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Topic: Late Ordovician

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	Palaeos Paleozoic: Ordovician: The Late Ordovician
		The first two ages of the Late Ordovician are unnamed, and are referred to as Ordovician V and VI.
		Ordovician V is equivalent to the Early Caradoc.
		Ordovician VI is equivalent to the Late Caradoc and Early Ashgill.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Ordovician/LateOrd.html (191 words)

	Ordovician Period
		The Green Point GSSP for the base of the Ordovician System, as well as the base of the Lower Ordovician Series and the lowest stage, was approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in December 1999 and ratified by the IUGS in January 2000.
		The Ordovician was an age of evolutionary experimentation, in which new organisms evolve to replace those that died out at the end of the Cambrian.
		Gagnier, Pierre-Yves 1995: Ordovician Vertebrates and Agnathan Phylogeny.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /paleontology/Ordovician.html (2874 words)

	Palaeos Paleozoic : Ordovician : The Ordovician Period
		Ordovician trilobites were for the most part quite different from their Cambrian predecessors.
		Their cousins the conodont animals, worm-like or eel-like organisms known mostly from numerous isolated denticles (which were used to support some kind of grasping or breathing structure in the mouth or throat) represent a major component, quite possibly predators and certainly nektonic/pelagic, in the marine food-chain.
		The Ordovician Period, at the University of California Museum of Paleontology.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Ordovician/Ordovician.htm (2035 words)

	Chapter 11 (The Later Ordovician)
		Graptolites arose in the Late Cambrian and became abundant in the Ordovician and Silurian seas.
		Late Ordovician extinctions occurred mostly among tropical animals whereas survivors and replacements were adapted either to deep waters or colder waters from higher latitudes.
		Late Ordovician sediments also included hummocky stratification (deposition by shallow water currents), hard-ground surfaces (indicating occasional subareal exposure) and deep basin deposits suggesting that the continent had attained greater relief since the Cambrian.
	www.uh.edu /~geos6g/1376/ordovician11.html (3113 words)

	The Geology of Ohio--The Ordovician
		Furthermore, in the late 1800's, Ordovician rocks in the subsurface in northwestern Ohio were the source of the first giant oil and gas field in the country.
		During the Ordovician, Ohio was in southern tropical latitudes and dominated by warm, shallow seas.
		Ordovician rocks are particularly well exposed in the southern tier of Ohio counties where the surface is mantled only by thin glacial drift of Illinoian age.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /geosurvey/oh_geol/97_Fall/ordovici.htm (3721 words)

	Oceanog. in Ordovician
		The Ordovician was characterized by 1) a northern hemispheric ocean covering about one half of the Earth's surface; 2) a band of land and shallow shelf seas that occupied the tropics; and 3) a major landmass and associated shallow shelf seas in the southern hemisphere.
		The trends during the Ordovician were a) the reduction of land and shallow shelves in the equatorial region and b) the movement of the southern landmass toward the south pole, culminating in a south polar ice cap during the Late Ordovician.
		Trends toward an austral polar landmass, break-up of equatorial lands, and shallow shelf seas and generation of a polar ice cap during the Late Ordovician permitted establishment of connections between the oceans in the two hemispheres as well as significant deep ventilation from the edges of the polar ice cap during the Late Ordovician glaciation.
	www.marscigrp.org /nfl91.html (7805 words)

	Major expansion of echinoderms in the early Late Ordovician
		However, 23 of the 27 late Cincinnatian or Ashgill echinoderm clades survived this extinction to reappear in the Silurian.
		Ordovician echinoderms had evolved several new ways of life and many new morphologic improvements for feeding and attachment that greatly increased their diversity by the Mohawkian (middle Caradoc).
		Blake, D.B. and Guensburg, T.E. Predation by the Ordovician asteroid Promopalaester on a pelecypod.
	www.unt.edu.ar /fcsnat/INSUGEO/geologia_17/57.htm (1983 words)

	Ordovician - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ordovician rocks contain abundant fossils and contain major petroleum and gas reservoirs in some regions.
		The Early Ordovician was thought to be quite warm, at least in the tropics.
		Green algae were common in the Ordovician and Late Cambrian (perhaps earlier).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ordovician (1175 words)

	ORDOVICIAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The most important Ordovician and mid-Palaeozoic successions with associated biotas were examined in a number of sections in the Gobi region of southern Mongolia (Mushgai and Shine Jinst areas), and in the Tsagaan del area, west of Bayankhongor (central Mongolia).
		The most diverse and well preserved Ordovician biotas (brachiopods, corals, bryozoans, conodonts and a few stromatoporoids) were found in the Tsagaan del hill area of central Mongolia, though stratigraphically the succession is limited, mainly Ashgillian in age.
		Three of the most-talented, younger scientists (all leading Ordovician specialists) from Argentina were also supported, with near 40% of the total, because the costs of travel from Argentina to attend meetings in California and Mongolia remains very expensive, and local Argentinian support for the younger scientists is almost non-existent.
	seis.natsci.csulb.edu /ISOS/OrdovicianNews2002/10-ProjectsI.htm (7594 words)

	WIDESPREAD LATE ORDOVICIAN SILICIFICATION EVENT ON LAURENTIA: A PROXY FOR THE DURATION OF GONDWANA GLACIATION? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Late Middle to Late Ordovician bedded carbonate, chert and phosphate deposits of the U.S. Cordillera, southern Laurentia and the North American Midcontinent are unique in the Paleozoic because they represent the influx of cool oceanic waters, oftentimes hundreds of kilometers onto the interior of this continent.
		Late Middle to Late Ordovician subtidal ramp carbonates of New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma contain abundant organic-rich chert, biogenic chert, phosphate and glauconite indicating these rocks formed in an extensive upwelling zone.
		Abundant Late Ordovician bedded chert deposits and the dearth of these units in the Middle Ordovician and during the Early Silurian suggests a global climatic or oceanographic origin for these deposits.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_38161.htm (422 words)

	MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Late Ordovician (Ashgillian) brachiopods from the Perce region of Quebec.
		The occurrence of the Ordovician brachiopod Foliomena at Perce, Quebec.
		1977a Sheehan, P.M. Late Ordovician and earliest Silurian meristellid brachiopods in Scandinavia.
	www.mpm.edu /collections/staff/psheehan/pubs.php (2913 words)

	Ordovician
		The Ordovician could appear to be an expansion of the Cambrian since the sea was still filled with invertebrates.
		Early in the Ordovician period, the climate was tropical and mildly warm, with an atmosphere containing an excess of moisture.
		Kentucky Bluegrass Region is composed of limestones and shale from the Ordovician Period.
	www.denison.edu /biology/bio380-2001/Ordovician.html (2100 words)

	Environment of the Ordovician Period
		During the Ordovician Period, the surface of the earth was dramatically different than it is today.
		Ordovician life was characterized by a dramatic increase of the shelly fauna, corals, and bryozoans.
		In order to understand how the environment of the Ordovician Period differed from today (the Quaternary Period), it is necessary to realize that continental drift has dramatically changed the face of the earth since the Ordovician Period.
	members.wri.com /jeffb/Fossils/drift.shtml (493 words)

	The Ordovician Mass Extinction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The Ordovician period was an era of extensive diversification and expansion of numerous marine clades.
		Although organisms also present in the Cambrian were numerous in the Ordovician, a variety of new types including cephalopods, corals (including rugose and tabulate forms), bryozoans, crinoids, graptolites, gastropods, and bivalves flourished.
		However, as in the Cambrian, life in the Ordovician continued to be restricted to the seas.
	hannover.park.org /Canada/Museum/extinction/ordmass.html (174 words)

	barnes-pubs.htm
		The Sr isotopic composition of Ordovician and silurian brachiopods and conodonts: relationships to geological events and implications for coeval seawater.
		Ferretti, A. and Barnes, C.R. Upper Ordovician conodonts from the Kalkbank Limestone of Thuringia, Germany.
		Barnes, C.R. and Bergstrom, S.M. Conodont biostratigraphy of the uppermost Ordovician and lowermost Silurian.
	web.uvic.ca /seos/people/barnes-pubs.htm (2713 words)

	Late Ordovician polychaetaspid polychaete annelids from the type Cincinnatian region
		The Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician) is well exposed in its type region of the Indiana–Ohio–Kentucky tri–state area in the north–eastern U.S.A. The fossiliferous thin interbedded limestones and shales contain abundant and well–preserved scolecodonts that bear witness to rich jawed polychaete faunas inhabiting the shallow subtropical Late Ordovician sea in that area.
		In the late Richmondian Liberty, Whitewater, and Drakes strata at Caesar Creek and Cowan Lake, the polychaetaspid population is replaced and dominated by two characteristic species; O.
		Due to the patchy documentation of Late Ordovician scolecodonts, it is only in the Baltic region that jawed polychaete faunas are known sufficiently well to warrant comparison (e.g., Kielan–Jaworowska, 1966; Hints, 2000; Hints and Eriksson, in press).
	www.unt.edu.ar /fcsnat/INSUGEO/geologia_17/49.htm (1352 words)

	SUNY Brockport Department of Earth Sciences -- Silurian Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		During the Late Ordovician and Silurian, the northern Appalachian Basin was situated within a subtropical climatic belt, probably at about 20 to 25 degrees south latitude (Van der Voo, 1988, Witzke, 1990).
		During the Late Ordovician and Early Silurian, the bulk of the basin fill in western New York represents marginal marine to nonmarine settings.
		During the Late Ordovician and very Early Silurian Periods these mountains eroded depositing most of the sediments up to 300 miles westward, resulting in a clastic wedge, what is now called the Queenston Delta.
	www.weather.brockport.edu /~jmassare/silurian/silurian.htm (363 words)

	Geology of Missouri--Ordovician
		The late Ordovician in Missouri is represented by a few shales and limestones.
		The shales are ones which probably formed in shallow environments as the great Ordovician sea retreated, due to the mountain building to the east, and climatic cooling of the globe, which locked seawater up in Gondwana glaciation at the South Pole.
		Ordovician fossils in Missouri are similar to those of the Cambrian, with brachiopods and gastropods dominating, corals becoming more diverse and common, bryozoans and graptolites appearing, trilobites declining and a few interesting additions, such as receptaculids, a green algae colony which resembles nothing so much as the seed head of a European sunflower.
	members.socket.net /~joschaper/ordo.html (709 words)

	Ordovician Fossils In The Toquima Range, Central Nevada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The Vinini is an incredibly widespread unit throughout central Nevada, a dominantly siliceous assemblage of shales, siltstones, cherts and quartzites that bear sporadic occurrences of abundant graptolites.
		At Ikes Canyon the Middle Ordovician Antelope Valley Limestone is roughly 950 feet thick, yielding prodigious numbers of fossilized shelly creatures.
		The prominent outcrops of the Middle Ordovician Antelope Valley Limestone immediately north of the mouth of Ikes Canyon, Nye County, Nevada, yield common to abundant silicified invertebrate fossils, including brachiopods (arguably the most common fossil type encountered), echinoderm debris, trilobites, sponges, ostracodes, conodonts, bryozoans, pelecypods, cephalopods and gastropods.
	members.aol.com /Waucoba7/tr/toquima.html (2545 words)

	Ordovician Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The Ordovician was marked by periods of continental submergence.
		This climaxed by a Late Ordovician Flood that was the most widespread ever recorded.
		Because of these floods, Ordovician life was very dissimilar to Cambrian life.
	library.thinkquest.org /20886/ordovician.htm (116 words)

	Regional recovery more rapid following late Ordovician extinction
		The length of time necessary to recover from a mass extinction may seem like a problem from the past, but a team of Penn State researchers is investigating recovery from the second largest extinction in Earth's history at the end of the Ordovician 443 million years ago and sees some parallels to today's Earth.
		During the Ordovician, the majority of life was found in the seas.
		Laurentia eventually became North America, however, during the Ordovician, it was located in the tropics and Pennsylvania was south of the equator.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-12/ps-rrm120704.php (609 words)

	Mid-Late Ordovician magmatism and metamorphism along the Gander margin in central Newfoundland Journal of the ...
		Characteristic of Ganderia is a late Tremadoc-early Arenig arc-continent collision, the Penobscot amalgamation of the peripheral arcs and ophiolites of the Exploits Subzone with the siliciclastic rocks of the Gander Zone (Colman-Sadd et al.
		This unit is a correlative to the Middle Ordovician sequences that overstep the rocks of the Gander Zone on the western side of the Exploits back-arc basin, thus making the fault along the eastern boundary of the Red Cross Group the equivalent of the Dog Bay Line in central Newfoundland (Fig.
		The similarities between the Middle Ordovician volcanosedimcntary sequences of the Exploits Subzone in Newfoundland and their equivalents in Maritime Canada and the British Isles (Colman-Sadd et al.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_200603/ai_n16099466 (906 words)

	Valley and Ridge province \| The Geology of Virginia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Late Ordovician and Silurian rocks of the Valley and Ridge record the uplift and subsequent erosion of the Taconic Mountains.
		By the late Silurian carbonates were again being deposited in this region.
		Between 50 and 75% shortening occurred in western Virginia during the late Paleozoic deformation event known as the Alleghanian orogeny.
	www.wm.edu /geology/virginia/valley_ridge.html (315 words)

	WVGES Geology: Physiographic Provinces
		The geology of West Virginia was examined by numerous individuals in the mid and late 1700s and early 1800s, but the first comprehensive examination was by William Barton Roger, State Geologist of Virginia, from 1835 to 1841.
		The Valley and Ridge Province in the east is composed of folded and faulted rocks that range in age from late Precambrian to early Mississippian.
		This relatively flat, agriculturally rich region is composed of complexly folded and faulted Cambrian and Ordovician limestone and dolomite with one prominent Ordovician shale (the Martinsburg Shale).
	www.wvgs.wvnet.edu /www/geology/geolphyp.htm (773 words)

	Evolution: Change: Deep Time
		Sharks, with their cousins the skates and rays, belong to a group of fishes whose skeletons are made of cartilage, not bone.
		While sharks are not plentiful until the Devonian period and later, fossil scales date the earliest sharks to the late Ordovician.
		The late Ordovician extinction is indeed a devastating event for marine animals.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/change/deeptime/ordovician.html (739 words)

	Paleobiology 22() - authorname
		In this context, Westrop and Adrain (1998) have demonstrated convincingly that trilobites were major, stable contributors to alpha diversity, throughout the Ordovician, among Ordovician biotic assemblages located mainly in tropical, carbonate environments in western Canada, the Canadian Arctic, and Newfoundland.
		Data from Upper Ordovician strata of the Cincinnati Arch are summarized in Table 1, compiled at the scale of Holland and Patzkowsky's (1996) six Late Ordovician sequences (C1 through C6).
		Paleoecology of the Ordovician Radiation and the Late Ordovician extinction
	www.uic.edu /orgs/paleo/24-4/Pb244Mil.htm (2028 words)

	Valley and Ridge province for Students & Teachers\| The Geology of Virginia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		By middle Ordovician time, sand and gravel washed down from new mountains pushed up to the east of the Valley & Ridge.
		By late Ordovician and Silurian, the sand and gravel turned into rocks, and record the uplift and erosion of the Taconic Mountains.
		By the late Silurian, carbonates were again being deposited in the area.
	www.wm.edu /geology/virginia/valley_ridge_kids.html (289 words)

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