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Topic: Larviform female

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Phengodidae

	Phengodes sp. - Glowworm Beetle - Phengodidae
		Soft-bodied beetles with bioluminescent larviform females and larvae
		Females emit light as a defensive mechanism; adult females appear to be larviform;
		Males are attracted to females at a distance by pheromones, and at close range by the female's bioluminescent organs.
	www.texasento.net /Phengodes.htm (245 words)

	Gordon's Strepsiptera Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The abdomen is 10 segmented and the adeagus (the organ used to transfer sperm to the female) is on the 9th sternum.
		The females, except in the Mengenillidae, are larviform (look like a larva) and lives entirely within the last larval skin within which she also pupated, inside the body of her host.
		The eggs are retained within the body of the female and when they hatch the larvae emerge through the females genital tract and work their way out onto the body of the host, they are small active creatures with good legs and two long caudal setae.
	www.earthlife.net /insects/stylops.html (816 words)

	Phengodidae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Larval and larviform female glowworms are predators, feeding on millipedes and other arthropods occurring in soil and litter.
		Females are much larger than the males and are completely larviform.
		Males may be luminescent, but females and larvae have a series of luminescent organs on trunk segments which emit yellow or green light, and sometimes an additional head organ which emits red light.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phengodidae (211 words)

	Termite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the spiders, the female pedipalps (figure 207 [palpus], chapter 9) are short and leglike, but in the males they have become modified to form copulatory organs.
		The conjunctivae permit expansion, and the abdomen of a gravid female may be distended to fantastic proportions, as in the case of the termites.
		The males of ants, bees, and social wasps are produced from unfertilized eggs and the females and workers from fertilized eggs.
	diligentinspect.bizland.com /20-termite/20-pests1.htm (17858 words)

	Allometry and Proximate Mechanisms of Sexual Selection in Photinus Fireflies, and Some Other Beetles1 - Science - ...
		Females answer several males in alternation and fail to respond to all male flashes, with the evident consequence that love knots frequently develop around such fickle females.
		The ultimate consequence of these female behaviors is that "love knots" frequently develop around such fickle females and provide a potentially strong selective setting for competition to shape not only flash behavior itself, but perhaps morphological traits that affect the outcome of courtships.
		Further, if the effective courtship arena for a female is no larger than a meter in circumference, as it is in P. pyralis, a larger lantern, with its greater output, is less of an advantage, even in protocols with long distance patrolling flights that rely solely on distanced, visual communication (Vencl and Carlson, 1998).
	www.redorbit.com /news/science/83595/allometry_and_proximate_mechanisms_of_sexual_selection_in_photinus_fireflies/index.html (5398 words)

	info: FEMALE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Female is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, which produces egg cells.
		In land plants, 'female' and 'male' designate not only the egg- and sperm-producing organisms and structures, but also the structures of the sporophytes that give rise to male and female plants.
		The killing of a female mountain lion by her mate may mean the male is the last that remains..
	www.info-masonry.com /Female (1409 words)

	Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 4] Classes of Arthropod Pests of the Urban Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the spiders, the female pedipalps (figure 207 [palpus], chapter 9) are short and leglike, but in the males they have become modified to form copulatory organs.
		The conjunctivae permit expansion, and the abdomen of a gravid female may be distended to fantastic proportions, as in the case of the termites.
		The males of ants, bees, and social wasps are produced from unfertilized eggs and the females and workers from fertilized eggs.
	www.entomology.ucr.edu /ebeling/ebeling4.html (19289 words)

	Rednova NEWS \| Allometry and Proximate Mechanisms of Sexual Selection in Photinus Fireflies, and Some Other Beetles1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Females answer several males in alternation and fail to respond to all male flashes, with the evident consequence that love knots frequently develop around such fickle females.
		The ultimate consequence of these female behaviors is that "love knots" frequently develop around such fickle females and provide a potentially strong selective setting for competition to shape not only flash behavior itself, but perhaps morphological traits that affect the outcome of courtships.
		Further, if the effective courtship arena for a female is no larger than a meter in circumference, as it is in P. pyralis, a larger lantern, with its greater output, is less of an advantage, even in protocols with long distance patrolling flights that rely solely on distanced, visual communication (Vencl and Carlson, 1998).
	www.rednova.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=83595 (5354 words)

	glow-worms, railroad-worms
		Females: Females are brownish tan to light tan with fl surrounding areas of red on their dorsal surface in some taxa.
		Females are larviform: with a larval-like antenna bearing three segments, larval-like legs (with a single claw per leg) and a single stemmata rather than bearing a compound eye.
		Even though the females are bioluminescent, the females light emission does not appear to be the cue that the males use to locate their mates.
	creatures.ifas.ufl.edu /misc/beetles/glow-worms.htm (1522 words)

	Glossary of Terms
		An internal female organ functioning during copulation; in mites (Acari), the distal and of the seminal receptacle.
		Female member of a reproductive caste of a social species; in termites (isoptera), a dealated, inseminated female adult or primary reproductive.
		The sperm storage organ located in the female abdominal cavity; the receptacle of sperm during copulation.
	www.greenvalleypc.com /HTML/glossary.htm (6439 words)

	Florida Entomologist, v. 84, n. 4, p. 565
		Females of luminous cantharoid taxa, excluding Lampyridae, generally posses the same photic organ morphology as their larvae, which is generally paired, luminous spots on the post-lateral margins on some of the thoracic and each of the abdominal segments (Table 2).
		Females, and males of the family Lampyridae vary in photic organ morphology (Lloyd 1978), perhaps due to sexual selection as the females of many firefly species attract mates via a luminescent sexual signal system (McDermott 1917; Schwalb 1960; Lloyd 1978 and 1979; Branham and Greenfield 1996;Vencl and Carlson 1998).
		Rhagophthalmus ohbai females, in addition to retaining the larval pattern of photic organs, also possess a novel photic organ on the eighth ventrite, which is used in courtship, see Table 2 (Ohba et al.
	www.fcla.edu /FlaEnt/fe84p565.html (5146 words)

	Drone (bee) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		They are produced when the (Fertile egg-laying female bee) queen bee lays unfertilized (Animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes; especially the thin-shelled reproductive body laid by e.g.
		Drones are ((genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes) haploid in its origin with 16 (A threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order) chromosomes.
		Drones are characterized by eyes that are twice the size of those of worker bees and queens, and a body size greater than that of worker bees, though usually smaller than the (Fertile egg-laying female bee) queen bee.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/dr/drone_(bee).htm (519 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Beetle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In a few families, both the ability to fly and the wing-cases have been lost, with the best known example being the "glowworms" of the family Phengodidae, in which the females are larviform throughout their lives.
		The larva of a beetle is often called a grub and represents the principal feeding stage of the life-cycle.
		During pairing sperm cells are transferred to the female for fertilisation.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Beetle (2107 words)

	Bee Mites - Family Podapolipidae
		Within a few days, female mites in the tracheae enlarge as the haemolymph is ingested and ovaries begin to function.
		Paired male and larviform female mites may be found among the eggs.
		Larviform female mites migrate to the tracheae of worker bees, attach to the tracheal walls, molt, and begin to enlarge.
	insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu /beemites/Species_Accounts/Podapolipidae.htm (815 words)

	BugInfo.com \| Fireflies & Lightning Beetles
		With Lightning Beetles all the females stay in the larva shape, a phenomenon referred to as "larviform", and these larvae and the female are called "Glow Worms".
		In other words, males and females of the same species are able to find each other in the dark by flashing their lights in a sequence that is unique to that species.
		In those species where the female stays "larviform" it is reported that their glow can be seen right through the shell of the snail.
	www.buginfo.com /articles/firefly.cfm (1792 words)

	Beetle - New World Encyclopedia Preview
		In a few families, both the ability to fly and the wing-cases are absent, with the best known example being the "glowworms" of the family Phengodidae, in which the females are larviform throughout their lives.
		The bodies of beetles are divided into three sections, the head, the thorax, and the abdomen, and these in themselves may be composed of several further segments.
		During pairing, sperm cells are transferred to the female to fertilize the egg.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /preview/Beetle (2075 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: Firefly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Adult females of many species are larviform, while others are normal with shorter wings.
		Its larviform female measures over 60 mm, while brownish male is about 25 mm.
		Males, females, and larvae emit a heatless, greenish yellow to reddish orange light; in some species even the eggs glow.
	banglapedia.org /HT/F_0081.HTM (287 words)

	phengo-, pheng- + (Greek: light, splendor, luster, sunlight, daylight).
		Larval and larviform female glowworms are predators, feeding on millipedes and other arthropods that exist in soil and litter.
		The winged males, which are often attracted to lights at night, live for a short span and probably do not feed.
		Females are much larger than the males and are completely larviform.
	www.wordinfo.info /words/index/default/view_unit/1635/?spage=5&letter=P (256 words)

	info: FEMALE BANDS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		all that variety came from mainstream major-label bands that are on the radio, on the charts and an eight-piece band, three female backup singers and a letterbox video.
		Three female pedestrians were treated in hospital after being hit by.
		FAB Chicago - Female Artists and Bands from Chicago - Female Artists and Bands from Chicago - Networking group for female artists and bands, including professional managers, bookers, vendors supporting female artists and bands.
	en.progressoelettronico.com /Female_bands (1238 words)

	Glow-worms
		The light-producing (or photogenic) organs of the female glow-worm (Lampyris noctiluca) are contained in the last three abdominal segments and consist of a layer of protein, called luciferin, backed by a reflector layer of minute chrystals.
		Although it is the female glow-worm that emits the strongest light, all stages of this insect are to some degree faintly luminescent, including the male beetles, larvae and eggs.
		As dusk falls, the wingless females only need to sit in the grass and low vegetation, switch on their lights and turn their bodies so that their 'lamps' are visible to the males flying above.
	www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk /lamp.htm (825 words)

	File: <STREPSIP
		Eoxenos is through the genital opening on the venter of the 7th abdominal segment, while in forms having apodous females the triungulinids at first pass through the genital ducts into the brood chamber and from there to the outside through the genital opening between the head and thorax.
		Pupation.-- In species with apodous females, the individuals of this sex transform to the adult stage directly from the 7th instar larva without an intervening pupal stage.
		Andrena, male or female, is not merely a diminished male or female; it is a female which takes on male attributes; a male that takes on the characters of the female." This was later corroborated by other researchers.
	faculty.ucr.edu /~legneref/taxonomy/strepsip.htm (6466 words)

	Arthropods of Economic Importance - Diaspididae of the World > Species: Family Diaspididae (Armoured scale insects)
		Adult females are typical of the Coccoidea in being larviform, but can be distinguished from those of other families by: legs absent; antennae reduced to stumps, lacking articulation; abdominal segments IV-VIII fused into a sclerotized pygidium; and by secretion of a separate, non-living scale cover incorporating the shed cuticles (exuviae) of previous instars.
		Protective scale covers are secreted by the immature stages of both sexes and the adult females, each successive stage enlarging and strengthening the cover made by the previous one, and incorporating the exuviae of the previous stage.
		The general morphology of the adult female is discussed in the Introduction module.
	ip30.eti.uva.nl /BIS/diaspididae.php?menuentry=soorten&id=18 (826 words)

	Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 8] Pests of Fabric and Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The female lays about 60 eggs in from 1 to 3 clutches, generally in such places as the pile of mohair chairs, in the nap or on the surface of clothes, and in cracks and crevices.
		The wingless, larviform females (plate V, 8) are also brownish in color, but differ from the males so strikingly that they would hardly be suspected to be of the same species.
		Brett (1962) found that females started to oviposit in the fourteenth instar, and that molting of the growing firebrats appeared to be continuous, with very little change in size occurring after the thirty-fifth instar.
	www.entomology.ucr.edu /ebeling/ebeling8.html (8399 words)

	Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		While males of all sib-mating scolytines are flightless, and are usually dwarfed versions of their larger sisters, the existence of males in Ozopemon has been a controversial issue.
		Some strangely modified male beetles, with fully developed aedeagus, strongly flattened pronotum and bead, and 10-segmented larviform abdomen, were first described as males of O.brownei, but were later assigned to the Histeridae.
		The neotenic development of these males is the first known example in Coleoptera, and several remarkable morphological modifications demonstrate an ontogenetic transformation series from female to males of different species.
	mcz-28168.oeb.harvard.edu /farrell_lab/people/farrell/papers/abstracts.html (5154 words)

	Social wasps desert the colony and aggregate outside if parasitized: parasite manipulation? -- Hughes et al. 15 (6): ...
		parasite prevalence, that is, the proportion of stylopized females,
		(a) The number of parasitized and uninfected female wasps from aggregations according to the week of collection and the prevalence, that is, the proportion of infected individuals.
		Morphology of the female Myrmecolacidae (Strepsiptera) including the apron, and an associated structure analogous to the peritrophic matrix.
	beheco.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/15/6/1037 (4591 words)

	Entomology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The females were more radiosensitive than the males as their optimum gamma sterilizing doses were 10 and 13 Gy, respectively, while the pupal lethal dose was 100 Gy.
		The order of pyrethroid toxicity to both male and female flies was permethrin,bioallethrin, phenothrin, cypermethrin and decamethrin, on the basis of their LD50 The toxicity of all pyrethroids tested to both male and female flies increased significantly (P<0.05) as flies aged.
		Ultrastructure of the fat body cells of 1 day old adultoid females of treated specimens as compared to adult females of untreated specimens showed fewer lipid droplets, but larger in size, the nuclear shape was relatively changed and became smaller in size.
	www.arabbiologists.org /BiologicalCurrentContent/Zoology/Entomology/Entomology.htm (16177 words)

	File: <RHIPIPHO
		Macrosaigon are found on the foliage of certain trees and the problem of reaching host larvae in the soil, which are themselves parasitic and thus receive no attention from the parent females, is more complex than that facing the species mentioned previously.
		Campsomeris females and are thus carried into the soil at the time the latter oviposit and that at this time they transfer to the scarab grub and await the hatching of the
		Among scoliid and tiphiid hosts of various Rhipiphoridae, it is evident that if the triungulinids of the parasitoid are carried into the soil by the females at the time of oviposition, the extent of parasitization of the different species will vary greatly in the same locality, due to diverse feeding habits of the adults.
	faculty.ucr.edu /~legneref/taxonomy/rhipipho.htm (1792 words)

	[No title]
		Males may be luminescent, but females and larvae have a series of luminescent organs on trunk segments, which emit yellow or green light, and sometimes an additional head organ, which emits red light.
		Adult female glowworms (beetles of the family Phengodidae) retain their larval form and can be mistaken for millipedes.
		Larvae and females are found in leaf litter, under logs, beneath bark and other objects on the ground; larvae feed on soft-bodied insects and other small organisms; may reach 65 mm.
	mv.lycaeum.org /anagrams/glow_worms.html (1625 words)

	[No title]
		A woman who looks after the domestic affairs of a family; a mistress; the female head of a household.
		Any substance that produces, or is designed to produce, fermentation, as in dough or liquids; esp., a portion of fermenting dough, which, mixed with a larger quantity of dough, produces a general change in the mass, and renders it light; yeast; barm.
		Copulation with, or coverture of, a female beast.
	rabbit.eng.miami.edu /class/dict/L.txt (17452 words)

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