similarities.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/069101468X?v=glance (1672 words)

	Summary of Chinese Language and Its Origin (Cantonese, Mandarin)
		It is the most commonly used language in China, and one of the most commonly used languages in the world.
		All of China's 55 minority people have their own languages, except the Hui and Manchu, who use Chinese; 23 of these have a written form.
		Nowadays, classes in schools in predominantly national minority areas are taught in the local language, using local language textbooks.
	www.asianinfo.org /asianinfo/china/pro-languages.htm (364 words)

	Dialects or Languages? - China Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Chinese language is the language spoken by most people of the world, at least theoretically.
		There exist many inhabitants of China, especially in the South, that do barely understand the official language that is based upon the dialect of Peking.
		Recently some dialects were classified as languages: Dongan (the language of the Muslim Chinese in the West), Jin in Shanxi, Mindong, Minzhong and Puxian in Fujian, and Huizhou in Anhui and Zhejiang.
	www.suembroidery.com /blog/article.asp?id=16 (213 words)

	[KS] Languages in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Regarding language families in China, beyond the numerous dialects (which are technically "languages" since they are mutually unintelligible), there were clearly some languages from different families in what is now the Chinese cultural area.
		Taiwan in particular was home to several native languages that weren't in the same family as Chinese.
		These are not to be confused with a commonly spoken Taiwanese language/dialect in the same language family as Chinese.
	koreaweb.ws /pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/2005-May/004799.html (206 words)

	learning chinese languages directory - China-Lifestyles.com
		This learning chinese languages and chinese learning directory page is your source for featured learning chinese languages and information.
		ABOUT THESE FOOTNOTES for learning chinese languages - for over a year, we researched the best ways to present information on these content pages, attempting to strike a balance between publishing volumes of information while limiting the need to scroll down through lengthy lists of items..
		the method we've chosen, as is used on this learning chinese languages topic area, is to present lists of links at the top of the page in handy "title only" form, while providing additional commentary for those who desire it, as footnotes.
	www.china-lifestyles.com /chinese-learning/learning-chinese-languages.php (606 words)

	Languages Plus - Beijing, China - Helpful Info
		RMB (Renminbi) is the sole legitimate currency of the People's Republic of China.
		The basic unit of RMB is yuan (also known as kuai), which is divided into l0 jiao (or mao), which is again divided into 10 fen.
		It is very popular to exchange business cards in China so be sure to bring a generous supply with you.
	www.languagesplusabroad.com /locations/beijingbasics.html (989 words)

	China Languages
		With thousands of words, phrases, and translations, this should prove a useful reference for student, traveller, and the general user.
		This is a practical course in everyday Cantonese requiring no prior knowledge of the language.
		China: Chinese Through Listening: 2: Elementary Aural Comprehension.
	www.atleest.com /en-us/dept_494.html (761 words)

	Western Linguists and the Languages of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The focus of this new series of reprints is the substantial body of work produced by missionary scholars and others who attempted to catalogue, describe, and analyse the languages of China from the early nineteenth century onwards.
		In Macau, he was later joined by a number of nonconformist American missionaries, including Elijah Coleman Bridgman (1801-1861) and Samuel Wells Williams (1812-1884), jointly responsible for the founding and publication of the Chinese Repository, the first journal of Chinese studies within the modern sinological tradition.
		With the opening of China and the establishment of the treaty-port system after the first and second Opium Wars, in 1842 and 1858, other missionary scholars joined battle in the twin causes of evangelicism and linguistic research, including Joseph Edkins (1823-1905), Edward Harper Parker (1849-1926), Thomas Wade (1818-1895) and Herbert Allen Giles (1845-1935).
	www.ganesha-publishing.com /dic_series.htm (348 words)

	:: www.my-myitkyina.com :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The greatest number of Kachin live in Burma (roughly 590,000), but some 120,000 live in China and a few thousand in India.
		Numbering about 712,000 in the late 20th century, they speak a variety of languages of the Tibeto-Burman group and are thereby distinguished as Jinghpaw, or Jingpo The majority of Kachin are Jinghpaw speakers, and Jinghpaw is one of the officially recognized minority languages of China.
		The British gradually imposed the Pax Britannica on the hills, between 1885 and 1935, Kachin are well known in the West for their heroic resistance to the Japanese invasion during the second World War, Christian missionaries have been particularly important in introducing Western education, and have made many conversions around Myitkyina and Bhamo.
	www.my-myitkyina.com /mh_html/kachin.htm (150 words)

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