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	Lars Leksell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lars Leksell (1907-1986) was a Swedish physician and Professor of Neurosurgery at the; Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden.
		Lars Leksell was born in Fassberg, Sweden on November 23rd 1907.
		Using it, Leksell and his collaborators stand also among the pioneers in the surgical approach to the treatment of Parkinson's Disease, a degenerative condition of the motor system of the brain, by precisely lesioning a small structure in the basal ganglia, by means of an operation called pallidotomy.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Lars_Leksell (571 words)

	Baptist Health of Northeast Florida - Gamma Knife: History: Lars Leksell
		The Leksell Gamma Knife was developed by Professor Lars Leksell of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden together with biophysicist Professor Börje Larsson of the Gustaf Werner Institute, University of Uppsala.
		Leksell found that by administering a single dose of radiation, it was possible to successfully destroy deep brain structures.
		That unit was primarily intended for use in functional brain surgery for the section of deep fiber tracts, as in the treatment of intractable pain and movement disorders.
	community.e-baptisthealth.com /services/bci/gamma/history/leksell.html (354 words)

	Sheffield's GammaKnife Centre - Professor Lars Leksell
		In 1951 Lars Leksell along with the physicist and radiobiologist Borje Larsson, developed the concept of radiosurgery.This achieved a new non-invasive method of destroying discrete anatomical regions within the brain while minimising the effect on the surrounding tissues.
		Lars Leksell became professor at Lund between 1958 and 1960, and later from 1960 up to his ‘retirement' in 1974 was Professor of Neurosurgery at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.
		Lars Leksell was honoured internationally by many surgical and neurosurgical societies and decorated by many governments.
	www.shef.ac.uk /~ns/web/ProfLarsLeksell.htm (200 words)

	Executive Briefing: Accuray: Tightly Targeting Tumors
		Leksell theorized that his newly-developed frame could be used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease to hold the patient's head rigid, locate the thalmus, and burn it with a non-invasive radiation beam, which would have the benefit of avoiding open surgery.
		Leksell set out to come up with a device to deliver the intense, precise radiation beam required to administer this treatment and, in 1951, developed the prototype for the Gamma Knife, manufactured by Sweden's Elekta AB, a company founded by Leksell's son.
		Lars Leksell's theories behind this technology proved correct as he successfully treated Parkinson's patients in the early 1970s with this device, but his timing was off-around that same time, the drug dopamine came on the market to treat Parkinson's, largely obviating the need for surgery.
	www.windhover.com /contents/monthly/exex/e_2001800090.htm (848 words)

	Saint Joseph's, Atlanta: Radiosurgery
		Leksell theorized that his head frame could be used for patients with Parkinson’s disease to stabilize the head, locate the thalamus, and irradiate it, avoiding the risks of surgery.
		Leksell coined the term "radiosurgery" to describe his concept of converging beams, because the technique differed greatly from conventional radiation therapy.
		In 1967, Dr. Leksell developed the prototype for the Gamma Knife machine which was installed in the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden in 1969.
	stjosephsatlanta.org /gamma_knife_center/radiosurgery.html (861 words)

	The Society of Neurological Surgeons
		LARS LEKSELL was born in Sweden in 1908.
		Lars Leksell’s greatest impact on the field of neurosurgery was in the area of stereotaxic surgery.
		Leksell experienced the difficulties typical of men who are ahead of their times.
	www.societyns.org /society/bio.aspx?MemberID=14402 (343 words)

	Lars Leksell
		The Leksell Stereotactic Frame was and still is in wide use today.
		Today, Leksell's technique is used as an effective treatment for many conditions such as vestibular schwannoma s (first surgery performed at Karolinska in 1969), pituitary tumors (also in 1969), arteriovenous malformation s (in 1970), craniopharyngioma s, meningioma s (in 1976), metastatic and skull base tumors (in 1986), and primary brain tumors.
		Leksell L: The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Lars_Leksell (567 words)

	Sabbatini, R.M.E.: A Brief Biography of Lars Leksell
		Professor Lars Leksell introduced his stereotactic instrument for human functional neurosurgery in 1949.
		Today, Leksell's technique is used as an effective treatment for many conditions such as arteriovenous malformations, pituitary tumors, acoustic neuromas, craniopharyngiomas, meningiomas, metastatic and skull base tumors, and primary brain tumors.
		The original Leksell's papers on stereotactic radiosurgery are: Larsson B, Leksell L, Rexed B, et al: The high energy proton beam as a neurosurgical tool.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n02/historia/leksell.htm (281 words)

	Elekta \| Stereotactic Neurosurgery \| Leksell Stereotactic System®
		Leksell Stereotactic System® is the most widely used frame in the world.
		Since Professor Lars Leksell introduced the world's first instrument over 50 years ago in 1949, it has been leading the way by setting the standard, occupying a front-line position in stereotactic surgery worldwide.
		To facilitate the operative procedure the frame is secured to the operating table with a Leksell Stereotactic System® clamp for use with the Mayfield® Headrest*.
	www.elekta.com /healthcare_us_leksell_stereotactic_system.php (546 words)

	New Orleans Gamma Knife
		Leksell developed a stereostatic frame that allowed for the placement of an electrode or probe at precise locations within the brain.
		Leksell later teamed up with Borje Larsson, a physicist at the Karolinska Hospital and Institute in Stockholm.
		Leksell and Larsson combined the stereotactic frame with radiation to pinpoint target masses.
	www.neworleansgammaknife.com /history.htm (100 words)

	JYI.org :: Letter to the Editor - Radiosurgery and the Gamma Knife: 20 Years After its Inventor’s Death (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lars Leksell passed away in 1986, but his contributions to medicine and neuroscience remain with us today.
		While Leksell’s Gamma Knife is greatly effective in the treatment of brain lesions, its design limits its use to the head and neck.
		Innovative from the start, Lars Leksell and the Gamma Knife changed the face of neurosurgery and the treatment of malignant and benign lesions alike.
	www.jyi.org /articletools/print.php?id=753 (790 words)

	Notices
		Lars Leksell Fellowship in Gamma Knife and Image-Guided Neurosurgery
		The World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies announces the availability of the Lars Leksell Fellowship in Gamma Knife and Image-Guided Neurosurgery to be spent at the Lars Leksell Gamma Knife Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Charlottesville, Viarginia.
		Lars Leksell's first publication in which he defined the concept of radiosurgery.
	www.thejns-net.org /shared/notices_r.html (873 words)

	FLENI
		The Leksell Gamma Knife was developed by Professor Lars Leksell of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, together with biophysicist Professor Börje Larsson.
		Leksell found that by administering a single dose of irradiation, it was possible to successfully destroy almost any deep-brain structure without the risk of bleeding or infection.
		The benefits of the Leksell Gamma Knife are evident to all parties involved: physicians, patients, hospitals and the community, as it is a unique non-invasive treatment with minimal hospital stay, cost-efficient and outstanding long-term outcomes.
	www.fleni.org.ar /web/atencion_departamentos.php?id_departamento=35&idioma=en (574 words)

	[No title]
		In radiosurgery the scalpel is replaced by a highly focused radiation beam which produces a lesion at the precisely predetermined target in the brain.
		Late Professor Lars Leksell defined radiosurgery in 1951 as: "The delivery of a single, high dose of radiation to a small and critically located intracranial volume through the intact skull." In 1968 Professor Leksell developed the first prototype of the Leksell Gamma Knife, which was installed at Sophiahemmet in Stockholm, Sweden.
		The Leksell frame is compatible with CT, MR and Angio imaging without any need for additional attachments and the treatment can be based on MR alone.
	www.cndpa.com /LGKC_script.txt (1047 words)

	How This Technology Was Developed
		In the 1950s, Swedish professors Bšrje Larsson of the Gustaf Werner Institute, University of Uppsala, and Lars Leksell at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, began to investigate combining proton beams with stereotactic (guiding) devices capable of pinpointing targets within the brain.
		This approach was eventually abandoned because it was complex and costly, and instead, in 1967, the researchers arranged for construction of the first Gamma Knife device using cobalt-60 as the energy source.
		Leksell termed this new surgical technique "stereotactic radiosurgery." The prototype unit, used for 12 years in Sweden, was specifically designed for functional neurological surgery, that is, for treatment of patients with pain, movement disorders, and even certain behavioral disorders that were not responsive to conventional psychiatric treatment.
	www.upmc.edu /GammaKnife/HowDeveloped.htm (280 words)

	Elekta To Deliver Leksell Gamma Knife(R) Perfexion(TM) To Cromwell Hospital In London, UK
		Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion was introduced to the neurosurgery and radiation oncology communities at the 13th International Leksell Gamma Knife Society Meeting, in Seoul, Korea on May 21-25 and the initial response has been overwhelmingly positive.
		In early July, 2006, the first installation of Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion was carried out at Hopital de la Timone (University Hospital La Timone) in Marseille, France and on July 10, clinical treatment commenced with 10 patients successfully treated in the first week of operation.
		Leksell Gamma Knife(R) Perfexion(TM) is subject to regulatory clearance in North America.
	www.medilexicon.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=48680 (803 words)

	Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Instrumentation and Theoretical Aspects--Part 1
		Leksell's initial efforts were directed toward developing a method for using noninvasive lesioning in functional neurosurgery.
		In classical radiosurgery as developed by Leksell, delivery of radiation energy is highly conformal: Radiation energy is focused so that the treatment volume receives a high, therapeutic prescription dose while surrounding normal tissue is given a relatively low dose.
		The Leksell Gamma Unit is both the simplest and the oldest currently used device.
	xnet.kp.org /permanentejournal/fall05/stereo.html (2369 words)

	BNI Quarterly Comments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lars Leksell, a Swedish neurosurgeon interested in a noninvasive way to treat lesions in the brain, deep-seated brain tumors, and functional disorders, developed the Gamma Knife.
		Leksell’s attempts to use the early and relatively primitive linear accelerators for stereotactic radiosurgery were unsuccessful because of their very large size.
		The original premise of Lars Leksell was to develop a device that would make “lesions” in the brain for the treatment of functional disorders.
	www.emergemd.com /bniq/article.asp?article_ref_id=13-1-1 (3185 words)

	PHILIPPINE GAMMA KNIFE CENTER INC.
		Leksell Gamma Knife® is the most successful radiosurgical weapon in the fight against brain disorders, with enhancements designed to improve workflow, increase accuracy and provide integrated imaging capabilities.
		The Leksell Gamma Knife is a radiological tool that delivers ionizing radiation to the brain to treat various diseases.
		Developed by Professor Lars Leksell of Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, the Gamma Knife provides patients with another option for the treatment of tumors, vascular malformations, trigeminal neuralgia and other conditions of the brain that were once only managed with open surgery.
	www.gammaknife.com.ph (566 words)

	Leksell Gamma Knife Surgery Technology for Brain Tumors, Lesions and Disorders at Florida Hospital
		The Gamma Knife was developed by Professor Lars Leksell in 1967 at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden.
		Leksell recognized the need for a tool to allow for the treatment of deep-seated lesions in the brain that would eliminate the risks associated with open surgery such as hemorrhage, infection, and cerebral spinal fluid leakage.
		The Leksell Gamma Knife® is a highly regarded standard of care and has been for more than 30 years to treat various benign and malignant tumors.
	www.gamma-knife-surgery.com /gammaKnife/index.asp (530 words)

	Gamma Knife Center - University of Virginia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The concept of the Gamma Knife began in 1949 with Professor Lars Leksell's center of arc principle, whereby any intracranial target could be reached from any point around the convexity of the skull.
		Leksell recognized the need for a tool to allow for the treatment of deep-seated lesions in the brain without entering the skull and the hazards of open surgery.
		As a close associate of Dr. Leksell, UVa physician Ladislau Steiner, M.D., Ph.D. was involved from the beginning in the development of the Gamma Knife and its clinical application.
	healthsystem.virginia.edu /internet/neurosurgery/gamma-knife-new.cfm (523 words)

	Stereotactic surgery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Leksell's device was of the polar coordinate type (also called spherical), and was far easier to use and calibrate in the operating room.
		The stereotactic localization system was also used by Leksell in his next invention, a device for radiosurgery of the brain.
		Lars Leksell went on to commercialise his inventions by founding Elekta.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stereotactic_surgery (733 words)

	Sabbatini, R.M.E.: Lars Leksell, Uma Breve Biografia
		O Professor Lars Leksell inventou um instrumento estereotáxico para neurocirurgia funcional humana em 1949.
		Leksell e Larsson tiveram a idéia de gerar feixes de prótons acelerados, que, vindos de diversas direções ao redor do paciente, convergiam para uma pequena área no cérebro.
		Posteriormente, Leksell inventou em 1968 um aparelho conhecido como "Gamma Knife", que tem 201 fontes de cobalto radioativo dispostos em um semicírculo, e que é exclusivamente dedicado a radiocirurgia estereotáxica do cérebro.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n02/historia/leksell_p.htm (306 words)

	The Brain Tumor Foundation
		This old photo shows Lars Leksell, inventor of the Gamma Knife, placing a patient in the collimator helmet prior to the radiosurgical treatment in the original Gamma Knife.
		The Gamma Knife was invented by Dr. Lars Leksell in Stockholm about 30 years ago.
		The Leksell Gamma Unit (LGU) typically has 4 collimator helmets which differ only in the size of the opening in the collimator (4mm, 8mm, 12mm and 18mm).
	www.braintumorfoundation.org /radiosurgery.asp (1407 words)

	Yale Radiosurgery, Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The concept of radiosurgery was conceived over 40 years ago by the Swedish neurosurgeon and scientist, Lars Leksell, as a non-invasive method of destroying discrete anatomical regions within the brain while minimizing the effect on the surrounding tissues.
		However, it is only in the past few years that stereotactic radiosurgery has attracted the attention of the community of neurosurgeons at large, as well as that of radiation oncologists and the public they serve.
		As Lars Leksell stated in his monograph, Stereotaxis and Radiosurgery: An Operative System, "the tools used by the surgeon must be adapted to the task, and where the human brain is concerned they cannot be too refined."
	info.med.yale.edu /neurosur/radiosurg.html (940 words)

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