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Topic: Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

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	Rapid quantitative analysis of magnesium stearate in tablets using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
		In laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), also known as laser-induced plasma spectroscopy, a pulsed laser beam is focused directly on the sample to be analyzed, thus vaporizing a small portion of the sample and producing a luminous microplasma.
		A LIBS setup is typically composed of three main components: (i) the pulsed laser, which vaporizes the sample, (ii) the spectrograph, which spectrally disperses the light collected from the plasma, and (iii) the detector, activated after the laser pulse only during the period when the plasma is analytically useful.
		The ability of LIBS to provide a direct and rapid analysis of solid pharmaceutical samples, with no sample preparation comes, however, with the limitation that the analytical signal generally depends on the nature of the solid matrix where the analyte is found.
	www.ualberta.ca /~csps/JPPS8(2)/L.St-Onge/libs.htm (5391 words)

	HTML-txt: LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY: A NEW TOOL FOR PROCESS CONTROL
		In LIBS, a small volume of the target is intensely heated by the focused beam of a pulsed laser, and thus brought to a transient plasma state where the sample's components are essentially reduced to individual atoms.
		LIBS cannot be considered a non-destructive technique in the strictest sense, since part of the target to be analysed is vaporized and lost.
		After a given number of laser pulses, a smaller diaphragm is substituted to produce a narrower beam to thereby generate the analytical plasma inside the crater produced by the larger beam.
	www.ndt.net /article/wcndt2004/html/htmltxt/679_sabsabi.htm (3684 words)

	The Effects of Physical Parameters on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Analysis of Intact Tablets
		Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an elemental analysis technique based on the detection of atomic or ionic emission produced by a plasma generated after the ablation of a gas, liquid, or solid sample.
		From the data on Figures 6 and 7, the LIBS signal differences observed in Figure 5 between the RC tablets and the DC tablets were not related to the tablet hardness nor the granules size used to prepare the tablets.
		LIBS signal was mostly affected by the milling of the API and the number of compressions.
	www.aapspharmscitech.org /view.asp?art=pt060236 (4433 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: a tool for real-time, in vitro and in vivo ...
		Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) can be used to measure trace element concentrations in solids, liquids and gases, with spatial resolution and absolute quantifaction being feasible, down to parts-per-million concentration levels.
		In laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy one utilises the high power densities obtained by focusing the radiation from a pulsed laser (normally operating at a single, fixed wavelength), to generate a luminous micro plasma from the analyte (solid, liquid and gaseous samples).
		In univariate LIBS analysis, which is the traditional analysis technique, one compares the (amplitude) change of a "trace" element with that of a "matrix" element (where significant changes in composition are encountered one may not have the distinction "trace" versus "matrix").
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6831/1/1 (5834 words)

	Research - Laser spectroscopy, projects
		By focusing a high-power laser pulse on to a sample, a hot plasma or 'laser spark' is obtained and the emission from the atoms and ions in the plasma is observed.
		LIBS is a technique enabling analysis of solids, liquids or gases, with little or no sample preparation and very small sampling regions (~0.1mg to 1mg of material) can be investigated.
		The beauty of LIBS is its sensitivity to all elements, with typical limits of detection between 0.1-200 parts per million (depending on the sample and the element of interest).
	www.chem.physics.kth.se /research/research_l_projects.htm (705 words)

	Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		LIBS operates by focusing the laser onto a small area at the surface of the specimen, when the laser is discharged it ablates a very small amount of material, in the range of nanogram to picogram which instantaneously superheats generating a plasma plume with temperatures of about 10,000-20,000 °C.
		Due to the nature of this technique sample preparation is typically minimised to homogenisation or is often unnecessary where heterogeneity is to be investigated or where a specimen is known to be sufficiently homogeneous, this reduces the possibility of contamination during chemical preparation steps.
		The accuracy of LIBS measurements is typically better than 10% and precision is often better than 5%.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laser_induced_breakdown_spectroscopy (1433 words)

	Novel Laser Breakdown Spectrometer
		LAF is based on the absorption of resonant laser radiation by the atomized analyte atom and the detection of the subsequently emitted fluorescence radiation.
		The LIBS system consists of four principal components: (1) laser breakdown atomizing module, which includes the laser and nebulizer, (2) the collection optics, which includes the elliptical mirror, (3) the spectrally selective detection system (spectrograph-gated CCD detector combination), and (4) the data acquisition system, which is a notebook computer.
		The laser spark is generated near one of the focal points, and the polished end of the multifiber bundle is placed at the second focal point.
	www.spie.org /app/publications/magazines/oerarchive/september/sep99/spectrometer.html (1632 words)

	Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		LIBS spectroscopy can be produced from a variety of lasers but typically excimers or pulsed Nd:Yag lasers are used.
		LIBS is a useful method for determining the elemental composition of various solids, liquids and gases.
		LIBS is a relatively new diagnostic tool, and it has been steadily gaining a lot of importance in the research community.
	www.andor-tech.com /libs.html (1343 words)

	PSRD: Cosmochemistry Instrument: LIBS
		This picture shows the glowing LIBS plasma produced in air during a laboratory test where the laser was five meters away from the rock.
		The LIBS technique yields detailed, quantitative information on compositions of the elements (high and low atomic numbers), including some minor and trace elements, that are present in the target rock.
		LIBS spectra obtained for Martian meteorite Zagami and the andesite rock powder standard (JA-2) are similar at the level of detail shown.
	www.psrd.hawaii.edu /Oct06/libs.html (2035 words)

	Laser Analysis Technologies - Home
		Laser Analysis Technologies is a specialist manufacturer of next-generation analytical equipment using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy.
		Laser Analysis Technologies has further developed the technique known as Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to achieve rapid and accurate determination of the elemental make-up of most materials.
		During analysis a high-power laser is used to induce a bright spark (or plasma) at the surface of the material, the light from which is subsequently analysed by a unique spectrometer and detection system.
	www.laseranalysis.com (201 words)

	Laser Diagnostics of Painted Artworks: Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Pigment Identification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed for the in situ analysis of pigments used in painting.
		LIBS spectra were collected from a wide variety of pigments in powder form and in oil color test samples.
		Furthermore, recording LIBS spectra from successive laser pulses on the same spot of a model oil painting resulted in information regarding the pigment composition of several paint layers, showing the capability of the technique in performing depth profile analysis.
	www.s-a-s.org /journal/97/asv51n7/ASv51n7_sf2.html (249 words)

	JHU - Center for Materials Sensing Detection
		Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a robust chemical analysis technique that has found application in a range of areas where rapid, remote and semi-quantitative analysis of chemical composition is needed.
		LIBS is being recognized as a versatile analytical method for environmental chemical analysis.
		James Spicer’s laboratory in the Materials Science Department at Johns Hopkins University is pursuing the application of LIBS toward the detection of explosives and explosive-related compounds (ERCs) in the condensed phase with the ultimate goal of detecting land mines in the environment.
	www.wse.jhu.edu /~cmsd/LIBS (433 words)

	LIBS
		(Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) System is transportable within the laboratory and in situ for environmental diagnostics.
		For easy measurements, the laser beam is delivered to the target to be observed, by mean of a seven mirrors articulated arm, with focusing optics placed at the end to produce the plasma.
		A 2400 g/mm holographic grating is used in the LIBS configuration.
	www.quantasystem.com /en/libs.htm (217 words)

	Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
		Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy is widely known as LIBS or LIPS (Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy).
		Laser-induced breakdown phenomena were observed just after the invention of the laser in 1961.
		As the material is atomized and excited at the high temperature of laser spark plasma, the potential for using LIBS for elemental analysis was soon recognized by many researchers.
	www.laser-induced-breakdown-spectroscopy.com /index.asp (283 words)

	CMST-CP 1995 Tech. Catalog - Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Metals in Soils and Groundwater
		The spark is produced by focusing pulses of laser light on the material of interest using either a cylindrical or spherical focusing lens that generates a small, short lived microplasma.
		Lasers with the necessary pulse energy for LIBS that weigh less than 2 lbs are now available.
		The analytical region for LIBS from a single laser pulse is the size of the induced spark.
	www.external.ameslab.gov /cmst/CMSTSite/publications/Tech_Cat.text/5.1.html (1352 words)

	Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) System - Preproduction - Final Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The current LIBS system could not detect the presence of arsenic or cadmium in the samples at the concentrations detected by the laboratory analysis.
		The LIBS system did detect the presence of chromium in three of the five samples; however, the concentration of chromium in each sample could not be accurately determined.
		Because the detection limits of the current generation of LIBS technology are not low enough to meet the Navy's requirements, further testing of the unit was not performed. PPEP will continue to monitor the development of the technology and update this report as necessary.
	www.lakehurst.navy.mil /p2/servlet/DocServletPrint?wDID=409 (1698 words)

	Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This is the first comprehensive reference explaining the fundamentals of the LIBS phenomenon, its history and its fascinating applications across eighteen chapters written by recognized leaders in the field.
		From sample to signal in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy: a complex route to quantitative analysis E. Tognoni, V. Palleschi, M. Corsi, G. Cristoforetti, N. Omenetto, I. Gornushkin, B. Smith and J. Winefordner; 4.
		Spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy: a description of an electrically-generated LIBS-like process for elemental analysis of airborne particulates and solid samples A. Hunter and L. Piper.
	www.cambridge.org /us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521852749 (381 words)

	Beryllium Gem Testing with LIBS
		April 29, 2004 – Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a technique being touted as a means of bringing the cost of beryllium testing in corundum down to reasonable levels.
		LIBS equipment costs approximately $50,000–80,000 per unit, as opposed to the $300,000+ of LA-ICP-MS or $750,000+ for SIMS.
		Indeed, prototype LIBS units are even being fit into backpacks for landmine detection, helping soldiers distinguish mines from ordinary metal.
	www.palagems.com /beryllium_libs_testing.htm (1062 words)

	Laser Focus World - LIBS leaves the lab for field work in industry and defense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Researchers from ARL used LIBS to analyze the elemental content of coffee beans and the soil in which the beans were grown; the goal was to differentiate the country of origin of the beans by correlating the LIBS spectrum with the mineral content of the soils.
		Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (also known as laser-spark spectroscopy or laser-induced plasma spectrometry) is a simple yet powerful tool that uses atomic emission to nondestructively detect and measure virtually any element in a solid, liquid, or aerosol.
		A laser beam, most often from a pulsed (50 to 100 mJ) 1064- or 532-nm Nd:YAG laser, is focused onto the sample material, generating a plasma or spark at the surface (see figure).
	lfw.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=ARTCL&ARTICLE_ID=185735&VERSION_NUM=2 (1975 words)

	IMR Photonics and Nonlinear Science Research Group - Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
		LIBS is an analytical technique that uses a laser induced plume to ascertain the constituents of a material through spectroscopy.
		My research investigates the use of the LIBS technique to characterise mineral samples, to ascertain the use of this technique in the in-situ analysis of planetary geological samples.
		LIBS is able to analyse materials submerged in water.
	www.imr.salford.ac.uk /groups/photonics/libs.shtml (321 words)

	Measuring Total Soil Carbon with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) -- Cremers et al. 30 (6): 2202 -- Journal ...
		emission spectroscopy (Radziemski and Cremers, 1989; Moenke-Blankenburg, 1989;
		Diagram of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) apparatus showing a LIBS spectrum of a soil tuned to monitor the carbon emission at 247.8 nm.
		Use of near infrared spectroscopy to determine inorganic and organic carbon fractions in soil and litter.
	jeq.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/6/2202 (2296 words)

	Principles for the standardization of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy - Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ...
		Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), a non-contact method for analyzing the chemical composition of various substances, holds tremendous potential within industrial and environmental engineering applications.
		At the 22nd International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro- Optics (ICALEO) held in Jacksonville, Florida on October 13-16, 2003, an international committee discussed and specified the conditions for standardized LIBS measurements.
		The first step was to create a LIBS measuring set-up being conform to the agreed conditions.
	www.ilt.fraunhofer.de /eng/100756.html (302 words)

	What Is Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
		The LIBS technique is simple, straightforward, and powerful!Â Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a simple spark spectrochemical technique that has broad capability for chemical analysis.Â
		Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a simple, inexpensive analytical technique to determine the elemental composition of a sample, regardless of whether the sample is a solid, liquid or gas.
		There is also the option of using LIBS as a stand-off analytical technique for corrosive or hazardous environments (such as space and nuclear reactors) preventing risk to the operator as well as for military use in man-portable or robotics applications.
	www.arl.army.mil /main/main/default.cfm?Action=247&Page=247 (240 words)

	JHU - Center for Materials Sensing Detection
		Accompanying the thrust of LIBS technology into new areas, there are new requirements and demands for a more complete understanding of the laser-induced breakdown event.
		The ever broadening application of LIBS and the renewed efforts in understanding the LIBS process demand an in depth analysis of the current state of LIBS by researchers in the area so that the future directions can be identified that best take advantage of this technology.
		To address all of the identified areas sufficiently and succinctly required input from a diverse audience that the Workshop convened at The Johns Hopkins University on August 5 and 6, 2003 under the leadership of Dr. Andrzej Miziolek (ARL-WMRD) and Prof.
	engineering.jhu.edu /~cmsd/news (581 words)

	Los Alamos measures carbon in soils
		LIBS works by firing a brief, very intense pulse of laser light at a surface.
		A small spotting scope mounted near the laser source captures light emitted from the vaporized area and directs it to a spectral analyzer.
		In other Earth-bound applications, LIBS can analyze samples from as far as 50 feet away, or can be used to analyze areas inside tight nooks and crannies that might not be convenient to sample by conventional methods.
	www.lanl.gov /worldview/news/releases/archive/01-119.shtml (784 words)

	Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
		Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy or LIBS is perhaps the most versatile method of elemental analysis yet developed.
		There is also interest in deploying LIBS and LIBS combined with other compatible spectroscopic methods for space exploration.
		We are also conducting fundamental studies of the laser plasma interaction and investigating new and novel methods of LIBS analysis.
	www.ara.com /LIBS/index.htm (224 words)

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