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Topic: Last universal common ancestor

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	Common descent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A theory of universal common descent based on evolutionary principles was proposed by Charles Darwin in his book The Origin of Species (1859), and later in The Descent of Man (1871).
		This theory is now generally accepted by biologists, and the last universal common ancestor (LUCA or LUA), that is, the most recent common ancestor of all currently living organisms, is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago (see: origin of life).
		The universality of the genetic code is generally regarded by biologists as definitive evidence in favor of the theory of universal common descent (UCD) for all bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes (see Three domain system).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Common_descent (974 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In biology, the theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool.¹
		The universality of the genetic code is generally regarded by biologists as definitive evidence in favor of the theory of universal common descent (UCD) for all bacteria, archaea, and prokaryotes (see Three domain system).
		Some Creationists do not accept the theory of universal common descent, arguing that humanity was created by God in a distinct act of creation, whereas the rest of life evolved.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/c/co/common_descent.html (772 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Most recent common ancestor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The most recent common patrilineal ancestor of any two males, and the most recent common matrilineal ancestor of any two individuals can be determined by genealogical DNA tests.
		The most recent common patrilineal ancestor of all living male humans, and the most recent common matrilineal ancestor of all living female humans have been established by researchers using tests of the same kinds of DNA as for two individuals.
		In biology, the theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Most-recent-common-ancestor (1549 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Common descent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		An ancestor is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i.
		In biology, the theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool.andsup1
		Common descent is the belief that all life evolved from a single, common ancestor or ancestor pool.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Common-descent (1958 words)

	Ancestor Common Universal
		A genetic annealing model for the universal ancestor of all extant life is presented; the name of the...
		predictions of the hypothesis of universal common ancestry and presenting the evidence that...
		In biology, the theory of universal common descent proposes that all...
	www.genealogy-family-search.com /genealogy/1/ancestor-common-universal.html (797 words)

	Common ancestor
		In biology, the theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a...
		The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of any set of organisms is the most recent individual which is an ancestor of all of them, except itself.
		For Y-DNA, a Most Recent Common Ancestor is defined as the closest direct paternal ancestor that two males have in common (such as a grandfather or g-g-g-grandfather).
	www.logicjungle.com /wiki/Common_ancestor (299 words)

	Common ancestor - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Identifying common ancestors is one of the tasks you have to do when systematically ordering known species.
		Usually it is these recent common ancestors that biologists/paleontologists are concerned with, and the most recent link between later species would be the last common ancestor (LCA) while the LCA of all contemporary life on Earth is known as the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA).
		A fossil of the common ancestor or a related form is a transitional fossil.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Common_ancestor (281 words)

	Forum Messages
		LUCA consisted of only a single cell, like a bacterium, scientists say, but its descendants comprise modern humans, animals, plants, fungi and invisible microbes.
		Despite its great age, LUCA was "a sophisticated, essentially modern organism," said James Lake, a molecular biologist at the University of California, Los Angeles.
		LUCA "set the stage for 4 billion years of evolution," said Blair Hedges, a biologist at Pennsylvania State University in University Park.
	www.mymontana.com /?template=forums_topic&ftid=789&fpr=10&fpc=680&flh=1768801240 (1126 words)

	Horizontal gene transfer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The scope for horizontal gene transfer is essentially the entire biosphere, with bacteria and viruses serving both as intermediaries for gene trafficking and as reservoirs for gene multiplication and recombination (the process of making new combinations of genetic material)." [3].
		For example, the most common gene to be used for constructing phylogenetic relationships in prokaryotes is the 16s rRNA gene, since its sequences tend to be conserved among members with close phylogenetic distances, but variable enough that differences can be measured.
		Combining the simple coalescence model of cladogenesis with rare HGT [horizontal gene transfer] events suggest there was no single last common ancestor that contained all of the genes ancestral to those shared among the three domains of life.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer (1418 words)

	Forum Messages
		They call it LUCA - shorthand for the "last universal common ancestor" - and they think it inhabited the Earth 3 billion to 4 billion years ago.
		The quest for a universal common ancestor is made possible by the fact that all organisms from LUCA on down share a few hundred or thousand basic genes that enable them to eat, grow and reproduce.
		The nature of the last common ancestor is "one of the big questions" in evolution, David Penny, a molecular biologist at Massey University in New Zealand, said in an e-mail message.
	www.mymontana.com /?template=forums_topic&ftid=789&fpr=10&fpc=680&flh=1856188607 (1126 words)

	Common descent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This theory is now generally accepted biologists and the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) that is the most recent common of all organisms is believed to have about 3.5 billion years ago (see: origin of life).
		The universality of the genetic code is generally regarded by biologists as evidence in favor of the theory of common descent (UCD) for all bacteria archaea and eukaryotes (see Three domain system).
		The universality of ATP and the fact all amino acids found in proteins are are also important pieces of evidence.
	www.freeglossary.com /LUCA (1162 words)

	"My Name is LUCA -- The Last Universal Common Ancestor" by Anthony M. Poole, Ph.D.
		LUCA is short for Last Universal Common Ancestor, and it is from this 'organism' that every living cell on the planet has descended.
		LUCA does not represent the earliest stage in the evolution of life -- it is widely accepted that before the evolution of proteins and DNA (which are common to all cellular life) there was a period where RNA carried out the roles now performed by proteins and DNA [Jeffares and Poole 2000].
		Universal protein families and the functional content of the last universal common ancestor.
	www.actionbioscience.org /newfrontiers/poolepaper.html (7113 words)

	Common Ancestor
		Common ancestor: J. ALDEN Quincy Adams is your 5th cousin 8 times removed.
		We calculate the stationary distribution of the the type of the common ancestor of a sample of genes from this model...
		Least Common Ancestor Networks LCANs are introduced and shown to be a class of networks that include fat trees, baseline networks, SW banyans and the router networks of the TRAC and and the CM...
	www.genealogy-family-search.com /genealogy/4/common-ancestor.html (692 words)

	"What is the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)?" by Anthony M. Poole, Ph.D.
		LUCA is not the name of a famous scientist in the field; it is shorthand for Last Universal Common Ancestor, a single cell that lived perhaps 3 or 4 billion years ago, and from which all life has since evolved.
		Some of the genes that are not universal can be added to LUCA because clues to their origin can be found by looking at what they do.
		LUCA would have roamed the Earth 3-4 billion years ago, so if all genes are so easily swapped, any evidence for LUCA would have effectively been scrambled because genomes are so severely shuffled.
	www.actionbioscience.org /newfrontiers/poolearticle.html (2296 words)

	LUCA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The majority vision today is more that of a common ancestor resembling either bacteria or archaea, and for some, that of a creature intermediate between prokaryotes (cells without nuclei) and eukaryotes (cells with nuclei).
		The term 'last common ancestor' could be used (and is in effect) for all groups of organisms.
		This work should open on the inventory of proteins common to the three domains, that is to say present similarities of sequence which one could reasonably suppose to all be derived from the same common ancestor (In technical terms, these proteins are said to be homologs).
	www-archbac.u-psud.fr /Meetings/LesTreilles/LesTreilles_e.html (3805 words)

	Guardian \| 'Science cannot provide all the answers'
		The universe itself may be an incomprehensible event, and life a so far unexplained one, but scientists see no ladder of creation with humans at the pinnacle.
		By the late 20th century, physicists were confident of the history of the universe back to the first thousandth of a second, and geneticists and biochemists were certain that all living things could be traced back to some last universal common ancestor that lived perhaps 3.5bn years ago.
		In the last chapter of his book The Human Instinct he said he felt it was very likely that spirituality - the feeling of something beyond mortal life - had been important in survival during the Ice Age, and through periods of great deprivation.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4746289-111414,00.html (1881 words)

	Common descent
		This theory is now generally accepted by biologists, and the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), that is, the most recent common ancestor of all organisms, is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago (see: origin of life).
		Other creationists believe that God created many different forms of life and that evolution and speciation has subsequently occurred within some of these forms.
		The earliest life-like forms probably exchanged genetic material laterally in a manner that is analogous to lateral gene transfer amongst bacteria.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/c/co/common_descent.html (872 words)

	Common descent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Here are the relevant quotations from the Conclusion: :"[P]robably all of the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed." :"The whole History of the world, as at present known,...
		Still others reject all forms of evolution, arguing that similar structures merely point to a Common Creator, who (purposely) designed the DNA code to be used (almost) universally.
		These last Creationists also believe that each species was individually created.
	common-descent.area51.ipupdater.com (937 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News
		University of Hawaii researchers have made a breakthrough that could lead to the creation of substitutes for blood, according to UH microbiology professor Maqsudul Alam.
		"The contemporary viewpoint is (the last universal common ancestor) had these proteins already, and they could function in using oxygen to generate energy that maybe required a little bit of oxygen," Freitas said.
		Alam said "intriguing connections" might exist between the "last universal common ancestor" and the evolution of mechanisms that sense oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide.
	www.starbulletin.com /2004/04/20/news/story11.html (434 words)

	29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: Glossary
		Now that common descent is accepted as scientific fact, it is only logical to redefine homology in terms of common descent, as opposed to the original definition of homology that had no evolutionary basis.
		Thus it is fallacious to use the redefined evolutionary homology concept as evidence for common descent.
		Note, the BSC has interesting implications for the nature of the last universal common ancestor of all life, especially if horizontal genetic transfer was extensive then (as it is today between the different unicellular "species" of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes).
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/comdesc/glossary.html (1441 words)

	Poole@SBC: Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		However, even if the right tree is recovered, it is impossible to extrapolate the nature of the LUCA simply from the inferred relationships between modern organisms.
		The majority of relics from the RNA world are found in the eukaryotes, having been lost or replaced by protein equivalents in archaea and bacteria.
		This suggests that the LUCA was not a thermophile, and that many features of prokaryote biochemistry are in fact derived, with ancestral pathways having been retained in the eukaryote lineage.
	www.sbc.su.se /seminars/AnthonyPoole.html (227 words)

	What was the ancestry of life on Earth? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Note that this is NOT the same thing as LUCA, the Latest Universal Common Ancestor; but the approaches are much the same: trying to read backward from living organisms.
		He sees "the universal ancestor" as not one cell, but a kind of cellular mist, in which genes transfer from one droplet to the other like molecules of water vapor (my analogy, not his).
		It is theoretically easier to determine what LUCA was: the Last Universal Common Ancestor of all the living things still surviving on Earth.
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/HistoryofLife/universalancestor.html (593 words)

	The universal ancestor -- Woese 95 (12): 6854 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		A genetic annealing model for the universal ancestor of all extant life is presented; the name of the model derives from its
		Biologists have long subscribed to the powerful, unifying idea that all life on Earth arose from a common ancestor (1).
		The last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA): Acquisition of cytoskeletal motility from aerotolerant spirochetes in the Proterozoic Eon
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/12/6854 (5515 words)

	Astrobiology Magazine ::
		The last common ancestor of all organisms living today.
		Lateral gene transfer may have been widespread in the early stages of life on Earth and this complicates the interpretation of the tree of life.
		Another term used for the Last Common Ancestor of all living organisms.
	www.astrobio.net /news/index.php?module=Semantics&func=display&cid=1<r=&startnum=251 (296 words)

	EMBL - About Us - News and Communication - Press Releases - 1 July 2005 - Trees, vines and nets: microbial evolution ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Since the time of Darwin, the evolutionary relationships between organisms have been represented as a tree, with the common ancestors at the base of the trunk and the most recently evolved species at the tips of the branches.
		Victor Kunin, previously a PhD student in Christos Ouzounis's group, and their colleagues have now constructed a map of microbial evolution, going back billions of years to the last universal common ancestor, that includes these horizontal lines.
		The last universal common ancestor is shown as a yellow sphere.
	www.embl.org /aboutus/news/press/2005/press1jul05.html (733 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		Algorithms for computing parsimonious evolutionary scenarios for genome evolution, the last universal common ancestor and dominance of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of prokaryotes
		Therefore different gain penalties were used and the resulting series of reconstructed gene sets for the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of the extant life forms were analysed.
		However, qualitative examination of the LUCA versions reconstructed with different gain penalties indicates that, even with a gain penalty of 1 (equal weights assigned to a gain and a loss), the set of 572 genes assigned to LUCA might be nearly sufficient to sustain a functioning organism.
	www.doaj.org /abstract?id=81923&toc=y (577 words)

	Most recent common ancestor
		Mitochondrial Eve (mt-mrca) is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor for all living humans, from whom all mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in living...
		They use the term Most Recent Common Ancestor, abbreviated as MRCA, to refer to the search for the couple closest to present time that each and every...
		last 3 generations, while with 12 markers, there is a 50% probability that the MRCA was within the last 7 generations.
	www.logicjungle.com /wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor (316 words)

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