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	Last Glacial Maximum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Map of sea surface temperature changes and glacial extent during the last glacial maximum according to the CLIMAP project.
		The Last Glacial Maximum refers to the time of maximum extent of the ice sheets during the last glaciation (the Würm or Wisconsin glaciation), approximately 20,000 years ago.
		Though the last ice age is popularly seen as a long period, in fact the conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum are now believed to have persisted only for a very short time, probably only two thousand years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum (719 words)

	Last Glacial Maximum
		The transition from open dry forests, today found in the central and southern Sahelian areas, to open tree savannahs was shifted to 13°N at the western coast, almost to 10°N in the northeastern edge of Ivory Coast and to 12°N in the region of Kaduna (Nigeria).
		This northern frontier of the grass savannah in West Africa is comparable to the southern border of moving sand dunes during the Pleistocene (Talbot 1984).
		The climatic conditions during the LGM caused a considerable precipitation decrease in central and southern Tunisia.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /phygeo/LGM.htm (814 words)

	Carbon dioxide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its physical properties are not favorable, having a low critical temperature of 88F/31C (the maximum temperature at which it will condense from gas to liquid) and high critical pressure of 1070 psi (the pressure required for phase change at the critical temperature).
		The maximum safe level for infants, children, the elderly and individuals with cardio-pulmonary health issues would be significantly less.
		Acute carbon dioxide toxicity is sometimes known as choke damp, an old mining industry term, and was the cause of death at Lake Nyos in Cameroon, where an upwelling of CO -laden lake water in 1986 covered a wide area in a blanket of the gas, killing nearly 2000.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carbon_dioxide (4871 words)

	Antarctica glacial history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		They proposed that the last maximum extension of ice there, during MIS 2, reflected an advance of outlet systems and subsystems, reaching the mid-shelf areas, and that it was not a shelf-wide glaciation or wholesale advance of the EAIS.
		Limited glacial erosion, thick glacial deposits in the north-western part of the hills and the relatively low altitude of the postglacial marine limit (9-7 m a.s.l.) suggested to Colhoun and Adamson (1992a) and Colhoun (1997) that the LGM ice sheet was not very thick and consequently did not extend far onto the continental shelf.
		The climatic pattern for the last 5 ka is quite similar between the South Shetland Islands, in the maritime climate west of the peninsula, and James Ross Island in the colder and dryer climate in the western Weddell Sea, and this Björck et al.
	www.hi.is /~oi/quaternary_glacial_history_of_antarctica.htm (15086 words)

	Search Tuna Report for The Glacial period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The study of glacial periods owed its first impetus to the Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz, whose conception of Pleistocene glaciation was presented in his address before the Helvetic Society 1837 and in his Etudes sur les glaciers 1840 No satisfactory theory on the cause of glacial periods has yet been accepted.
		GLACIAL PERIOD, in geology, the name usually given, by English and American writers, to that comparatively recent time when all parts of the world suffered a marked lowering of temperature, accompanied in northern Europe and North America by glacial conditions, not unlike those which now characterize the Polar regions....
		In Europe we meet with the plainest evidence of the Glacial period, from the western shores of Britain to the Oural range, and southward to the Pyrenees....
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/4014.html (3367 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Effects of the Last Glacial Maximum in the northern Prince Charles Mountains
		Contrary to previously held beliefs that substantial glacier expansion, up to hundreds of metres, occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum, these lateral moraines are located only tens of metres above the present glacier surfaces, indicating that there were, in fact, only modest increases in ice volume.
		The LGM is marked by the boulder scatter and abrupt line that runs across the slope on the right side of the image.
		Last Glacial Maximum lateral moraine ridge on the eastern slopes of Mount Creighton.
	www.aad.gov.au /?casid=2556 (921 words)

	Pliocene quick guide
		These statistical characteristics themselves shift throughout the period of the last few million years going into the Quaternary Period, with a decline in mean temperature and a trend towards increased aridity, and broader oscillations in both temperature and aridity.
		If so, one can suggest that vegetation and climate maps of the Last Glacial Maximum (about 23-18 kyr), the present-potential (0 kyr) and early Holocene (about 8-7 kyr) be used respectively as a hypothesis of how the numerous colder and warmer oscillations of the past few million years would have looked.
		However, it is thought that the brief, warm interstadials that are observed from the last glacial were the product of a world with a greatly enlarged northern ice extent, (GRIP project members 1994) such as only occurred during the last 2.4 myr or so.
	www.esd.ornl.gov /projects/qen/pliocene.html (2735 words)

	Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		We present a simulation of the climates of both the modern time and the last glacial maximum with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model of intermediate complexity.
		Driven by prescribed solar radiation and carbon dioxide levels and, for the glacial simulation, the presence of continental ice sheets, the model predicts the equilibrium climate of the Earth including its atmospheric and oceanic circulations, temperature distribution, sea ice cover and hydrological cycle.
		For the glacial climate, the model predicts a global annual cooling of 6 K. Changes in oceanic circulation and heat transport, particularly in the Atlantic, play an important role in glacial cooling.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/chapconf/rahmstorf_abs.html (151 words)

	Last Ice Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		When the Earth is in its "Ice House" climate mode, there is ice at the poles.
		The polar ice sheet expands and contacts because of variations in the Earth's orbit (Milankovitch cycles).
		The last expansion of the polar ice sheets took place about 18,000 years ago.
	www.scotese.com /lastice.htm (61 words)

	Palaeovegetation map of Nortwest India: supporting a civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Younger Dryas was an abrupt return to near glacial conditions (~7¡C lower temperatures, decreased accumulation rate, decreased methane, increased atmospheric dust), that lasted approximately 1300 years, and punctuated the transition from glacial to interglacial climates.
		Last glaciation in western Siberia and glacial dammed lakes in the
		Glaciation of the Arctic Shelf, and the reconstruction of Eurasia ice sheets.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/aryan/glacialage.htm (8180 words)

	lastice
		Last glacial maximum – 18,000 yrs BP in radiocarbon dates
		Glacial maximum – 7% of Earth (25% of land)
		At the end of the last glaciation temperatures began to rise
	home.cc.umanitoba.ca /~benbow/lastice.html (697 words)

	Estimating Temperature and Precipitation at the Last Glacial Maximum
		Estimating Temperature and Precipitation at the Last Glacial Maximum
		Estimating temperatures during the Valdai last glacial maximum was a three-step process: interpolating a continuous delta temperature surface, obtaining a continuous map of current mean annual temperature, and subtracting the delta surface from the current map to produce a Valdai mean temperature map.
		Estimating precipitation during the Valdai last glacial maximum required a similar three-step process as did temperature.
	research.esd.ornl.gov /~hnw/valdai/index.html (501 words)

	AG306 The Quaternary Glacial and Climate History of the Arctic
		1999: Maximum extent of the Eurasian ice sheets in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Weichselian.
		Gualtieri, L., Glushkova, O., and Brigham-Grette, J., 2000, Evidence for restricted ice extent during the last glacial maximum in the Koryak Mountains of Chukotka, for eastern Russia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.
		Tausen Iskappe and the last glaciation of Peary Land, North Greenland.
	www.unis.no /RESEARCH/GEOLOGY/Course_info/AG306info.htm (5434 words)

	Past Climate and Vegetation Changes in the Southwestern United States
		The last glacial maximum occurred approximately 18,000 radiocarbon years ago (yr B.P.) during the Late Pleistocene, and the Laurentide Ice Sheet of North America had shrunk to a relatively small size by 10,000 years ago (which marks the end of the Pleistocene Epoch).
		Red circles indicate the relative abundance of the taxon in fossil pollen assemblages (the size of the circle indicates the percentage of the taxon).
		By the late glacial period (12,000 yr B.P.) spruce had begun to disperse northward and to higher elevation, although it survived at sites that are lower or farther south than it lives today.
	geochange.er.usgs.gov /sw/impacts/biology/pastclim (2010 words)

	DT1: View looking approx SE from chopper ; Mt Gardner in foreground, Mt Mervyn is the pointy tooth-like one in the ...
		The arcuate ridges next to the snowbank at the left are from a small rock glacier that is flowing into the moraine field from the slopes of Crohn Massif (M. Mabin, 1995) © Copyright Australian Antarctic Division.
		The relatively unweathered angular boulders of the moraine (on the right of the image) contrast with the much older subdued, weathered, and boulder-free surface (to the left) (M. Mabin, 1995) © Copyright Australian Antarctic Division.
		Since this image was taken in January 1990, several hundred metres of the tip have broken off and floated away to the north (M. Mabin, 1990) © Copyright Australian Antarctic Division.
	www.aad.gov.au /ten_facts/stations_territories/pcm/lgm_text.asp (808 words)

	e-Prints Soton - The Azores Front since the Last Glacial Maximum
		Its position is therefore diagnostic of the width of the Atlantic warm water sphere.
		Our results indicate that the Azores Front is a robust feature of the Atlantic surface circulation, and that is present both in interglacial times and during the LGM at roughly the same latitude.
		However, during the LGM prior to 16 ka BP and during the Younger Dryas, the Azores Front did penetrate eastward into the Gulf of Cadiz.
	eprints.soton.ac.uk /9867 (270 words)

	Huascaran ... as an indicator of tropical climate during the Last Glacial Maximum (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		as an indicator of tropical climate during the Last Glacial Maximum (1999)
		The interpretation of the isotopic composition of Andes tropical mountain glaciers is reconsidered using a simple Rayleigh distillation model.
		2 and land albedo on the climate of the last glacial maximum (context) - Broccoli - 1987
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /279421.html (312 words)

	Glasgow ePrints Service - Were the Larsemann Hills ice-free through the Last Glacial Maximum?
		However, a relatively well-defined peak in Cs-137 gave a date marker which corresponds to the fallout maximum from the atmospheric testing of atomic weapons in 1964/65.
		This dating program, together with geomorphological records of ice flow directions and glacial sediments, indicates that parts of Broknes were ice-free throughout the Last Glacial Maximum and that some lakes have existed continuously since at least 44 ka BP.
		This contrasting glacial history results from the Dalk Glacier which diverts ice around Broknes.
	eprints.gla.ac.uk /593 (464 words)

	Homepage of Christian Schäfer-Neth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Schäfer-Neth C., Paul A. The Atlantic Ocean at the last glacial maximum: 1.
		Paul A., Schäfer-Neth C. The Atlantic Ocean at the last glacial maximum: 2.
		Schäfer-Neth C. Changes in the seawater salinity-oxygen isotope relation between last glacial and present: sediment core data and OGCM modelling.
	www.palmod.uni-bremen.de /~csn (850 words)

	Home page of Mark Sweeney, staff geomorphologist, DRI, DEES
		Tests were conducted on texturally diverse sediments and a variety of landforms at Ft. Irwin, the Mojave National Preserve, and the Salton Sea.
		Loess and sand dune interactions: Sedimentology, stratigraphy, geomorphology, pedology, and luminescence geochronology was integrated to help interpret climate changes since the last glacial maximum (LGM) in the Palouse of the Columbia Plateau.
		Sweeney, M., Busacca, A. J., and Gaylord, D. Topographic and climaticinfluences on accelerated loess accumulation since the last glacial maximum in the Palouse, Pacific Northwest, USA.
	www.dri.edu /People/Mark.Sweeney (500 words)

	Last glacial maximum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Land ice sheets and sea ice cover during the last glacial maximum and today.
		White indicates ice sheets and green indicates land (both are shaded based on topography).
		CCSM global climate model simulations (Collins et al, Journal of Climate 19 2122-2143, 2006; Otto-Bleisner et al, Journal of Climate 19 2526-2544, 2006).
	people.deas.harvard.edu /~eisenman/research/LGM.html (102 words)

	ATLAS OF PALAEOVEGETATION
		Colour versions of the QEN maps and a useful 'time-line' summary of events of the last 10,000 years.
		The maps presented here are drawn from the coastlines of regional/continental maps in the Phillips World Atlas (Phillips, London 1986), with vegetation boundaries based on the range of sources cited in the literature survey.
		For the LGM, the -150m contour has been followed as an approximate indicator of the LGM coastline, except in areas where good map reconstructions of this coastline already exist.
	www.esd.ornl.gov /projects/qen/adams4.html (474 words)

	Flavio Justino, U of T - Canada
		Surface temperature control in the north and tropical Pacific during the Last Glacial Maximum.
		JUSTINO, F. The influence of boundary conditions on the Last Glacial Maximum.
		- Evaluation of maximum temperature in caatinga areas and areas reforested with algaroba in the semi-arid area of the Northeast.
	www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca /people/fjustino/flavio1.html (728 words)

	Bibliography: Discovery of Global Warming
		Budyko, Mikhail I. "On the Origin of Glacial Epochs [in Russian]." Meteorologiia I Gidrologiia 11.
		Ives, J. "Glaciation of the Torngat Mountains, Northern Labrador." Arctic 10: 67-87.
		Ives, J. "Glacial Geomorphology of the Torngat Mountains, Northern Labrador." Geographical Bulletin (Canada) 17: 47-75.
	www.aip.org /history/climate/bib.htm (10478 words)

	Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Climate and Climate Variability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This set of work attempts to document differences between LGM and today's climate and climate variability.
		A second purpose is to try and document what forcing from the LGM (e.g., ice, sea surface temperatures, etc.) cause the observed changes in climate and climate variability.
		Differences in Mean Climatology and Climate Variability During the Last Glacial Maximum (note that this website won't directly link back to this site)
	www.atmos.washington.edu /~justinjw/node14.html (97 words)

	Paul Johnston's publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Global ice volumes at the Last Glacial Maximum and early Lateglacial
		sheets since the Last Glacial Maximum and the Earthâs delayed uplift in...
		Estimates of present-day glacial rebound in the Lambert Glacier region, Antarctica
	www.csse.uwa.edu.au /~paulj/scholar.html (641 words)

	Recent Publications
		Broecker, W. "Paleocean circulation during the last deglaciation: a bipolar seesaw?" Paleoceanography 13: 119-121.
		Compton, J.S., Mulabisana, J. and McMillan, I. Origin and age of phosphorite from the Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene transgressive succession off the Orange River, South Africa.
		Knowlton, C., and Leinen, M. "Paleoproductivity over the last 1 Ma in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean from calcium carbonate and opal records." Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, Supplement to the Fall Meeting, San Francisco 79(45): 464.
	www.fromage.ethz.ch /publications.html (7086 words)

	e-Prints Soton - Climate change and Arctic ecosystems: 1. Vegetation changes north of 55°N between the last ...
		A unified scheme to assign pollen samples to vegetation types was used to reconstruct vegetation patterns north of 55°N at the last glacial maximum (LGM) and mid-Holocene (6000 years B.P.).
		Graminoid and forb tundra is restricted today and does not form a large continuous biome, but the pollen data show that it was far more extensive at the LGM, while low- and high-shrub tundra were greatly reduced, illustrating the potential for climate change to dramatically alter the relative areas occupied by different vegetation types.
		Andreev, A. A., and V. Klimanov, Izmeneniya rastitel'nost i klimata mezhdurech'ya rek Ungra i Yakokit (Yuzhnaya Yakutia) v golotsene (Vegetation and climate changes in the interfluve of the rivers Ungra and Yakokit (the Southern Yakutia) during the Holocene), Bot.
	eprints.soton.ac.uk /14809 (7717 words)

	Geosciences People
		Robinson, R.S., B.G. Brunelle and D.M. Sigman, Revisiting nutrient utilization in the glacial Antarctic: Evidence from a new method for diatom-bound N isotopic analysis, Paleoceanography, 19, 3, PA3001 10.1029/2003PA000996, 2004.
		Webb, R.S., S.J. Lehman, D.H. Rind, R.J. Healy, and D.M. Sigman, Influence of ocean heat transport on the climate of the last glacial maximum.
		Francois, R.F., E.-F. Yu, D.M. Sigman, and M.P. Bacon, Radiochemical constraints on the rate of thermohaline circulation during the last glacial maximum, in McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology: 1998, S.P. Parker, Editor.
	geoweb.princeton.edu /people/sigman/pubs.html (1579 words)

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