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Topic: Languages of India and Pakistan

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	Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pakistan is a the sixth most populous country in the world, faced with a number of challenges on the political and economic fronts.
		Pakistan's economy, thought to be highly vulnerable to external and internal shocks, was unexpectedly resilient in the face of adverse events such as the Asian financial crisis, global recession, drought, the post-9/11 military action in Afghanistan, and tensions with India.
		Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and English is the official language.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/p/pa/pakistan.html (2246 words)

	Pakistani Languages [OurPakistan.net] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Urdu, a standardized register of Hindustani, is the national language of Pakistan and has historical significance as a language developed during the Islamic conquests in the Indian Subcontinent during the period of the Mughal Empire and was chosen as a neutral language to unite the various groups of modern Pakistan.
		Urdu' is Pakistan''s national language and has been promoted as a token of national unity, though less than 8% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language but it is spoken fluently as a second language by all literate Pakistanis.
		In India it is the official language of the state of Punjab, and one of the 15 official languages recognized by the Indian constitution.
	www.ourpakistan.net /languages.htm (1496 words)

	Wikinfo \| Pakistan
		The Islamic Republic of Pakistan (پاکستان in Urdu) is a nation in south-central Asia bordering Iran, Afghanistan, China, India, and the Arabian Sea.
		Pakistan is a poor, heavily populated country, suffering from internal political disputes, lack of foreign investment, and a costly confrontation with neighboring India.
		Pakistan's economic outlook continues to be marred by its weak foreign exchange position, notably its continued reliance on international creditors for hard currency inflows.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Pakistan (448 words)

	Languages & Writing Systems - Crystalinks
		Language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, communicate.
		Languages of the Finno-Ugric family, such as languages of the Sami (Lapp) and Baltic-Finno groups (e.g., Sami, Finnish, and Livonian), are spoken in parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia.
		The languages of North Asia are those spoken from the Arctic Ocean on the north to South Asia and China on the south and from the Caspian Sea and Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
	www.crystalinks.com /languages.html (2691 words)

	Pakistan - Gurupedia
		Pakistan is a heavily populated country, suffering from internal political and religious disputes, lack of foreign investment, and a costly confrontation with neighboring India.
		Pakistan's economic outlook has brightened in recent years in conjunction with a great improvement in its foreign exchange position, notably its current-account surplus and rapid growth in hard currency reserves.
		Pakistan's economy, thought to be highly vulnerable to external and internal shocks, was unexpectedly resilient in the face of adverse events such as the Asian financial crisis, global recession, drought, the post-9/11 military action in Afghanistan, and tensions with India.
	www.gurupedia.com /p/pa/pakistan.htm (1951 words)

	India
		India's current population growth rate of 1.7% exceeds both China (0.9%) and the United States (0.6%), who are respectively first and third in total population (Population Reference Bureau, 2001).
		India's annual population increase is greater than the current populations of 147 of the world's nations.
		India's culture is bound to both its religions and languages, with religion having the stronger influence of the two.
	maps.unomaha.edu /Peterson/funda/Notes/Notes_Exam3/India.html (1921 words)

	Languages of India (Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashimiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, ...
		Languages of India (Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashimiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu)
		Kashmiri is a language written in both Persio-Arabic and Devnagri scrip and is spoken by 55 percent of the population of Jammu and Kashmir.
		Urdu is that state Language of Jammu and Kashmir and it evolved with Hindi in the capital of India, Delhi.
	www.asianinfo.org /asianinfo/india/languages.htm (1264 words)

	Pakistan - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is bound by India to the east, Afghanistan and Iran to the west, China to the north and the Arabian Sea to the south.
		Fighting between the Hindus and Muslims continued even after the partition of India and in 1948 India and Pakistan went to war because Pakistan claimed Kashmir as most of its inhabitants are Muslims, although in 1949 the UN arranged a ceasefire.
		In Oct. 1989 Pakistan was re-admitted to the Commonwealth and in Aug. 1990 Pres.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/pakistan.htm (1601 words)

	Peoples and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The language of the first wave, which remained confined to the Pamir mountains of Pakistan, is identified as Dardic while the second one may be called Indic.
		The Languages of Pakistan on the Eve of the Muslim Conquest
		These languages have not generally been used in the domains of power because the rulers of this region were generally foreigners.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html (6627 words)

	In Defence of Marxism - India and Pakistan: War threat looms large
		In India the third general election is being held in as many years, five governments have changed in the so called largest democracy of the world, in the same period.
		Kashmir to India is, as was Ireland to the British, the Basque Country to Spain, Kurdistan to the Turks and Vietnam to the Americans.
		After the victory of India in the 1971 war in Bengal, there was a mass workers movement and general strikes of the Indian proletariat.
	www.marxist.com /india-pakistan-war-threat050699-2.htm (3047 words)

	In Defence of Marxism - India and Pakistan: Shadows of yet another war (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pakistan faced a humiliating defeat and 90,000 Pakistani troops became prisoners of war in India.
		Train and bus services between India and Pakistan have been closed down, the Indian Ambassador to Pakistan has been recalled, the Pakistani embassy staff member manhandled by the police in Delhi and other actions were taken to increase tension.
		The bourgeoisie of India and Pakistan have proved to be historical failures.
	www.marxist.com /india-pakistan-war261201.htm (3555 words)

	Indian literature. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Chief factors in this development were the intellectual and literary predominance of Sanskrit until then (except in S India, where a vast literature in Tamil was produced from ancient times) and the emergence of Hindu pietistic movements that sought to reach the people in their spoken languages.
		Among the Muslims classical Persian poetry was the fountainhead of a later growth in the Urdu literature produced for the Mughal court, and elaborate Urdu verse on set themes was produced in abundance.
		Today there is a written literature in all the important languages of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as a large literature in English intended to reach all the university-educated public regardless of native language.
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/Indianli.html (376 words)

	Languages of INDIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It developed as a language in the 13th century and is the official state language of the eastern state of West Bengal.
		Kashmiri is a language written in the Persio-Arabic script and is spoken by 55 percent of the population of Jammu and Kashmir.
		Urdu is the state language of Jammu and Kashmir and it evolved with Hindi in the capital of India, Delhi.
	cctr.umkc.edu /user/pthudia/lang.html (668 words)

	Earliest Civilizations, the Steppe, Vedas, Upanishads, and the Mandukya Upanishad
		The multiple points of similarity between the thought of the Greece, India, and China, evident in the simplest terms in their respective treatment of the physical elements, cannot be accounted for by mutual influence, which does not seem to have existed at the earliest period.
		India is where the eastern branch of Iranian invaders, the Arya, imposed themselves and, erasing whatever establishment or vestiges were in place of the older Indus Valley Civilization, laid the foundation of a new civilization with their own language and gods.
		Although a Turkish ethnic presence was never established in India, Turkish princes in Afghanistan profoundly influenced Indian history, first by the invasion of Mahmûd of Ghazna in 1008, when Islâm was first solidly planted in Indian civilization, and by the later invasion of Babur, the first of the Moghuls, in 1526.
	www.friesian.com /upan.htm (5960 words)

	Differences between Pakistan and India
		All languages of Pakistan are written in the Perso-Arabic script, with significant vocabulary derived from Arabic and Persian.
		India is geographically unique, with Ganges river and its tributaries as its water supply in the north, and other river systems in the rest of the country.
		Pakistan is located at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East.
	www.geocities.com /pak_history/differences.html (1186 words)

	Languages of India [OCLC - About languages and distribution in North America]
		Gujarati is the state language of Gujarat, an western state of India, and is spoken by 70 percent of the state's population.
		It is the state language of Tamil Nadu and is spoken by at least 66 million people as their first language and additional 8 million people use Tamil as a second language.
		Urdu is one of the official languages of Pakistan, although it is spoken by only 8% of the population.
	www.oclc.org /languagesets/educational/languages/india.htm (785 words)

	Ethnologue report for Pakistan
		Throughout northern Pakistan, mainly in the east in Hazara District, NWFP, in Kaghan Valley, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir.
		[bsh] 3,700 to 5,100 Eastern Kativiri in Pakistan (1992).
		Shina is the primary language in Gilgit and Diamer districts.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Pakistan (3292 words)

	In Defence of Marxism - India and Pakistan: Millions threatened with a Nuclear Holocaust
		That is to say, Pakistan must not be allowed to believe that it can shield itself from a serious conventional military defeat in at least a "limited" territorial incursion by threatening to launch its nuclear weapons.
		The NDA (the ruling alliance in India) was in severe crisis, which could have led to the fall of the BJP from power, especially after the Gujarat imbroglio.
		In Pakistan the regime somehow decided to pour petrol on the flames in Kashmir while America was immersed in the Taliban mess.
	www.marxist.com /india-pakistan-nuclear-holocaust030602.htm (2980 words)

	USATODAY.com - Kashmir conflict has more than two sides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		India accuses Pakistan of stoking the rebellion in the divided Himalayan region.
		A: Kashmir is a land-locked territory where India, Pakistan, China and a bit of Afghanistan meet in the north of the Indian subcontinent.
		In 1846, the British East India Co. sold Kashmir to a Hindu prince, a maharajah, for 6 million rupees and an annual tribute of six shawls spun from the gossamer wool of Kashmiri goats.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2002/01/09/kashmir-qna-usat.htm (1183 words)

	India and Pakistan Essays and Articles at eNotes
		India and Pakistan together account for one fifth of the world’s population.
		India and Pakistan immediately went to war in 1947 over the disputed territory of Kashmir, a thinly populated province between the two nations.
		Kashmir was also the cause of the 1965 war between India and Pakistan; the fighting ended in a military stalemate with the division of Kashmir unchanged.
	soc.enotes.com /india-pakistan-article (1469 words)

	Official language of India
		After India’s independence when Hindi was chosen as the official language of India, different ‘Hindi’ language speakers began demanding official recognition of their languages.
		Other ‘Hindi’ languages are considered dialects of Hindi and their status in the different states of India isn’t clear and is interpreted differently by different parties.
		Besides the languages officially recognized by central or state governments, there are other languages which don’t have this recognition and their speakers are running political struggles to get this recognition.
	adaniel.tripod.com /Languages2.htm (1133 words)

	India and Pakistan
		Pakistan: the growing discontent of the masses after one year of military rule
		India: the Impending Catastrophe and Perspectives for the Labor Movement
		The coup in Pakistan on November 1996 underlines the nature of the Pakistan regime as a regime of crisis.
	www.newyouth.com /archives/indiapakistan.asp (1130 words)

	India and Pakistan Essays and Articles at eNotes
		India and Pakistan together account for one fifth of the world’s population.
		India and Pakistan immediately went to war in 1947 over the disputed territory of Kashmir, a thinly populated province between the two nations.
		Kashmir was also the cause of the 1965 war between India and Pakistan; the fighting ended in a military stalemate with the division of Kashmir unchanged.
	www.enotes.com /india-pakistan-article (1305 words)

	CNN.com - Pakistan moves troops to border - May 31, 2002
		Both India and Pakistan stepped up their preparations for a possible conflict over Kashmir, the Himalayan territory that each has claimed since independence from Britain in 1947.
		India says the city is home to camps that train Kashmiri separatist fighters battling Indian rule over its portion of Kashmir, and authorities in Muzaffarabad said an Indian air raid on the city is possible.
		India has threatened military action to stop Kashmiri fighters it says are armed and trained by Pakistan.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/05/31/kashmir.attack (875 words)

	Elamo-Dravidian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Elamo-Dravidian languages are a hypothesised language family which includes the living Dravidian languages of India and Pakistan, in addition to the extinct Elamite language of ancient Elam, in what is now southwestern Iran.
		In addition to Elamite and the Dravidian languages, some speculate that the extinct language or languages of the Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, may be part of the Elamo-Dravidian language family.
		Retroflex consonants, which exist in Vedic Sanskrit and Dravidian but do not exist in Iranian or European languages could suggest a Dravidian substratum or adstratum in Vedic Sanskrit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages (445 words)

	CNN.com - India makes Pakistan peace moves - Oct. 22, 2003
		India has offered to restore sporting ties and air links with Pakistan as part of a new initiative to revive the stalled peace process with its nuclear-armed neighbor.
		India and Pakistan have fought two of their three wars over the disputed territory of Kashmir.
		India has not played a cricket Test on Pakistan soil since 1989 while an Indian team last visited the country in 1997 to play three one-day internationals.
	cnn.com /2003/WORLD/asiapcf/south/10/22/india.pakistan1100 (1691 words)

	IndiaandPakistan
		Forces within India turned toward ethnic hatreds and religious strife, leading to the division of the province into Pakistan and India...
		Pakistan's democratic government was overthrown and a military junta put in its place...
		January 2002 terrorist attacks at the Indian Parliament and an American compound in India are linked back to Pakistan, over a million troops are deployed on both sides of the border causing border skirmishes to intensify...
	www.planetwide-exodus.com /IndiaandPakistan.html (570 words)

	Foreign Languages, SSC:
		A dialect, technically speaking, is a variety, or version, of a language that is common to a larger population, spoken by a certain recognizable subset of that population.
		It is common for people who speak languages that have a standard to think that the standard is the "correct" or "true" form of the language and that non-standard varieties are incorrect, or "bad" versions of the language.
		It has been clearly demonstrated that all language varieties have their own internal grammar and their own logic and that no language varieties are illogical or ungrammatical, they are just different.
	www.salemstate.edu /languages/lgsworld.htm (2441 words)

	Behind the India-Pakistan ceasefire
		There is strong popular support in both India and Pakistan for a de-escalation of tensions—a fact even Vajpayee had to concede when a few months ago he declared that the “peace camp” in India is much larger than that favoring the perpetuation of enmity with Pakistan.
		The current ruling regimes in both India and Pakistan are themselves both strongly identified with extreme chauvinism and militarism, meaning that should they pursue rapprochement they will come into headlong conflict with important parts of their traditional constituencies.
		Musharraf was the mastermind of Pakistan’s 1999 Kargil incursion.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2003/dec2003/ipak-d29.shtml (2235 words)

	Languages of India and Pakistan - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Many different languages are spoken in India and Pakistan, some of which are shared between the two countries, and others which are not.
		These are the Dravidian languages of Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu, and the Indo-Aryan languages of Bengali, Marathi, Urdu, Gujarati, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and the classical language of Sanskrit.
		Urdu, Sindhi and English are the official languages of Pakistan, and English is the lingua franca of the Pakistani elite and most government ministries.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Languages_of_India (333 words)

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