Late Carboniferous - Factbites

Late Carboniferous - Factbites
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Topic: Late Carboniferous

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	Palaeos Paleozoic: Carboniferous: The Carboniferous Period
		By early Late Carboniferous, the South American-North African margin of Gondwanaland had collided with the northern Devonian supercontinent of Euramerica becomes Laurasia by the late Carboniferous.
		Alexander Winchell proposed the name Mississippian in 1869 for Lower Carboniferous strata along the Mississippi River drainage region, and later, in 1891 Henry S. Williams suggested Pennsylvanian for the Upper Carboniferous.
		In the water and water margins the tetrapods flourish, are the dominant life form, and many different types inhabit the rivers, ponds, and swamps of the Carboniferous tropics, including many crocodile, eel, and salamander-like forms.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Carboniferous.htm (1113 words)

	Climate during the Carboniferous Period
		Throughout the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Period, Pangea drifted northward to drier, cooler climates and by the mid-Permian North America and Northern Europe had become desert-like as continued mountain-building caused much of the interior of the vast Pangean Supercontinent to be in rain shadow.
		Coal beds of the Carboniferous Period are almost all ranked bituminous, or higher, because of their great age and the great burial depth and moderate tectonic forces that were applied since their deposition.
		Late Carboniferous to Early Permian time (315 mya -- 270 mya) is the only time period in the last 600 million years when both atmospheric CO2 and temperatures were as low as they are today (Quaternary Period).
	www.geocraft.com /WVFossils/Carboniferous_climate.html (3245 words)

	Geological Society - News - The naming of (Carboniferous) parts
		Also, when referring informally to relative positions or time within the Carboniferous, use of the uncapitalized terms early/lower and late/upper are acceptable, as for example “during late Carboniferous time”.
		If the terms Lower and Upper Carboniferous or Dinantian and Silesian were previously used in a particular area, they should be noted (in parentheses) after the new terms at first mention in the text, in order to connect the reader with the previous literature.
		The SCCS also voted to standardize the scale of all regional units termed stages at rough equivalency with the global stages now recognized in the Carboniferous (which are similar in scale to those in the adjacent Devonian and Permian Systems).
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=SCCS (1140 words)

	Palaeos Paleozoic: Carboniferous: The Carboniferous Period
		By early Late Carboniferous, the South American-North African margin of Gondwanaland had collided with the northern Devonian supercontinent of Euramerica becomes Laurasia by the late Carboniferous.
		The terms Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods were then used by American geologists and palaeontologists instead of the one Carboniferous Period.
		The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era: 299 to 359 million years ago
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Carboniferous.htm (1140 words)

	Climate during the Carboniferous Period
		Throughout the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Period, Pangea drifted northward to drier, cooler climates and by the mid-Permian North America and Northern Europe had become desert-like as continued mountain-building caused much of the interior of the vast Pangean Supercontinent to be in rain shadow.
		Late Carboniferous to Early Permian time (315 mya-- 270 mya) is the only time period in the last 600 million years when both atmospheric CO2 and temperatures were as low as they are today (Quaternary Period).
		Coal beds of the Carboniferous Period are almost all ranked bituminous, or higher, because of their great age and the great burial depth and moderate tectonic forces that were applied since their deposition.
	www.clearlight.com /~mhieb/WVFossils/Carboniferous_climate.html (1140 words)

	Freeman-Lynde GLY116 Paleozoic Tectonics Questions
		Late Cambrian (550 my) B. Middle Ordovician (475 my) C. Middle Silurian (435 my) D. Devonian (~400 my) E. Late Carboniferous [Pennsylvanian](~300 my)
		The Late Proterozoic-Paleozoic Wilson Cycle changed from dispersion to convergence in the Carboniferous.
		Collision of Laurentia with an island arc now preserved as the Piedmont.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~rfreeman/Paleozoic_tectonics_questions.html (1140 words)

	The Carboniferous
		North American Paleontology:The word “Carboniferous” comes from the Latin, meaning “coal-bearing.” In the United States, the Carboniferous Period is commonly divided into the Mississippian (Early Carboniferous), 360 to 325 million years ago (mya), and the Pennsylvanian (Late Carboniferous), 325 to 286 mya.
		One of the greatest evolutionary innovations of the Carboniferous was the amniote egg, which allowed the ancestors of birds, mammals, and reptiles to reproduce on land.
		During the Early Carboniferous (Mississippian), limestones, shales, sandstones, and evaporites were deposited in the shallow sea that covered most of North America.
	www.paleoportal.org /time_space/period.php?period_id=12 (1080 words)

	500 Carboniferous Lowlands
		Resistant strata such as the Late Carboniferous sandstones and the Horton grits were thrown into open folds, whereas the softer strata in the zone, such as shales and gypsum, were distorted and crushed.
		Towards the end of this period in the Early Carboniferous a marine incursion took place; the basins became enlarged and interconnected, and an inland sea formed with a shoreline on mainland Nova Scotia which closely approximates the present boundary of the Carboniferous deposits.
		Carboniferous strata are relatively unmetamorphosed because, on a geological scale, they were never deeply buried.
	museum.gov.ns.ca /mnh/nature/nhns2/500/500.htm (3331 words)

	Paleos Paleozoic: Carboniferous: The Pennsylvanian Epoch
		Lasting some 33 million or so years, the Late Carboniferous or Pennsylvanian age was the high point of stem tetrapod evolution, especially during the Bashkirian and Moscovian epochs.
		The name Carboniferous derives from the fact that most of the important coal producing strata are of this age.
		So it is likely that with the appearance of reptiles the tetrapods* (land animals) were able to colonize the uplands for the first time, where they fed on an abundance of insects.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Pennsylvanian.htm (596 words)

	Metalliferous Environments of Nova Scotia - Base Metals (Main Paper)
		The Paleozoic deformational events in the Canadian Appalachians are described by Keppie as corresponding to narrow diachronous events in the Ordovician, Silurian and early to middle Devonian, whereas the late Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian deformational events are widespread and broadly synchronous.
		These Lower Carboniferous deposits have sustained production at various times and the Walton deposit, which was the largest Ba deposit in the world at one time, also produced significant base metals carrying approximately 4.5 million oz.
		The carbonate-hosted environment is represented by the Carboniferous Gays River, Jubilee, Walton, Smithfield, Brookfield and Enon deposits, and the Gays River deposit is illustrative of the class.
	www.gov.ns.ca /natr/meb/is/is22.htm (15666 words)

	Earth history; Carboniferous
		Many kinds of spiders lived on the ground and from the late Carboniferous a millepede with a length of more than 1.8 metres is known.
		The reptiles and the first plant-eating vertebrates appeared towards the end of the Carboniferous, when changes in climate lead to a drying-out of the swamps, and changes in the vegetation.
		The flying insects show an explosive development towards the end of the Carboniferous.
	www.toyen.uio.no /palmus/galleri/montre/english/m_karbon_e.htm (137 words)

	Michigan
		In the Late Carboniferous, nearshore coal-forming swamps characterized Michigan.
		The shallow seas that had covered Michigan for so much of its early history withdrew for the last time during the early part of the Carboniferous.
		Fossils of ferns, scale trees (Lycophyta), and other plants dominate the fossil record of this time period.
	www.paleoportal.org /time_space/state.php?state_id=29&period_id=12 (479 words)

	Late Carboniferous
		By the Late Carboniferous the continents that make up modern North America and Europe had collided with the southern continents of Gondwana to form the western half of Pangea.
		The Late Carboniferous a Time of Great Coal Swamps
		Ice covered much of the southern hemisphere and vast coal swamps formed along the equator
	www.scotese.com /late.htm (53 words)

	Chapter 12 Study Guide
		The Carboniferous Period is used in the British Isles to describe the same interval as the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods; a name which captures the significance of this geologic time with coal formation.
		Since the Carboniferous Period is named after the plant-derived coal for which itís known, terrestrial plants obviously diversified during this period (see figure 15-12).
		Geologists hypothesize that temperature gradients were extreme in the Carboniferous: the equatorial region was tropical and the poles, polar.
	www.uvm.edu /~cmehrten/courses/historical/ch15sg.html (53 words)

	The Ordovician
		Graptolites: Graptolites (literally translated "writing on rock") are an extinct group of Paleozoic colonial organisms, most often found as thin carbonized films in various shales or limestones from the Cambrian to the Carboniferous.
		However, by the Middle Ordovician, its southern margin (now the East Coast) was uplifted due to a collision with an island arc.
		A drop in sea level may have contributed to the mass extinctions that characterized the end of the Ordovician, in which perhaps 60% of all marine invertebrate genera went extinct.
	www.paleoportal.org /time_space/period.php?period_id=15 (1172 words)

	The Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic Era
		Near the end of the Cretaceous the conditions in the west were similar to those of the Carboniferous period with swamps and bogs forming which would later become valuable deposits of coal.
		The Cretaceous is characterized by a revolution in the plant life, with the sudden appearance of the first flower-bearing plants (angiosperms) including the early ancestors of the beech, fig, magnolia, and sassafras.
		The climate of the Cretaceous was apparently fairly mild and uniform, but it is possible that toward the end of the period some variant zones of climate had appeared, making the overall climate cooler.
	www.science501.com /PTCretaceous.html (960 words)

	TESTING LATE DEVONIAN EXTINCTION HYPOTHESES
		During the Devonian the global climate switched from the hot greenhouse phase of the earlier Paleozoic to the cold icehouse phase of the later Paleozoic, a phase that would lead to continental glaciations in the end-Famennian and Carboniferous.
		To definitively choose among the several model predictions two critical data are needed: (1) an accurate Late Devonian temperature curve, and (2) an accurate radiometric date on the Frasnian-Famennian boundary.
		A single impact model can be ruled out, as its predicted effects do not match those of the extinction pulses seen in the late Frasnian.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_57883.htm (422 words)

	Devonian Period
		The youngest Devonian and earliest Carboniferous beds are characterized by a sequence of predominantly biodetrital oolitic limestone within a pelagic matrix of shale and cephalopod bearing calcilutites.
		The Devonian was proposed by Roderick I. Murchison and Adam Sedgewick in 1840.
		The base of the Devonian is defined immediately at the first appearance of the graptolite species Monograptus uniformis in the rhythmically alterating limestones and calcareous shales of ‘Bed 20’ in the Klonk Section, which is located about 35km southwest of Prague, near the village of Suchomasty, in the Czech Republic.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /paleontology/Devonian.html (1266 words)

	Search Tuna Report for synapsids
		The Carboniferous 354 To 290 Million Years Ago The Carboniferous Period Occurred From About 354 To 290 Million Years Ago During The Late....
		The Term Carboniferous Is Used Throughout The World To Describe This period, Although This Period Has Been Separated Into The Mississippian Lower Carboniferous And The Pennsylvanian Upper Carboniferous In The United States....
		The Extinction Event That Closed The Triassic period Has Recently Been More Accurately Dated, But As With Most Older Geologic Periods, The Rock Beds That Define The Start And End Are Well Identified, But The Exact Dates Of The Start And End Of The Period Are Uncertain By A Few Million Years....
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/1380.html (1266 words)

	Crinoids and stelleroids (Echinodermata) from the Broken Rib Member, Dyer Formation (Late Devonian, Famennian) of the White River Plateau, Colorado -- Webster et al. 73 (3): 461 -- Journal of Paleontology
		The cladid-dominated crinoid fauna is transitional between earlier Devonian and later Carboniferous faunas.
		A crinoid and stelleroid fauna is described from the Famennian (Late Devonian) Broken Rib Member of the Dyer Formation of the White River Plateau, Colorado.
		Pleiadeaster and Hudsonaster are important because they suggest that the Late Devonian might have been a time of transition for asteroids.
	jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org /cgi/content/abstract/73/3/461 (331 words)

	Amphibians and Reptiles
		Christopher Scotese's Cool Maps of the Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) (356 Ma) and Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) (306 Ma)
		Yale's Peabody Museum Panorama from the Carboniferous and Devonian
		Fossil Plants of the Coal-rich Swamps of the Carboniferous Period or More Fossil Carboniferous Fossils Here
	biology.fullerton.edu /courses/biol_404/web/hol/hol_ch9.html (331 words)

	Taxa
		sturgeoni Nützel 1998 (Caenogastropoda, Pseudozygopleuridae?), Late Carboniferous, U.S.A. Orthonema zionensis Nützel 1998 (Caenogastropoda, Orthonemidae), Late Carboniferous, U.S.A. Knightella donaldinopsis Nützel 1998 (Caenogastropoda, Orthonemidae), Late Carboniferous, U.S.A. Knightella minima Nützel 1998 (Caenogastropoda, Orthonemidae), Late Carboniferous, U.S.A. Neodonaldina sinuata Nützel and Gründel 1998 (Heterostropha, Donaldinidae), Early Jurassic, Germany
		6) Vatopsis metaxiformis Nützel 1998 (Caenogastropoda, Cerithiopsidae), Palaocene, Denmark
		7) Retilaskeya ravni Nützel 1998 (Caenogastropoda, Cerithiopsidae), Palaocene, Denmark
	www.pal.uni-erlangen.de /mitarbeiter/nuetzel/page/taxa.html (802 words)

	Trilobite Tracks
		Late Carboniferous, Wynyard Tillite, Cutting on Blackwell Road, Hellyer Gorge, Borth West Tasmania, Australia
		Late Carboniferous, Wynyard Tillite, Cutting on Blackwell Road, Hellyer Gorge, Borth West Tasmania, Australia, AUD$20, 11 cm x 10.5cm, Tasmania
		Late Carboniferous, Wynyard Tillite, Cutting on Blackwell Road, Hellyer Gorge, Borth West Tasmania, Australia, AUD$5, 8.5cm x 6cm
	crystal-world.com /html/fossils/trilobites/trilotracks/trilotrack_1.htm (87 words)

	40Ar/39Ar ages of detrital white mica from Upper Austroalpine units in the Eastern Alps, Austria:
		Detrital muscovite from a post-Variscan Carboniferous molasse-type sequence and from a Permian Verrucano-type sequence record ages which indicate "late" Variscan (e.g.
		Three detrital muscovite concentrates from post-Variscan, Late Carboniferous and Permian cover sequences exposed within three different Alpine nappes yielded 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of 359.6 ± 1.1 Ma, 310.5±1.2 Ma, and 303.3±0.2 Ma.
		These results help clarify palinspastic relationships and tectonic correlations between pre-Late Carboniferous metamorphic basement sequences and Carboniferous to Permian cover sequences.
	www.sbg.ac.at /gew/people/handler/geolrdsch97.html (87 words)

	The Sorby Geological Section
		The main rock types are the early Carboniferous limestones of the White Peak, the late Carboniferous Millstone Grit and Coal Measures of the Dark Peak and adjacent areas, the Permian Magnesian Limestone, Triassic Sherwood Sandstone and Holocene sediments of the Humberhead Levels.
		This distinctive area is underlain by the mudstones, shales, flagstones and sandstones of the Millstone Grit and lower Coal Measures, deposited by a major delta complex during the late Carboniferous.
		The fossil content of the sedimentary rocks includes brachiopods, crinoids and trilobites in the Carboniferous limestones, goniatites in the marine shales of the Millstone Grit, and plant macrofossils in the Coal Measures, all of which are of value in reconstructing past depositional environments.
	www.shu.ac.uk /city/community/sorby/secgeo.shtml (747 words)

	The Michael House Memorial Meeting of Yorkshire Geological Society, 18th October 2003
		The latest Givetian (late Mid Devonian) Taghanic Event is the first of a series of extinctions events that characterize the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous interval.
		The agoniatitid lineage is characterized by slow character development and leads to the Frasnian gephuroceratids; the anarcestid lineage displays rapid morphological evolution that leads to the late Givetian pharciceratids as well as the Middle and Late Devonian tornoceratids.
		Characterized by slow character development and leads to the Frasnian gephuoceratids; the anarcestid lineage displays rapid morphological evolution that leads to the late Givetian pharciceratids as well as the Middle and Late Devonian tornoceratids.
	earth.leeds.ac.uk /ygs/programme/year2003/october2003.htm (747 words)

	Catalogo Articoli
		Similar U-Pb detrital zircon ages are recorded in two other samples, one of which was collected in the vicinity of strata containing Lima sp., confirming that a Late Triassic depositional ageis widespread in the Eastern belt of the Chonos Metamorphic Complex.
		However, in a fourth sample, the youngest detrital zircons are Carboniferous in age.
		One of the samples isimmediately underlying the coquinaceous bed containing fossils which were initially identified as Late Silurian-Early Devonian, and more recently as Late Triassic faunas.
	serials.cib.unibo.it /cgi-ser/start/it/spogli/df-s.tcl?prog_art=4148394&language=ITALIANO&view=articoli (747 words)

	EARLY PALEOZOIC EVENTS AT THE GONDWANA MARGIN
		2001) includes a Devonian collision between terranes derived from Laurussia and Gondwana and ended with the Late Carboniferous final collision of Gondwana with Laurussia, leading to the complex Late Variscan structures known from the European part of the orogen.
		A Late Proterozoic active margin setting containing volcanic arc sequences in the entire length of the future micro-continents at the Gondwanan border, and the many Late Cadomian granites may indicate a plate tectonic evolution leading to a cordillera stage.
		They may contain Cadomian basement and related Late Proterozoic detrital sediments and volcanic arcs, relicts of a Rheic ocean, Cambro-Ordovician accretionary wedges, relicts of an Ordovician orogenic event and related granites, and volcanites and sediments indicating the opening of PaleoTethys, as well as active margin settings during the Silurian, involving the Rheic-ProtoTethys southward subduction.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_11895.htm (632 words)

	Tectonic Evolution of the Santanghu Basin, East Xinjiang and Its Implication for the Hydrocarbon Accumulation
		Its evolutional history can be divided into three stages:formation of basement during Carboniferous to early Permian, development during late Permian to Cretaceous and reconstruction since Tertiary.
		The Basin came into development stage during late Permian to Cretaceous including the extension and fault period of post-orogeny in late Permian, the compression and uplift period at end of Triassic, the extension and depression period from Jurassic to early Cretaceous, and the compression and thrust period at the end of early Cretaceous.
		The Santanghu Basin is a middle-minor scale petroleum basin whose tectonic evolution has been very complex since late Paleozoic.
	www.pku.edu.cn /academic/xb/2003/_03e212.html (632 words)

	40Ar/39Ar ages of detrital white mica from Upper Austroalpine units in the Eastern Alps, Austria:
		These results help clarify palinspastic relationships and tectonic correlations between pre-Late Carboniferous metamorphic basement sequences and Carboniferous to Permian cover sequences.
		Detrital muscovite from a post-Variscan Carboniferous molasse-type sequence and from a Permian Verrucano-type sequence record ages which indicate "late" Variscan (e.g.
		Abstract Five detrital white mica concentrates from very low-grade, metaclastic sequences within pre-Variscan basement and post-Variscan cover units of the Upper Austroalpine Nappe Complex (Eastern Alps) have been dated with 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating techniques to constrain the age of tectonothermal events in their respective source areas.
	www.sbg.ac.at /gew/people/handler/geolrdsch97.html (632 words)

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