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	Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which utilises a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source.
		The Nd:YAG laser generates energy in the near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, with a wavelength of 1064 nm.
		LIBS operates by focusing the laser onto a small area at the surface of the specimen, when the laser is discharged it ablates a very small amount of material, in the range of nanogram to picogram which instantaneously superheats generating a plasma plume with temperatures of about 10,000-20,000 °C.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laser_induced_breakdown_spectroscopy (1445 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: a tool for real-time, in vitro and in vivo ...
		Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) can be used to measure trace element concentrations in solids, liquids and gases, with spatial resolution and absolute quantifaction being feasible, down to parts-per-million concentration levels.
		In laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy one utilises the high power densities obtained by focusing the radiation from a pulsed laser (normally operating at a single, fixed wavelength), to generate a luminous micro plasma from the analyte (solid, liquid and gaseous samples).
		Fewer laser pulses per spectrum were used at times to speed up the analysis process, but this was at the expense of the spectrum reproducibility, and hence slightly reduced identification probability.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6831/1/1 (5834 words)

	Rapid quantitative analysis of magnesium stearate in tablets using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
		In laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), also known as laser-induced plasma spectroscopy, a pulsed laser beam is focused directly on the sample to be analyzed, thus vaporizing a small portion of the sample and producing a luminous microplasma.
		The horizontal laser beam was focused using a plano-convex lens (515-mm focal length) and directed through a pierced mirror toward the vertically-oriented tablet sample, perpendicularly to its surface.
		Light from the ensuing plasma was collected colinearly with the laser beam using a planar mirror and a collecting lens, and was imaged with 2:1 demagnification onto the entrance slit (50-µm wide) of a 0.66-m grating spectrograph (McPherson, Acton, MA), equipped with a 600 grooves/mm grating and intensified photodiode array (Princeton Instruments, Trenton, NJ).
	www.ualberta.ca /~csps/JPPS8(2)/L.St-Onge/libs.htm (5391 words)

	Novel Laser Breakdown Spectrometer
		LAF is based on the absorption of resonant laser radiation by the atomized analyte atom and the detection of the subsequently emitted fluorescence radiation.
		The laser spark is generated near one of the focal points, and the polished end of the multifiber bundle is placed at the second focal point.
		He is engaged in laser, laser atomic, and Raman spectroscopy, the physics of laser media, and laser applications in environmental science and biomedicine.
	www.spie.org /app/publications/magazines/oerarchive/september/sep99/spectrometer.html (1632 words)

	Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy as a tool for the characterization and sorting of concrete waste material in view ...
		With Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) both the elemental composition of building materials and trace elements can be determined with a real-time measurement, even on-site and in a harsh industrial environment.
		With Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)[3] both the elemental composition of building materials and contaminating trace elements can be determined with a real-time measurement, even on-site and in a harsh industrial environment.
		The LIBS set-up (figure 1) consists of a Laser (Nd-YAG Laser, pulse duration 10 ns, maximal pulse energy 300 mJ, frequency 20 Hz), which is focused on the surface of the samples.
	www.ndt.net /article/ndtce03/papers/p032/p032.htm (2513 words)

	Laser Analysis Technologies - Home
		Laser Analysis Technologies is a specialist manufacturer of next-generation analytical equipment using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy.
		Laser Analysis Technologies has further developed the technique known as Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to achieve rapid and accurate determination of the elemental make-up of most materials.
		During analysis a high-power laser is used to induce a bright spark (or plasma) at the surface of the material, the light from which is subsequently analysed by a unique spectrometer and detection system.
	www.laseranalysis.com (201 words)

	Laser applications - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Laser beams are focused through large telescopes on Earth aimed toward the arrays, and the time taken for the beam to be reflected back to Earth measured to determine the distance between the Earth and Moon with high precision.
		By using a chemical laser, one in which the laser operation is powered by an energetic chemical reaction, the requirement for generating and storing a large amount of electrical energy (which directly or indirectly is used to power most high-power lasers) is removed.
		This non-lethal laser weapon, shown in the accompanying photo attached to an M16 rifle, was developed by the U.S. Air Force to temporarily impair an adversary’s ability to fire a weapon or to otherwise threaten enemy forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laser_applications (3200 words)

	Laser Analysis Technologies - Spectrolaser Target
		During analysis with the Spectrolaser Target a high-power laser is used to induce a bright spark (or plasma) at the surface of the material, the light from which is subsequently analysed by a unique spectrometer and detection system.
		The UV laser produces a smaller focal point and is only absorbed at the very surface of the gem thereby producing an inconsequentially small area of laser damage.
		This particular laser crater is approximately 50 microns in diameter and was a result of five laser pulses at full laser power.
	www.laseranalysis.com /pages/products/spectrolaser-target.php (560 words)

	Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - laser-induced breakdown, optical breakdown, conical emission, laser ...
		Breakdown in air (and in other transparent media) can also be initiated by intense light, i.e., by electromagnetic waves with frequencies of hundreds of terahertz.
		in a Q-switched laser (with nanosecond durations) or in a mode-locked laser and amplified in a regenerative amplifier (for pulse durations of picoseconds or femtoseconds).
		There is also a technique called laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, where a laser pulse is used to generate a hot plasma at the surface of some test object, and spectroscopic investigation of the light emitted from the plasma is used by determine what chemical elements exist in the sample.
	www.rp-photonics.com /laser_induced_breakdown.html (776 words)

	JHU - Center for Materials Sensing Detection
		Laser light interactions with materials can result in a wide variety of material responses owing to the large variation of photon fluxes that are attained using a range of laser systems.
		For processing, laser machining, laser thermal treatment, pulsed laser deposition and laser plume chemistry can all be performed by selecting appropriate laser characteristics (wavelength, pulse energy and pulse duration) and taking into account the relevant material properties (optical, thermal and chemical).
		Laser methods have also been used to produce secondary radiation, such as x-rays and terahertz radiation, that can also be used for materials characterization studies.
	engineering.jhu.edu /~cmsd/researchers (517 words)

	Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy is widely known as LIBS or LIPS (Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy).
		Laser-induced breakdown phenomena were observed just after the invention of the laser in 1961.
		As the material is atomized and excited at the high temperature of laser spark plasma, the potential for using LIBS for elemental analysis was soon recognized by many researchers.
	www.laser-induced-breakdown-spectroscopy.com /index.asp (300 words)

	PI/Acton Spectroscopy Applications
		Raman spectroscopy is a technique based on the scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser.
		NIR spectroscopy is the measurement of absorbed light that is directed on a sample in the wavelength region of 780 to 2500 nm.
		Reflection Spectroscopy measures the portion of the incident light reflected from a media surface as a function of a wavelength and polarization.
	www.piacton.com /spectroscopy (599 words)

	JHU - Center for Materials Sensing Detection
		Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a robust chemical analysis technique that has found application in a range of areas where rapid, remote and semi-quantitative analysis of chemical composition is needed.
		Light is used to ionize a small portion of the analyte and the spectral emission (characteristic of the electronic energy levels) from the species in the resulting plasma is collected to determine the chemical constituents.
		With advances in instrumentation related to laser source size and spectrometer unit performance and portability, there are emerging roles for LIBS that could not be explored previously.
	engineering.jhu.edu /~cmsd/LIBS (433 words)

	Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
		Laser energy heats, vaporizes, atomizes, and ionizes sample material, generating a small area of plasma.
		Therefore, one laser pulse produces a weak emission signal which is hard or impossible to collect with conventional CCD detectors.
		Factors such as the level of laser excitation energy for both pulses and the time delay between the pulses play a crucial role in achieving signal intensity enhancement.
	www.piacton.com /Spectroscopy/libs.aspx (1767 words)

	Research - Laser spectroscopy, projects
		Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a method used to determine the elemental (atomic) composition of various solids, liquids and gases.
		By focusing a high-power laser pulse on to a sample, a hot plasma or 'laser spark' is obtained and the emission from the atoms and ions in the plasma is observed.
		The 5 to 20ns laser pulse with pulse energies around 10 mJ (YAG) produces a plasma plume that changes with time from the point of impact of the incident laser pulse.
	www.chem.physics.kth.se /research/research_l_projects.htm (705 words)

	Deep Ocean Exploration Institute - Funded Research - Alan Chave (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Over the past two decades, a new spectroscopic technique called laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been developed that is rapidly gaining favor for in situ field measurements in hostile environments.
		Single pulse laser work will first be explored for its ability to detect the elements over a range of pressures from 1 to ~300 atm.
		Laser pulse energy levels will be varied to find levels that maximize the signal intensity for each element.
	www.whoi.edu /institutes/doei/research/funded_05chave.htm (839 words)

	LIBS2000+ Laser-induced Breakdown Spectrometer
		A high-intensity, pulsed laser beam is focused on the sample area, positioned a few centimeters to a meter from the sample.
		A single 10 nanosecond-wide laser pulse is all that is needed to excite the sample.
		As the plasma decays or cools (~1.0 µsec after the laser pulse), excited atoms in the plasma emit light of characteristic wavelengths distinct to the element.
	www.oceanoptics.com /Products/libs.asp (917 words)

	Effect of Sampling Geometry on Elemental Emissions in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), a focused laser pulse is used to ablate material from a surface and form a laser plasma that excites the vaporized material.
		Parameters investigated include the type of lens (cylindrical or spherical) used to focus the laser pulse onto the sample, the focal length of the lens (75 or 150 mm), the lens-to-sample distance (LTSD), the angle-of-incidence of the laser pulse onto the sample, and the method used to collect the plasma light (lens or fiber-optic bundle).
		Time-resolved images of the laser plasma show that at times >5 microsec after plasma formation a cloud of emitting atoms extends significantly beyond the centrally located, visibly white, intense plasma core present at early times (<0.3 microsec).
	www.s-a-s.org /journal/96/asv50n12/ASv50n12_sp1.html (409 words)

	Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
		BMC Oral Health publishes original research articles in all aspects of the prevention, diagnosis and management of disorders of the mouth, teeth and gums, as well as related molecular genetics, pathophysiology, and epidemiology.
		Laser dentistry has evolved from enlightened basic experiment to scientifically proven clinical procedures.
		The congress intended to elevate the standard and advances of the science and art of laser dentistry by encouraging its study and improving its practice.
	www.dentalarticles.com /fft/26.htm (409 words)

	ECCO elemental composition comparator
		Ecco is a new turnkey system from Foster and Freeman designed to generate and compare laser induced breakdown spectra.
		Laser Induced Breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) LIBS, is a relatively new technique for the analysis of materials which has been made possible by the advent of very high intensity pulsed lasers.
		The excited matter produced by the laser pulse subsequently emits a characteristic visible spectrum as the various elements return to their normal temperature state.
	www.fosterfreeman.com /products/evidence/ecco/ecco.html (281 words)

	Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy - references
		Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (scheduled for 2006).
		Cremers, D.A. ; Pichahchy, A.E. "Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy," In Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation, R.A. Myers (Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York (1998).
		5 in Lasers in Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, J. Sneddon, T.L. Thiem, and Y-I. Lee.
	www.ara.com /LIBS/references.htm (340 words)

	The Effects of Physical Parameters on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Analysis of Intact Tablets
		With the advent of the Food and Drug Administration initiatives to investigate and encourage the use of process analytical technologies, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is considered an excellent analytical tool to understand the processability of solid dosage form.
		Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an elemental analysis technique based on the detection of atomic or ionic emission produced by a plasma generated after the ablation of a gas, liquid, or solid sample.
		The laser beam was focused slightly below (approximately 5 mm) the sample surface by a 30-cm focal length plano-convex lens, resulting in a spot size of approximately 150 µm.
	www.aapspharmscitech.org /view.asp?art=pt060236 (4433 words)

	Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
		A short laser pulse is focused on to the surface of a sample to create the plasma.
		The tighter the focus, the less laser energy is required to produce the laser-induced breakdown.
		It is also possible to relay the laser light to the sample and collect the signal by fiber optics.
	www.photonicsonline.com /Content/news/article.asp?Bucket=Article&DocID={B4498D08-582D-4EEC-9185-BA64BFD75F0C} (247 words)

	Remote analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: TeleLis - Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT
		Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a versatile analytical method that can be used to measure the elemental composition of gases, liquids, solids and dusts.
		A flash-lamp-pumped solid-state laser with a pulse output of 300 mJ is spread via a telescope and automatically focused on the target up to 12 m away.
		The generated plasma light is directed via a second set of telescope optics into a CCD spectrometer providing continuous spectral analysis in the 175 - 520 nm range.
	www.ilt.fraunhofer.de /eng/100962.html (216 words)

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