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Topic: Laser beam welding

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	Application Experiences with Laser Beam Welding
		Laser beam welding is a fusion joining process that uses the energy from a laser beam to melt and subsequently crystallize a metal, resulting in a bond between parts.
		Specific laser beam welding features, such as high welding speed, small heat-affected zone, and low material exposure at elevated temperatures are beneficial for welding this type of steel, because prolonged periods at high temperatures may lead to chromium precipitation on grain boundaries and reduction of corrosion resistance.
		Laser welding is considered superior because of its typical short welding cycle, which causes little or no evaporation of the alloying elements.
	www.alspi.com /lsrweld.htm (1489 words)

	American Welding Society - Welding Journal
		Laser welding not only requires high laser power but also a high-quality beam to obtain the desired "deep-weld effect." The resulting high beam quality can be exploited either to obtain a smaller focus diameter or a larger focal distance.
		When the laser beam hits the surface of the material, the spot is heated up to vaporization temperature and a vapor cavity is formed in the weld metal due to the escaping metal vapor.
		Laser-hybrid welding is a new technology that offers synergies for wide fields of application in the automotive industry, especially where it is not possible or financially viable to achieve the component tolerances required for laser beam welding.
	www.aws.org /wj/jan03/feature1.html (2708 words)

	Laser Welding, Hermetic Welding, Auto Align Laser Welding
		Laser beam welding is a technique in manufacturing whereby two or more pieces of material (usually metal) are joined by together through use of a laser beam.
		Keyhole welding is a method of laser welding in which a high power continuous-wave laser is focused on the metal to be welded, forming a pocket of ionized metallic gas.
		This vapor absorbs the laser energy more effectively than the solid material and transfers the heat outward radially from the keyhole, forming a molten region surrounding the vapor.As the beam moves across the work-piece the keyhole is filled in with molten material and solidifies to form a weld.
	www.weldguru.com /Laser-Welding.html (1478 words)

	The Laser Welding Process at Northeast Laser & Electropolish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The laser has the ability to fire many pulses per second, and moving the workpiece or optics allows anything from separate "spot" welds to a series of overlapping "spot" welds to create a "seam" weld that can be structural and/or hermetic.
		Since laser welding is most often done without the benefit of filler metal, the material that forms the fillet must be "drawn" from the two sections being welded.
		Laser welding can be used to join dissimilar metals as well, such as copper to stainless, or stainless to certain types of phosphor bronze.
	www.northeastlaser.com /welding_processes.html (1280 words)

	Tailor Welded Blank Design and Manufacturing Manual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Resistance mash seam tailor welded blanks have an overlap seam joint that is 10-50 percent thicker than the thicker of the materials and a heat-affected zone approximately twice the width of the weld.
		Laser beam welds are being used in North America on secondary exposed surfaces, however, such as the bodyside frame and door inner panels.
		This type of weld, developed for tailor welded blanks by Elva Induction and Volvo, is a butt-upset joint process that has a thickening at the joint and a heat-affected zone similar in width to the resistance mash seam weld.
	www.a-sp.org /database/custom/twbmanual/printsection.asp?hid=11 (1131 words)

	Beam Welding and Thermit Welding
		Electron beam welding (EBW) is a welding process which produces coalescence of metals with the heat obtained from a concentrated beam composed primarily of high-velocity electrons impinging upon the surfaces to be joined.
		The third factor, the beam spot size, is related to the focus of the beam, and the fourth factor is also part of the procedure.
		When using the laser beam for welding the electromagnetic radiation impinges on the surface of the base metal with such a concentration of energy that the temperature of the surface is melted and volatilized.
	www.key-to-steel.com /Articles/Art79.htm (1824 words)

	Laser Welding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Laser beam welding (LBW) is a welding process which produces coalescence of materials with the heat obtained from the application of a concentrated coherent light beam impinging upon the surfaces to be joined.
		The laser beam is a source of electromagnetic energy or light that can be projected without diverging and can be concentrated to a precise spot.
		The welding characteristics of the laser and of the electron beam are similar.
	www.robots4welding.com /articles.php?tag=671 (204 words)

	US LASER CORP Article, Laser Welding
		Laser welding could be used in place of many different standard processes, such as resistance (spot or seam), submerged arc, RF induction, high-frequency resistance, ultrasonic and electron-beam.
		The effect of welding on various materials depends upon many of their metallurgical properties (Table 1) such as "hot strength." After the applied energy is removed, the melt pool solidifies and then it slowly cools to the same temperature as the surrounding material.
		For butt and seam welds, the laser energy is applied to the junction of the materials, minimizing heat input and distortion and permitting high processing speeds.
	www.uslasercorp.com /envoy/welding.html (2709 words)

	Laser Beam Welding - Steel Markets Steel Alloys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		One of the original questions concerning the use of the laser was the possibility of reflectivity of the metal so that the beam would be reflected rather than heat the base metal.
		Laser beam welding has a tremendous temperature differential between the molten metal and the base metal immediately adjacent to the weld.
		Laser welds made in these materials are similar in quality to welds made in the same materials by electron beam process.
	orangexxmushroom.blogspot.com /2006/08/laser-beam-welding.html (440 words)

	Insulator Seal - Weldable Instructions for all weldable parts
		Welding with the aid of filler metals drastically increases the heat affected zone which, in turn, leads to higher thermal stress at ceramic to metal seal joints.
		If heat from the welding process is severe enough to generate a thermal gradient in excess of 25Â°C per minute at a ceramic to metal joint, the stress produced by the differential expansion between ceramic and metal, may be sufficient to cause seal failure.
		A weld prep groove is a groove which is machined outboard and coaxial to the weld bore.
	www.isi-seal.com /searchs/doc/Weldableinstruc.htm (779 words)

	Simultaneous laser beam welding of thermoplastics - Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT
		The entire weld seam is irradiated as a whole and welded with one single laser pulse.
		Welding results have not only confirmed that process times are shorter compared with contour welding, the simultaneous method also results in improved bridging capabilities, higher weld strength and wider process windows.
		In the welding of polyamide samples, a total laser output power of 80 W and an irradiation time of 1 second produced a seam that was subsequently able to withstand burst pressure of 16 bars.
	www.ilt.fraunhofer.de /eng/100380.html (332 words)

	Apparatus for regulating welding parameters during laser beam welding - US Patent 6311099 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		An apparatus for regulating welding parameters during laser beam welding includes a camera for detecting the geometry of a melt bath formed during the welding process.
		The welding depth is regulated by the processing unit as a function of the detected melt bath length or melt bath area.
		The focus position of the laser beam is regulated as a function of the geometric similarity factor, which is calculated as the quotient of the melt bath area and the distance between the geometric centers of gravity of the laser beam keyhole and the melt bath area.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6311099.html (276 words)

	Laser Welding
		The LASER, an acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation," is a device that produces a concentrated, coherent beam of light by stimulating molecular or electronic transitions to lower energy levels, causing the emission of photons.
		One hundred percent of the laser light will be reflected off the rear mirror and thirty to fifty percent will pass through the front mirror, continuing on through the shutter assembly to the angled mirror and down through the focusing lens to the workpiece.
		The workpiece and the laser beam are manipulated by means of robotics.
	www.ebteccorp.com /laserweld.html (260 words)

	ISF:Beam Welding
		The electron beam welding machine consists mainly of the beam generator which generates and deflects the electron beam, the vacuum chamber (the workpieces to be welded) and the vacuum-generating pumps which evacuate the beam generator and the vacuum chamber.
		In electron beam welding, the determination of process parameters is connected with time-consuming and expensive welding tests, as, up to now, no adequate alternative exists as far as expenditure of time or the quality of the obtained results are concerned.
		Besides the determination of optimal welding parameters for different unalloyed and low-alloyed steel materials, suitable quality criteria and quality tests for the field of laser beam welded joints were determined, advanced and further optimized.
	www.isf-aachen.de /eng/arbeitsg/forschung/strahl.html (3493 words)

	Robotic Laser Welding
		Laser welding describes the process of joining two or more pieces of metal together using a laser beam.
		Typical lasers use electricity to create the unique coherent light that is very different from ordinary non-coherent light, such as that from a light bulb.
		Lasers used for welding and cutting may be infrared, and therefore the beam may be invisible.
	www.robots4welding.com /laser-welding.htm (164 words)

	Electron-Beam-Welding, Laser Beam Welding: neat and fast for thick and hard
		A laser (acronym which stands for "Light Amplification through Stimulated Emission of Radiation") is essentially a beam of light, monocromatic (of a single wavelength or color), coherent (all photons are in phase with one another), collimated (concentrated in a narrow beam with low divergence) and, for welding applications, with elevated power density.
		The laser is thus a source of thermal energy which can be used for welding when it is of sufficient power density, precisely targeted (focused) on the joint and made to follow the joint path in sequence at proper speed.
		Laser generation is a very specialized branch of applied physics which should not be of concern to the welding specialist.
	www.welding-advisers.com /Electron-Beam-Welding.html (1727 words)

	Joining Technologies Electron & Laser Beam Welding
		Laser welding specialist are grown organically using our highly proprietary in-house training program providing our customers with the highest attention to detail and six-sigma quality.
		Laser welding is a natural transition from electron beam welding, and as with electron beam welding, we have become efficient and highly qualified end-users of this exceptional process.
		When it comes to laser welding, and system design contact Michael Francoeur to schedule your visit to the most comprehensive private laser welding facility in the north east.
	www.joiningtech.com /Services/Laser_Beam_Welding (554 words)

	Integrated Manufacturing Laser & Beam Welding Comparison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Both electron beam and laser beam welding are characterized by extremely high energy densities, minimal heat input, rapid welding rate, precision operation and exemplary weld quality.
		Laser beam is unaffected by magnetic fields, which may be inherent in the base material or hardware.
		Tooling for laser welding tends to be simpler than that for EB welding, which requires tooling to operate in the tighter confines of a vacuum chamber.
	www.escocorp.com /integrated_manufacturing/capabilities/comparison.html (311 words)

	Promising welding innovations
		Therefore, classic EB welding is performed in a vacuum chamber where its most appreciated characteristics (high weld depth-to-width ratio; high energy efficiency; low distortion; and the ability to weld deep, square butt joints without filler) are exploited.
		A new method for performing EB welding at atmospheric pressure was demonstrated successfully at the Brookhaven National Laboratory as being capable of producing vacuum-quality welds.
		As the first demonstrations were performed with a limited-power unit, the current project is to retrofit a full-power EB welder with a proper plasma window and to explore welding results to compete directly with laser beam applications.
	www.thefabricator.com /LaserWelding/LaserWelding_Article.cfm?ID=1485 (1363 words)

	Automated laser-beam welding of electronic components - Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT
		In particular, a pulsed Nd:YAG laser and a LASAG galvanometer scanner were integrated in the welding station.
		As a result of these changes to the system technology, the welds are not produced as conventional spot welds with a stationary beam but are made using a moving laser beam.
		During a single pulse, the laser beam is guided in a circular path over the joining level by the galvanometer reflectors.
	www.ilt.fraunhofer.de /eng/100924.html (361 words)

	Device and method for controlling an operation involving the laser beam welding, hardfacing or machining of a part - ...
		3 to 5 illustrate examples of signals recorded during laser welding by means of a device according to the invention: they correspond respectively to a defect-free weld, to a weld in which an isolated defect has appeared or to a weld having numerous instabilities.
		The nozzle is oriented toward the metal being melted by the laser beam.
		The distance between the point of incidence of the beam on the sheet and the end of the nozzle is 40 mm.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /20060086705.html (2030 words)

	Combining 2-D and 3-D laser applications: Multiprocessing requires gas systems up to the challenge
		Depending on the manufacturer, the resonator for a CO laser requires a mixture of helium, nitrogen, CO, and carbon monoxide delivered at a pressure between 25 and 80 pounds per square inch gauge.
		Scattering and absorption (attenuation) of the incident laser beam are functions of the plasma plume's particle size and ejection rate.
		The relatively high thermal conductivity couples the laser beam energy density to yield a high metallic vapor jet velocity that counteracts the frictional effects of the liquid melt.
	www.thefabricator.com /LaserWelding/LaserWelding_Article.cfm?ID=1466 (1799 words)

	Rosenblad Design Group, Inc.
		The laser beam weld can be made in any diameter resulting in fewer, larger, and stronger welds.
		The laser beam weld has less energy input and a smaller heat affected zone.
		Laser beam welding permits the manufacture of longer heating elements.
	www.rdgevaporators.com /laserbeam.htm (92 words)

	Laser Welding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Laser Welding is a difficult process, but we at EB industries are confident that we can handle any job that comes our way.
		Laser Welding is a complex and extremely precise process, requiring concentration and skillful hands at all times.
		Laser Welding is a process where lasers are used to generate the needed heat in order to properly weld two items together.
	www.ebindustries.com (205 words)

	Acceleron : Laser Welding & Cutting : Technical Data Library
		LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, a process by which the laser generates a coherent optical beam that has an essentially constant wavelength.
		This is a solid-state laser, which uses a transparent solid substance as the active medium.
		The most common solid-state laser in industrial application is the Neodymium-Doped Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet laser, commonly referred to as the Nd: YAG laser.
	www.acceleroninc.com /techdata/laser-ndyag.htm (298 words)

	Electron Beam Welding Services by Electron Beam Engineering
		Our welding technicians have a minimum of 5 years experience, and are dedicated to quality electron beam and laser welding workmanship
		We are the only electron beam welding and machining job shop in the United States that designs Electron Beam and Laser Welding equipment and industrial machined components.
		We have six electron beam welders and two Lasers, and always maintain spare capacity for the rush jobs that are required "yesterday".
	www.electronbeamwelding.com (240 words)

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