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Topic: Laryngeal theory

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	Laryngeal theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The theory was first proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure in 1879; however, it did not begin to achieve any general acceptance until Hittite was discovered and slowly deciphered in the mid-20th century.
		It soon became apparent that Hittite had phonemes for which the laryngeal theory was the best explanation, and as such the laryngeal theory is accepted by most Indo-Europeanists.
		Furthermore, all three laryngeals pattern the same phonologically, in a way that is quite different from the PIE stops but similar to the (only) fricative "*s".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laryngeal_theory (1097 words)

	[No title]
		I. Laryngeal Joints 1.Cricothyroid Joint a.synovial joint with a capsular ligament between the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage and the facet on the cricoid cartilage at the junction of the arch and the lamina.
		Laryngeal Development A. The infantile larynx is softer, more pliable, and proportionally smaller in relation to the size of other structures and lies in a relatively higher position in the neck than its adult counterpart.
		Laryngeal Physiology * The three basic functions of the larynx in order of importance are: protection of the airway, respiration, and phonation.* A. Protection *The primary function of the larynx is its use as a sphincter protecting the lower airway from the entrance of liquid and food during swallowing, vomiting, and coughing.
	www.utmb.edu /oto/Grand_Rounds_Earlier.dir/Airway_Reflexes_1994.txt (4516 words)

	The Etiology and Pathogenesis of Laryngeal Carcinoma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Laryngeal cancer is usually diagnosed relatively early because it alters the sensitive phonatory and airway functions of the larynx; 60% of patients present with localized disease alone, 25% with local disease and regional nodal metastatic disease, and 15% with advanced disease or distant metastases or both.
		This multifactorial theory is supported by observations that mucosal carcinoma is often multicentric, a phenomenon often called ³field cancerization.² This phenomenon is usually attributed to the panmucosal carcinogenic influences of a variety of environmental factors.
		The reported excessive risk of laryngeal SCC found in furniture workers as compared with non-wood workers may also be due to exposure to the finishing and varnishing processes.
	www1.wfubmc.edu /voice/topics/etiology.htm (4690 words)

	Proto-Indo-European language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		While these are not widely-held theories, substantial evidence presented by the linguist John Colarusso seems to support their theory.
		According to the glottalic theory, the "voiced unaspirated stops" of the system as described above were phonetically ejectives, and the "voiced aspirated stops" were phonetically unaspirated.
		The 'laryngeals' may have been fricatives, but there is no consensus as to their phonetic realization.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/PIE (910 words)

	Ferdinand_de_Saussure
		The Neo-Bloomfieldian's (including Chomsky's teacher, Zellig Harris) subsequently formalized Saussure's theory, reducing its scope and the social nature of its explanations, paving the way for the autonomous syntactic formalism of Noam Chomsky, who began discussing Saussure in remarks made at the 1962 International Congress of Linguists and in papers thereafter.
		Jakobson recognized the value of Saussure's theories to Russian language because of the application of Marxism and the worth accorded to literature in Russian society as a means of moral and social criticism.
		Meanwhile, in France, as experiments with applications of Saussure's theories to more branches of the social and human sciences and philosophy were tested, there were misunderstandings over the relationship between his teachings and the development of structuralism.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/f/fe/ferdinand_de_saussure.html (2820 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Additionally, at a very young age he published a very important work in Indo-European philology which put forward what is now known as the laryngeal theory.
		The Prague School (most importantly Nikolay Trubetzkoy and Roman Jakobson) invented for the plane of analysis of phonology, the Sapir-Whorfian theory of the grammatical category, and the insight of transformational analysis in order to analyze the plane of Saussurean sense properly.
		Their expansive interpretations of Saussure’s theories, and their application of those theories to non-linguistic fields of study, led to theoretical difficulties and proclamations of the "death" of structuralism in those disciplines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure (451 words)

	Democratic Underground Forums - A skeptic distorts the scientific method in Scientific American (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In the first half of the 19th century the theory of evolution was mired in conjecture until Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace compiled a body of evidence and posited a mechanism—natural selection—for powering the evolutionary machine.
		The theory of continental drift, proposed in 1915 by Alfred Wegener, was not accepted by most scientists until the 1960s, with the discovery of midoceanic ridges, geomagnetic patterns corresponding to continental plate movement, and plate tectonics as the driving motor.
		Theories are there only to describe what nature is doing, and to try to predict what it will do next.
	www.democraticunderground.com /duforum/DCForumID62/606.html (3518 words)

	Origin of language: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Natural selection is the primary mechanism within the scientific theory of evolution, in that it alters the frequency of alleles within a population....
		Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans....
		Nikolay yakovlevich marr (1864-1934) was a controversial soviet scholar whose monogenetic theory of language constituted the officially approved ideology of soviet...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/or/origin_of_language.htm (6325 words)

	Proto-Indo-European Phonology. Chapter 12: The Laryngeals in PIE
		Examination of the reflexes of laryngeals in PIE as well as in the dialects is necessary to determine their positions of occurrence in PIE, and their allophones in PIE and pre-IE.
		The most general reflexes of laryngeals in PIE are the ‘original long vowels’; and their unstressed forms, ‘schwa indogermanicum.’ Most of the commonly accepted evidence in favor of the laryngeal theory is based on these reflexes, as was noted in chapter 3.
		For the laryngeal theory offers a simpler explanation than the alternative possible before the development of the laryngeal theory, that is, the assumption of three unaccented vowels.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/depts/lrc/books/piep12.html (5106 words)

	Proto-Indo-European Phonology. Chapter 3: The Laryngeal Theory
		The laryngeal theory is the name commonly given to an assumption made about the phonological system of an early stage of Indo-European.
		It is quite obvious that the laryngeal theory demands a change of analysis of some of the most important IE form classes, such as the set-roots.
		Laryngeals have been assumed also for other patterns; (IHL 83 and 86-7) these, however, are found in a small number of words; moreover, since these patterns have been explained on the basis of the laryngeal theory, we must use them with caution as further evidence.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/depts/lrc/books/piep03.html (4880 words)

	Laryngeal Cancer -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Laryngitis is a hoarse voice or the complete loss of the voice because of irritation to the vocal folds (vocal cords).
		Laryngitis is often caused by a virus or by bacteria.
		The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve (the tenth cranial nerve) which supplies the larynx (voice box).
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/84/laryngeal-cancer.html (825 words)

	Безѹмниѥ » Blog Archive » LaTeX primer now includes glottalic stops
		The glottalic theory doesn’t contradict the laryngeal theory.
		Laryngeals were added to the inventory of consonants to explain irregularities in ablaut and the origin of long vowels.
		The glottalic theory, on the other hand, is an attempt to have a more typologically-probable view of the proto-language by replacing voiced unaspirated stops with unvoiced glottalic stops, so that instead of b we have pʼ etc.
	www.christopherculver.com /ignorance?p=14 (349 words)

	:: regions >FINLAND> research :: UEP-Phoniatrics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		If the new theory of phonation, the neurochronaxic theory, had proven to be true, the physicist and mathematician Raoul Husson (1950) would undoubtedly have deserved the epithet “Copernicus of voice research”.
		The reason for the approval of a theory is and must be the fact that the argumentation included in the theory forces one to do so.
		Voice is not generated by the vibrating vocal folds as suggested by the theory of Husson but through the cooperation of the vocal folds (water molecules) and the air molecules in the trachea and the vocal tract.
	www.uni-leipzig.de /~hno/uep/Continents/europe/finland/research.htm (6312 words)

	Medicine and Health Rhode Island: LARYNGOMALACIA AND ITS MANAGEMENT: WHEN TO WORRY ABOUT THE SQUEAKY BABY
		This most common congenital laryngeal anomaly accounts for 65-75% of cases of stridor in children under one year of age 1,2 and is eight times more common than tracheomalacia.
		One popular theory suggests a localized form of neuromuscular weakness, or laryngeal hypotonia, is responsible for the soft tissues' inability to resist the forces of airflow during respiration.
		The link with reflux is also supported by histologie examination of mucosa from larynges of infants with laryngomalacia, which reveals a cellular infiltrate and submucosal edema consistent with reflux inflammation.5 It is theorized that contact with gastric contents may injure the supraglottic tissues sufficiently to allow inspiratory collapse.
	www.zoeticzone.com /p/articles/mi_qa4100/is_200410/ai_n9464857 (425 words)

	Speech Acoustics
		The quantal theory was developed in response to observations that variations in place or constriction for certain vocal tract configurations produce minimal acoustic change.
		Some proponents of the dynamic theory suggest that all vowels are non-contextually, inherently dynamic and that spectral change contributes to the identification of monophthongs in much the same way as it does for diphthongs (Andruski and Nearey, 1992; Nearey, 1989; Nearey and Assmann, 1986).
		Joos’ theory was that once listeners had received point vowel information they could then scale all other vowels according to this maximal space and therefore accurately identify intermediate vowels.
	www.ling.mq.edu.au /speech/acoustics/vowels/vowel_chapter.html (8135 words)

	Linguistic aspects of the Aryan non-invasion theory
		The theory of which we are about to discuss the linguistic evidence, is widely known as the "Aryan invasion theory" (AIT).
		It is also true that both the reconstructed terms and their meanings are theories derived from systematic correspondences observed among the daughter IE languages; no PIE term is known with absolute certainty.
		The laryngeal came in three varieties, which later yielded the three vowels a/e/o, whose representatives in the Greek alphabet happen to be derived from the three more or less laryngeal consonants in Northwest-Semitic: aleph, he and ayn.
	koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com /articles/aid/keaitlin1.html (11152 words)

	Reflux & Early Laryn. Carcinoma: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		A multifactorial theory of laryngeal carcinogenesis is presented.
		In 1976, Glanz and Kleinsasser5 suggested that inflammatory disease could give rise to laryngeal carcinoma, but it was not until 1988 that a causal relationship between reflux and laryngeal carcinoma in nonsmokers was postulated by Ward and Hanson, (6) and by Morrison, (7).
		Clinical examination of the larynx, even with magnification, may fail to reveal anything more than laryngeal edema, which may occasionally be misinterpreted as "normal." Diffuse laryngeal edema, without significant erythema, is the most common finding, and so-called "classic posterior laryngitis" (red arytenoids and piled-up interarytenoid mucosa) is a relatively uncommon finding in LPR.
	www1.wfubmc.edu /voice/reflux/Prevalence+of+LPR/Early_Laryngeal.htm (3976 words)

	Facts about indo european languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The hypothesis that this was so was first proposed by Sir William Jones, who noticed similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit and Persian.
		Recent theories have been proposed by the linguist John Colarusso that the Caucasian languages, particularly the Northwest Caucasian family, spoken in Georgia and Turkey, may be the closest relatives to the Indo-European stock.
		While these are not widely held theories, substantial evidence investigated by this linguist seems to support their theory.
	www.supercrawler.com /Facts/indo_european_languages.html (686 words)

	TWPL Volumes 16.1-16.2
		It is my contention that the instability of the cues does not lead to indeterminacy as to the appropriate representation of laryngeal oppositions because the true nature of opposition is reinforced by the phonology.
		This theory claims that the treatment of primary accent and rhythmic structure should be formally separated.
		The final conclusion is that it is very difficult to distinguish two theories based solely on empurical coverage and it is the auxiliary assumptions that are more important when evaluating a given theory.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~twpl/volume16.htm (3452 words)

	[No title]
		An alternative theory will be suggested later whereby the TBU is the syllable, and 'sunja' get a stress on the first syllable 'sun' and 'sujin' on the second syllable 'jin'.
		Although Jun treats this laryngeal effect as phonologization, thus interpreting the consequent tonal pattern as H, I argue that this is phonetic as can be evidenced by its relatively weaker influence in the calling contour (i.e.
		To reflect the relatively strong laryngeal effect in the declaratives compared with the vocatives, later I assume a phonetic rule that changes the L to H for the initial laryngeal syllable, thus eventually making Su-Jin (declarative) as H.H at the phonetic level.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Spring_1998/ling521/ko/esko3/tbu.final.html (1121 words)

	Linguistic aspects of the Aryan non-invasion theory
		Kinship of Sumerian with IE is practically excluded (though there are vague indications of Sumerian-Munda kinship, fitting into the theory of the migration of both Sumerian and Austro-Asiatic from "Sundaland", the Sunda shelf to the south and east of Vietnam, when it was submerged by the post-Glacial rising tide in ca.
		A less heady theory holds that there is no genetic kinship between IE and Semitic, the lexical connection being too meagre, and that there has only been some contact.
		We may ignore Sergent's theory of an African origin of Dravidian for now, and limit our attention to his less eccentric position that a Proto-Dravidian group at one point ended up in Central Asia, there to leave substratum traces discernible even in the IE immigrant language Tocharian.
	koenraadelst.bharatvani.org /articles/aid/keaitlin2.html (8988 words)

	Darwin-L Message Log 7: 1-30 (March 1994)
		The felt necessities of the time, the prevalent moral and political theories, intuitions of public policy, avowed or unconscious, even the prejudices which judges share with their fellow-men, have had a good deal more to do than the syllogism in determining the rules by which men should be governed.
		The trouble was that these sounds didn't exist in any of the IE languages known in 1879, so the theory required that they vanished from all the IE languages, making the alternations phonetically and phonologically opaque (and accounting for the messy state of things in the attested languages).
		One is that in a sense reconstruction (of the kind Saussure practiced in arriving at the laryngeal theory - again, the modern term for what he called coefficients) was a kind of structuralism before the fact in the way units of language are regarded in relationship to each other.
	rjohara.net /darwin/logs/1994/9403.html (6541 words)

	Proto-Indo-European Phonology
		In some unstressed contexts, namely in the neighbourhood of liquids, nasals and laryngeals, the reduced vowel ə; could be present.
		With the emergence of the laryngeal theory it became evident that other fricatives might have existed in PIE-0, all of them pronounced in the velar or glottal region.
		Different linguists have developed different sets of "laryngeals", while some have stuck to algebraic formulations, claiming that it is not possible to reconstruct the exact nature of these consonants.
	www.tundria.com /Linguistics/pie-phonology.shtml (828 words)

	Darwin-L Message Log 7: 31-65 (March 1994)
		In rejecting most of these doctrines, the early generative linguists came to use 'structuralist' as a term of abuse; they rejected the structuralist programme en bloc as a merly 'taxonomic' one, that is, as one concerned only with labelling and classification, and not with explanation.
		On Levi-Strauss, Fred Gleach wrote: >the theory was explicitly >based in an effort to understand historical processes through the study >of structure.
		His main argument is that intersubjectivity is the key missing element in anthropological writing, and that this is bound up in anthropology's problematic treatment of time and the other.
	rjohara.net /darwin/logs/1994/9403a.html (7652 words)

	Sanskrit and Hittite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		I commend you on your website's explanation of this often unknown and undervalued theory of Sanskrit and her origins to Indo-European.
		Another theory which in my opinion adds credence to Hittite being the oldest IE language is what linguists now call Laryngeal Theory.
		It briefly states that PIE based on linguistic reconstruction had three phonemes that were laryngeals (produced in back of larynx).
	hinduwebsite.com /general/hittite.htm (671 words)

	Catherine O. Ringen - Department of Linguistics - College of Liberal Arts & Sciences - The University of Iowa
		"Contrast and Redundancy in Optimality Theory," in WCCFL 23 Proceedings (with Jill Beckman).
		"Laryngeal features in German," Phonology 19.2, 189-218 (with Michael Jessen).
		"Icelandic Umlaut in Optimality Theory," Nordic Journal of Linguistics 23 (with Courtenay Gibson).
	www.uiowa.edu /~linguist/faculty/ringen (240 words)

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