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	NASA - Exploration Systems - Laser Cooling Puts the Freeze on Fast-Moving Atoms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Until the advent of laser cooling and atom trapping -techniques that Hulet and his team have used to cool and contain atoms - almost all materials exhibiting quantum collective effects were liquids or solids.
		The laser cooling technique, which was the topic that resulted in the award of the 1997 Nobel Prize in physics to Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William Phillips, slows them down.
		As the cloud of atoms is cooled, it tends to fall to the bottom of the trap and shrink in size.
	exploration.nasa.gov /articles/lasercooling.html (2616 words)

	Laser cooling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Laser cooling is a technique that uses light to cool atoms to a very low temperature.
		The simplest form of laser cooling is referred to as optical molasses, since the dissipative optical force resembles the viscous drag on a body moving through molasses.
		Counterpropagating sets of laser beams in all three Cartesian dimensions may be used to cool all the three degrees of freedom of the atom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laser_cooling (404 words)

	The Atom Laser (BEC@MIT)
		For an atom laser, it is a beam of atoms.
		The MIT work was based on powerful cooling techniques which were used to reduce the temperature of a sodium gas by a factor of a billion, from the temperature of an oven to around one microkelvin.
		The combined cooling was key to the observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in Boulder in June and at MIT in September of 1995.
	cua.mit.edu /ketterle_group/Projects_1997/atomlaser_97/atomlaser_comm.html (2303 words)

	yet2.com - TechPak
		The cooling system described here is capable of cooling a laser, laser power supply, and a laser light valve from one single circulating unit.
		The cooling system presented here allows the self-contained cooling of a laser head or laser system from one single cooling source, which accomodates the different cooling loads from the laser, laser power supply and laser light valve.
		Laser systems sometimes need to be self-contained, especially when they are built in into moving laser heads as in instruments such as plate or image setters.
	www.yet2.com /app/list/techpak?id=33149&sid=90&abc=0&page=tpprint (601 words)

	NIST: Atomic Physics Div. - Laser Cooling and Trapping Gp
		The Laser Cooling and Trapping Group studies the physics of laser cooling, electromagnetic trapping and other radiative manipulation of neutral atoms and dielectric particles.
		Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms are explored at NIST in the group of Bill Phillips (Nobel Prize in Physics 1997).
		Metastable Xe: study ultracold Rydberg atoms and plasmas using laser cooled and trapped metastable xenon.
	www.physics.nist.gov /Divisions/Div842/Gp4/group4.html (217 words)

	Laser cooling
		Laser cooling and trapping techniques rely on selectively exciting transitions between atomic substates by controlling the polarization, propagation direction, and frequency of the laser light.
		The Doppler cooling limit of optical molasses can be derived by considering the balance between the rate at which atoms lose and gain kinetic energy while interacting with the cooling lasers.
		The assumption that the cooling transition is a F = 0 to F = 1 transition is not a limiting assumption.
	electron9.phys.utk.edu /optics507/modules/m10/laser_cooling.htm (1452 words)

	Resonance - April 2001 Doing 'Cool Things' with Lasers!
		The proposal by Ted Hänsch and Arthur Schawlow was to cool neutral atoms using the Doppler effect, and the proposal by Dave Wineland and Hans Dehmelt was to cool trapped ions using motional sidebands (it was later realised that the sideband cooling technique for ions was equivalent to Doppler cooling for atoms).
		This configuration of laser beams was termed `optical molasses' to indicate the viscous effect of the laser light on the atomic motion.
		The input to the doubler is from a diode laser operating at 800 nm and the output is at 400 nm.
	www.ias.ac.in /resonance/Apr2001/Apr2001p2-3.html (1149 words)

	NASA - Space Research - Laser Cooling Puts the Freeze on Fast-Moving Atoms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The laser cooling technique, which was the topic that resulted in the award of the 1997 Nobel Prize in physics to Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William Phillips, slows them down.
		Laser cooling works by bombarding the lithium atoms head-on with photons of light from a laser beam.
		As the cloud of atoms is cooled, it tends to fall to the bottom of the trap and shrink in size.
	spaceresearch.nasa.gov /general_info/lasercooling.html (2648 words)

	Laser Cooling and Atomic Physics (LCAP) Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For these reasons, laser cooling is being employed in the latest generation of neutral atom clocks, yielding dramatic improvements in precision.
		By combining laser cooling with evaporative cooling, scientists have recently been able to study a purely quantum form of matter known as a Bose-Einstein condensate, and the researchers that first achieved this new state of matter were awarded the 2001 Nobel prize in physics.
		Because of the significant, and often detrimental, effect that gravity plays in many laser cooling experiments, it is natural to consider whether the next generation of experiments should be carried out in a microgravity environment, such as is found on the International Space Station (ISS), or the space shuttle.
	horology.jpl.nasa.gov /lcap (394 words)

	Laser Cooling
		Then if a laser is tuned just below one of the sodium d-lines (589.0 and 589.6 nm, about 2.1 eV), a sodium atom traveling toward the laser and absorbing a laser photon would have its momentum reduced by the amount of the momentum of the photon.
		This method of cooling sodium atoms was proposed by Theodore Hansch and Arthur Schawlow at Stanford University in 1975 and achieved by Chu at AT&T Bell Labs in 1985.
		These lasers create a small region of space about a quarter wavelength in extent where the atoms can drift to a region where their energy is relatively higher, only to be pumped downward to a lower energy again.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/optmod/lascool.html (742 words)

	Laser Hair Removal - Cosmetic Skin Treatments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Lasers with longer wavelengths are generally useful for darker-skinned patients.
		Laser energy, through the principle of selective photothermolysis (a process that involves selective absorption of an intense light pulse at wavelengths that are absorbed by the hair follicles, but not by the surrounding tissue), targets the pigment in the hair follicle.
		The effect of cooling the surface of the skin serves to minimize discomfort during treatment while increasing the effectiveness of the laser treatments.
	www.skincareguide.ca /treatments/laser_hair_removal.html (1181 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Sensible heat is produced by non-radiative processes in the laser medium that enable relaxation of the excited species, which may be rare-earth ions in a crystal, from a higher energy level to a lower energy level.
		In the illustrative embodiment, the apparatus includes an optically transparent cooling structure or manifold with an inlet port, an exhaust port and a plurality of spray nozzles therebetween adapted to direct a cooling fluid on the active medium of a solid- state laser.
		The laser pumphead apparatus consists of an array of jets impinging on the surface of the laser slab with an interspersed array of exhaust holes.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/107495.031224&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3266 words)

	Laser Cooling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Laser, or optical, cooling is based on a principle of physics known as anti-Stokes fluorescence and occurs when the amount of energy emitted by a solid, when exposed to an energy source, is more than the energy it absorbs.
		Since laser coolers would be entirely solid-state devices, they would generate no vibrations and could survive unmaintained for years in the brutal environment of space.
		Laser cooling also is playing an important role in some of the remarkable ultracold atom trapping research being conducted at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center where scientists are trapping elusive atoms for close study.
	www.lanl.gov /orgs/pa/science21/LaserCooling.html (496 words)

	Press Release: The 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics
		The laser light functions as a thick liquid, dubbed optical molasses, in which the atoms are slowed down.
		Sodium atoms from a beam in vacuum were first stopped by an opposed laser beam and then conducted to the intersection of the six cooling laser beams.
		The light in all six laser beams was slightly red-shifted compared with the characteristic colour absorbed by a stationary sodium atom.
	www.nobel.se /physics/laureates/1997/press.html (2351 words)

	Laser Cooling Choices
		A chiller, or water cooled refrigeration condenser, is one of the most efficient ways to remove an Laser machine's generated heat.
		Laser and other medical/lab equipment can be adversely affected by seemingly minor fluctuations in temperature that can result in unanticipated downtime, premature equipment failure, and increased maintenance costs.
		Common cooling fluids are water, a glycol/water mix, or a glycol/distilled water mix.
	www.chiller-info.com /laser/home.html (917 words)

	ScienceMaster - JumpStart - Laser Cooling and Atomic Physics
		Laser cooling uses lasers to slow individual atoms by bombarding them with light of a certain frequency that will exchange momentum with the atoms.
		Laser cooling techniques have also been used to cause a cloud of atoms to condense into the Bose-Einstein state, a new state of matter similar to superfluid helium.
		Scientists expect that laser cooling will provide an order of magnitude improvement in ground-based measurements of this parameter and expect to obtain another order of magnitude improvement when such experiments are taken to microgravity.
	www.sciencemaster.com /jump/physical/laser_cooling.php (1000 words)

	Diode Laser-Based Atomic Physics Research at an Undergraduate Institution
		Laser cooling and trapping neutral atoms is an experimental technique that is uniquely suitable for research at an undergraduate institution.
		The laser beam is collimated and incident on a holographic diffraction grating mounted in the Littrow configuration.
		In this configuration the laser cavity is defined primarily by the rear laser facet and the diffraction grating.
	www.ieee.org /organizations/pubs/newsletters/leos/jun99/diode.htm (2397 words)

	JILA Faculty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Laser spectroscopy is used to study atomic collisions and nonlinear radiation processes in atom traps and dense atomic vapors.
		Another area of research is the study of the cooling and trapping of neutral atoms by using laser light, particularly that from diode lasers.
		The use of ultra-fast lasers has revolutionized the field of optical frequency metrology and we are actively pursuing research related to the concept and application of this novel field.
	jilawww.colorado.edu /www/faculty/list_f.html (2866 words)

	Laser Cooling of Solids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The pump laser is tuned as far to the red end of the absorption spectrum as possible, so that excitations are transferred from near the top of the lower manifold to near the bottom of the excited one.
		In practice, however, it must be remembered that the actual cooling power is limited both by the fraction of the incident pump beam which is actually absorbed in the sample and by nonradiative (heating) energy relaxation processes, particularly by energy transfer to or direct pump or fluorescence absorption by bulk and surface impurities.
		A counterpropagating HeNe laser beam was focused into the same sample volume that was exposed to a chopped infrared pump beam; the resulting thermally-induced angular deflections were synchronous with the 0.5 Hz chopped pump beam and measured with a digitizing oscilloscope.
	www.nadn.navy.mil /Users/physics/mungan/Publications/synopsis.html (3015 words)

	[No title]
		Laser cooling, William Phillips, and the joy and beauty of tabletop physics.
		In 1975 Arthur Schawlow and Theodor Hansch proposed to use counter-propagating laser beams to cool neutral atoms, with a related proposal from David Wineland and Hans Dehmelt for ions in ion traps.
		Chu and his group dubbed the state of the atoms at the laser's intersection "optical molasses." The atoms are not really trapped, said Phillips, but viscously confined by a strong damping that obstructs them from falling away from the laser beam.
	www.nasw.org /users/appell/articles/NobelPrize.html (1498 words)

	Cool for atoms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.
		Laser cooling has since become indispensable in many fields of research.
		This 'cavity cooling' scheme is potentially very powerful and might be used on systems that cannot be cooled by conventional methods — an atom carrying a quantum bit, for instance.
	www.nature.com /nature/links/040304/040304-5.html (137 words)

	projects_BEC
		It was not until the mid 1990s after novel methods to cool atoms using lasers and store them in magnetic traps had been developed, that BEC was first observed.
		The atoms are first laser cooled in a vapour cell magneto-optical trap (MOT) and subsequently transferred to an ultralow pressure MOT.
		Evaporative Cooling: The final stage of atom cooling is to switch off all laser beams and apply a rf signal using a small 1 loop antenna.
	www.yorku.ca /wlaser/projects/projects_BEC.htm (569 words)

	Laser-Cooling Research - Gravitysmith
		The laser beams and magnetic fields used to cool the atoms in the first place turn out to be the main tools we have during the experiment as well.
		Laser light is what we use to watch the atoms and therefore performs the important measurement discussed earlier.
		In the most recent experiment, the laser light serves an additional role by helping (along with weak magnetic fields) to create some interesting behavior in the atoms that is worth watching.
	www.gravitysmith.com /coolers.html (1135 words)

	APPLIED PHYSICS: ON LASER COOLING OF MACROSCOPIC OBJECTS
		Whereas the laser cooling of atomic gases is now commonplace, progress in the laser cooling of macroscopic objects has been less dramatic.
		With a resonator consisting of two parallel and highly reflecting mirrors, the phase of the laser light that is reflected from the resonator varies markedly with changes in the separation of the mirrors.
		An upper limit on the velocity of the atom to be cooled is given by the requirement that the atom must not move farther than about one-quarter of a wavelength during the lifetime of a photon in the cavity.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sb050211-6.htm (1507 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - New technique could give super-cool molecules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Called "laser cooling", this led to more accurate atomic clocks and even created new forms of matter.
		An infrared laser beamed light into the gap, and this bounced backwards and forwards between the two mirrors.
		Conventional laser cooling can make atoms a thousand times colder than this, but relies on the atoms absorbing and then re-emitting photons hundreds and thousands of times.
	www.newscientist.com /news/news.jsp?id=ns99994740 (557 words)

	Chapman Research Group
		Laser cooling and trapping of atoms has become one of the most important techniques in atomic physics.
		In our lab, we routinely cool small numbers of gas atoms to within a millionth of a degree of absolute zero (-459.67 F or -273.12 C).
		Ultra-cold atoms are important for applications ranging from quantum computers to atom gyroscopes and are used to study fundamental questions in quantum physics.
	www.physics.gatech.edu /ultracool (101 words)

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