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	The abuse of prison labour (6) - HEARING ON THE SOCIAL CLAUSE: HUMAN RIGHTS PROMOTION OR PROTECTIONISM? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The nature of our Laogai facilities, which are a tool of the people's democratic dictatorship for punishing and reforming criminals, is inevitably determined by the nature of our socialist state which exercises the people's democratic dictatorship.
		The reach of the Laogai business was recently brought to light again when it was revealed that auto components from the Beijing Laogai were being used at the Beijing Jeep joint venture involving Chrysler.
		They wished to stop using the term "Laogai", because it was equivalent to the infamous "Gulag", and hence bad for their international image, in particular with respect to human rights.
	www.europarl.eu.int /hearings/sc1b/soclause/doc6_en.htm (1284 words)

	Laogai - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Laogai (勞改; pinyin: láo găi), which means "reform through labor," is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of prison labor in the People's Republic of China.
		Furthermore, it has been argued that prison labor has considerably improved conditions for the average prisoners because wardens have found that prisoners who are well-treated make a much more productive workforce.
		He spent almost all of his adult life as a prisoner in these camps for criticizing the government while he was a young student in college.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laogai (453 words)

	Wu Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1960, he was sent to the Laogai – China’s Gulag – as a "counter-revolutionary rightist." During the next 19 years he was imprisoned in 12 different forced labor camps manufacturing chemicals, mining coal, building roads, clearing land, and planting and harvesting crops.
		The work of the Laogai Research Foundation is recognized as the leading source of information on the human rights situation in China’s forced labor camps.
		Laogai: The Chinese Gulag, published in 1991, is the first book to address the systematic abuses of the Laogai.
	www.echofoundation.org /wu/wu_biography.htm (449 words)

	Free Tibet Campaign - China's Development Plans for Tibet
		One of the most chilling features of the laogai system is "forced job placement" (jiuye), a practice governing the release of prisoners who have completed their sentences.
		Prisoners from the laogai were used in road and railway construction, mining works, land reclamation and massive irrigation programmes, especially in the more "backward" regions of the PRC, such as Xinjiang and Tibet.
		A laogai is more than just a prison camp, and most have two identities: one as a detention centre and one as a commercial enterprise.
	www.freetibet.org /info/facts/fact13.html (1300 words)

	Mao Zedong on Chinese Stamps 2003 & Laogai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Laogai was created by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under Mao Zedong, yet it still serves the one-party dictatorship as the primary instrument for detaining political dissidents and penal criminals.
		The two major aims of the Laogai are to use all prisoners as a source of cheap labor for the communist regime and to "reform criminals" through hard labor and compulsory political indoctrination..
		Its purpose is fundamentally different in that the Laogai does not exist simply to punish criminals in accordance with the law, but also and especially to further strengthen the rule of the Communist Party by suppressing any signs of dissent among the Chinese people and attempting to “reform” inmates into productive, socialist citizens.
	www.values.ch /Communism/China/Mao/mao-laogai.htm (601 words)

	Laogai: Reform Through Labor in China
		Laogai, which translates from Mandarin to mean "reform through labor," is the Chinese system of labor prison factories, detention centers, and re-education camps.
		The Laogai Research Foundation, a non-governmental organization (NGO) in the United States, estimates that there are almost 1,100 labor institutions in the Laogai system with an estimated 6.8 million inmates.
		The conditions of Laogai camps are also in non-compliance with policy statements issued by the PRC, such as the White Paper on Human Rights, an official document issued by the PRC government in November 1991 setting forth the PRC's human rights policy.
	www.wcl.american.edu /hrbrief/07/2laogai.cfm (2271 words)

	Exposing Laogai: Harry Wu Speaks At AIM Luncheon
		Such an approach, according to Wu, misses the point: The laogai are the natural descendants of Nazi concentration camps and Soviet gulags, not Alcatraz and Leavenworth.
		The Chinese laogai hold a number of prisoners Wu believes to be greater than that of the Nazi concentration camps and Soviet gulags put together, about 50 million.
		Laogai means roughly, "reform through labor." According to Wu, "Every Chinese person, even in Washington D.C., knows the word laogai." Yet to most everyone else it is an unknown term.
	www.academia.org /campus_reports/2003/cr_harry_wu.html (766 words)

	East Turkestan. Net - Harun Yahya
		The laogai in China are the equivalent of Hitler's concentration camps and Stalin's gulags.
		Laogai camps are actually intended to punish prisoners, and inmates are exploited by being forced to work under very harsh conditions.
		Laogai facilities are one of the violence components of the state machine.
	www.eastturkestan.net /china05.html (7227 words)

	SLAVERY: The burden of slavery - NI 337 - The violent machine
		From the Mandarin, the word ‘Laogai’ translates literally as ‘reform through labour’ and describes a system of forced-labour camps spanning China from the highly industrialized prison-factories of the eastern coastal cities to the isolated, fenceless farms of the west.
		It is impossible to know the extent of export activity in the Laogai or, unfortunately, to compile a list of ‘products to avoid’, so that Western consumers may purchase goods with no fear of contributing to such a system.
		It is a tool representing the interests of the proletariat and the masses to exercise dictatorship over a minority of hostile elements.’ According to this philosophy Chinese leaders designed their systematic mechanism, the Laogai, to eliminate a segment of society that they found unacceptable and to repress an entire nation.
	www.newint.org /issue337/violent.htm (957 words)

	Forced Labor
		One of the key functions of the Laogai, besides simply punishing criminals, is to serve as a political tool of repression and reform for the Communist Party.
		Once in the Laogai, inmates are forced to confess their “crimes,” denounce any anti-Party beliefs and submit to a regimen of reeducation and labor.
		Until China reveals the extent of their Laogai production, and US companies are willing to release the location of all of their manufacturing facilities in China, there is no way for the American consumer to be certain that s/he is not financially contributing to the Laogai system.
	www.buyhard.fsnet.co.uk /forced_labour.htm (6920 words)

	International Campaign for Tibet: Tibet News: 'Laogai' Recognized, Included in English Dictionary
		"Laogai," which means "reform through labor" in Chinese and is used to describe a system of labor camps in China that largely house political dissidents, has been included in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), according to the Laogai Research Foundation.
		I want to see the laogai ended.' He went on to draw a parallel with the word gulag, suggesting it was only as in the mid 1970s that the word became known that pressure for the system to end began to grow."
		The Laogai was created by the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong, yet it still serves the one-party dictatorship as the primary instrument for detaining political dissidents and penal criminals.
	www.savetibet.org /news/tibetnews/newsitem.php?id=357 (647 words)

	The Epoch Times :: The High Cost of China's Laogai
		Laogai means “reform through labor.” It’s a system of prison factories and detention centers set up by former Chinese leader Mao Zedong during the 1950’s as a means to re-educate through labor and increase economic gain for the People’s Republic of China.
		Detainees in Laogai have said that because of malnutrition, sleep deprivation and stress they often contract lice, scabies, hepatitis, tuberculosis, and other ailments.
		In addition, organizations such as the Laogai Research Foundation and the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong continue to investigate the Chinese government’s use of slave labor as a source for economic growth and to expose the products manufactured in Laogai.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-3-24/20545.html (1016 words)

	A Story about Laogai Camp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Laogai is not a new word or a new thing to Chinese.
		The name of the Laogai camp is The 2nd Laogai Camp of Fujian, which is located near Longyan City (Dragon-Rock), in southwestern Fujian.
		One of my classmates in university was sentenced to 7 years in Laogai because she was an embezzler.
	weekly.china-forum.org /CCF95/ccf9554-2.html (852 words)

	Forced Labor in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Laogai inmates are forced to make any number of the products that you and I end up purchasing in our local malls—from clothing to automotive parts, office supplies to Christmas decorations.
		In 1960, he was sent to the Laogai, the largest forced-labor camp system in the world today, where he was imprisoned for 19 years in 12 different forced-labor camps.
		Shieh started to work for the Laogai Research Foundation and is currently a coordinator at the Foundation for special projects, serving as a liaison between the Foundation and the Chinese communities.
	commdocs.house.gov /committees/intlrel/hfa45502.000/hfa45502_0.HTM (11376 words)

	Tibet Facts 6
		In Tibet, thousands of people are detained in laogai camps because of their peaceful resistance to the Chinese occupation, are denied their freedom, and subjected to "thought reform".
		Some 5- 10% of current laogai inmates are officially described as "counter-revolutionaries", those "whose purpose is to overthrow the dictatorship of the proletariat and the socialist system, and to endanger the People's Republic of China" (Criminal Code of the People's Republic of China, Collected Public Security Regulations 1950-79, 1980).
		There are now 28 recorded laogai farms and factories spread across northern Qinghai, including Haomen Farm, with an area of 30 square kilometres, the huge Tanggemu Farm (Tangkarmo), which is 70km across, and at least five or six major camps in the town of Xining - a virtual "laogai city".
	tibet.dharmakara.net /TibetFacts6.html (1537 words)

	MM October 1995
		The term laogai, meaning "reform through labor," was invented by the Chinese Communist Party that came to power in 1949.
		During internment, laogai prisoners are routinely subjected to "thought-reform" or brainwashing.
		Interviewed shortly after he was released and returned to the United States, Wu remembers the labor conditions of the Beiyuan Chemical Factory in the city of Dewaitucheng near Beijing where he was imprisoned in the 1960s.
	multinationalmonitor.org /hyper/mm1095.08.html (1141 words)

	Metroactive Books \| Harry Wu
		Laogai, the "reform through labor" prison-camp system, is China's sword--its tool of political suppression, the specter behind the culture.
		Until Wu, a laogai survivor of 19 years, waged his crusade against this equivalent of the Soviet gulag and struck his first blow at China with his role in Sixty Minutes' "Made in China" report, no effective voice had risen to unmask the evil.
		Ku and his supporters question the source of funding for Wu's Laogai Research Foundation, Wu's estimates of the number of prisoners in the laogai and the accuracy of the film footage Wu shot for the BBC and CBS.
	www.metroactive.com /papers/metro/11.27.96/harry-wu-9648.html (2535 words)

	Speak Truth to Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Laogai, which means "reform through labor," designates the Chinese gulag which constitutes the most extensive forced labor camp system in the world today.
		Like many others in the Laogai, Lin was reported to be in poor health as a result of repeated beatings, torture and the abysmal conditions faced by the camps’ inhabitants.
		Most prominent perhaps is the Laogai Research Foundation founded by Harry Wu, a former detainee who spent more than twenty years as a political prisoner in the Laogai.
	www.speaktruth.org /defend/issues/h_laogai.asp (362 words)

	The Peking Duck: Billmon on Bill Gates on China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		true, some of the laogai camps are badly managed, but basically the idea is that punishing a person is not a good way to make him reintegrat into the society, simply putting a criminal into a jail doesn't make him change towards the goo d direction.
		The criticism of the Laogai camps comes from the fact that prisoners are sent there directly by the police, according to HRW, with no hearing, legal representation or judicial process.
		Even if most laogai camps treat their prisoners fairly, the fact that no prisoner is guaranteed access to a lawyer, a court or any other judicial mechanism doesn't make it sound like anything I'd like to replicate anywhere.
	pekingduck.org /archives/002225.php (3856 words)

	China Support Network
		Chinese dissident Harry Wu, the Executive Director of the Laogai Research Foundation [as seen at www.laogai.org], scored a victory with the release of the Oxford English Dictionary, revised tenth edition.
		Laogai is a word made known to the West by Harry Wu, a survivor of the Laogai prison system for 19 brutal and inhumane years.
		Laogai is the Communist Chinese version of the Nazi concentration camps and the Soviet Gulags -- except the Communist Chinese have taken their concentration camps to the next level.
	www.chinasupport.net /news83.htm (1063 words)

	Harry Wu: Winner of the 1994 Martin Ennals Award
		Harry Wu was determined to survive his ordeal, inflicted upon him for exercising his freedom of speech when, as a geology student he criticised the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956.
		He remains committed to pursue the cause of human rights in his native country by denouncing the human rights violations in the Laogai as well as organ sales and other violations.
		Harry Wu is the founder and director of the Laogai Research Foundation in Milpitas, California.
	www.martinennalsaward.org /en/winners/1994 (255 words)

	Speak Truth To Power Defender (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Laogai Research Foundation, which Wu founded and directs, estimates there have been fifty million people incarcerated in the laogai since 1950, and that there are eight million people in forced labor today.
		Harry Wu’s self-proclaimed goal is to put the word laogai in every dictionary in the world, and to that end, works eighteen-hour days criss-crossing the country and the globe speaking with student groups and heads of state to make this present-day horror become a past memory.
		For this I was labeled a "counterrevolutionary" and sentenced to life in the laogai, the Chinese term for gulag.
	www.speaktruth.org /defend/profiles/profile_49.asp (2695 words)

	Laogai Research Foundation
		The Laogai Research Foundation proposes that the United States of America renounce the so-called "Memorandum of Understanding on Prison Labor" (MOU) which was signed with China in August, 1992.
		The MOU was negotiated by the Bush Administration in an attempt to prevent the issue of forced labor and the Laogai from being a factor in U.S./China relations.
		The Clinton Administration negotiated an implementation agreement to the MOU in early 1994 because compliance with the MOU was a "must do" condition for renewing MFN, and they knew the Chinese had not complied.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/sdc/Dec95c.htm (604 words)

	CNN In-Depth Specials - Visions of China - Red Giant: Labor camps reinforce China's totalitarian rule
		As the Laogai crushes the human spirit and often tortures the human body, it also becomes an integral part of the Chinese economy through the sale and even export of products made in forced labor camps.
		The Laogai is the barrier for all those who strive to promote human rights and democracy in China.
		Harry Wu, executive director of the Laogai Research Foundation, is a native of Shanghai and an activist for human rights in China.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/1999/china.50/red.giant/prisons/wu.essay (793 words)

	China: "Made in China" often means forced labour
		Since the origin of Laogai products is systematically obscured and often involves several intermediate traders, it is difficult to differentiate between "clean" and forced labour products.
		The so-called Laogai is the largest system of re-education and labour camps in the world.
		The Chinese civil rights activist Harry Wu, who himself spent 19 years in various Chinese labour camps, leads the foundation "Laogai Research Foundation" in the United States and is a member of the ISHR board of trustees.
	www.ishr.org /press/pr2004/dec04/041207china.htm (674 words)

	Laogai Research Foundation (TESTIMONY)
		At the heart of this system to control internal pressure is the Laogai, which means, literally, "reform through labor." I think "politically imposed slavery system," is a better definition.
		The Laogai camps are proof that what the Beijing authorities really fear is democracy and human rights.
		The Laogai is the point at which American engagement with China should begin.
	www.globalsecurity.org /intell/library/congress/1997_hr/s970918w.htm (2812 words)

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