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Topic: Late shogunate period

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	History of Japan - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art and especially in poetry and literature.
		The "feudal" period of Japanese history, dominated by the powerful regional families (daimyo) and the military rule of warlords (shogun), stretched from the twelfth through the nineteenth centuries.
		The Kamakura period ended in 1333 with the destruction of the shogunate and the short reestablishment of imperial rule under the Emperor Go-Daigo by Ashikaga Takauji, Nitta Yoshisada, and Kusunoki Masashige.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Japan (6085 words)

	Edo period
		The Edo period is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1600 to 1867.
		The period marks the governance of the Edo or Tokugawa Shogunate which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.
		The Edo period is also known to be the beginning of the early modern period of Japan.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ed/Edo_period.html (95 words)

	Late Tokugawa shogunate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Late Tokugawa Shogunate (Japanese: 幕末 Bakumatsu) is the period between 1853 and 1867 during which Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy called sakoku and modernized from a feudal shogunate to the Meiji government.
		It is at end of the Edo period and preceded the Meiji era.
		By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiyō Maru, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war, under the command of Admiral Enomoto.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Late_Tokugawa_shogunate (1500 words)

	Informat.io on Nara Period
		In the late Nara period, financial burdens on the state increased, and the court began dismissing nonessential officials.
		Decentralization of authority became the rule despite the reforms of the Nara period.
		By the late eleventh century, the city was popularly called Kyoto (京都, capital city), the name it has had ever since.
	www.vacilando.sk /?title=nara-period (1340 words)

	Tokugawa shogunate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Tokugawa Shogunate came to an official end in 1868, with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu and the "restoration" ('Taisei Hōkan') of imperial rule.
		Early in the Edo period, the shogunate viewed the tozama as the least likely to be loyal; over time, strategic marriages and the entrenchment of the system made the tozama less likely to rebel.
		Despite the establishment of the shogunate, the emperor in Kyoto was still the legitimate ruler of Japan.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Tokugawa_shogunate.htm (1767 words)

	Tokugawa Political System
		The Tokugawa shogunate also had responsibilities and concerns which went beyond those of ordinary domains; the Tokugawa shoguns were, after all, hegemons presiding over a whole country.
		The shogunate could punish daimyo for transgressions in a variety of ways; a domain could be reduced in size, the daimyo could be shifted to an entirely different domain, or, the ultimate sanction, suicide could be demanded, perhaps with the additional punishment of his lineage being reduced in status to a non-daimyo level.
		During the late 16th Century, Toyotomi Hideyoshi disarmed the peasants through a series of sword hunts with the intention of reducing their contribution to turmoil and to pin them to agricultural activity alone.
	hkuhist2.hku.hk /nakasendo/tokupols.htm (1194 words)

	[No title]
		In the earliest periods in Japanese history, warfare was largely confined to battles between separate uji (clans).
		From the middle Heian period onwards, for almost a thousand years, the Japanese military would consist of professional soldiers in numberless private armies owing their loyalty to local aristocracy and warlords.
		The Edo or Tokugawa period was one of the major eras within the history of Japan.
	www.bridgewater.edu /~dhuffman/soc306/s05grp3/history.htm (507 words)

	Wikinfo \| Sengoku Period
		The Sengoku Period (戦国時代 Japanese: Sengoku jidai) or "warring-states" period, is a period of long civil war in the History of Japan that spans through the middle 15th to the early 17th centuries.
		Outside of the capital, the provincial daimyo and magistrates that relied on the shogunate for their own authority and power, found themselves isolated and vulnerable to not only external, but internal forces as well.
		This period is the latter part of the Muromachi and the entire Azuchi-Momoyama periods of the History of Japan.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Sengoku_Period (598 words)

	WebMuseum: Art of the Edo Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Tokugawa shogunate of the Edo period gained undisputed control of the government in 1603 with a commitment to bring peace and economic and political stability to the country; in large measure it was successful.
		The shogunate survived until 1867, when it was forced to capitulate because of its failure to deal with pressure from Western nations to open the country to foreign trade.
		The foremost of these was the closing of the country to foreigners and the accoutrements of their cultures, and the imposition of strict codes of behavior affecting every aspect of life, the clothes one wore, the person one married, and the activities one could or should not pursue.
	www.ibiblio.org /wm/paint/tl/japan/edo.html (508 words)

	Japan: Memoirs of a Secret Empire . Glossary \| PBS
		By edict of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1635, the country's regional lords (daimyo) were required to reside in Edo during alternate years.
		This policy was known as "Sankin Kotai," and it helped the shoguns maintain control of the daimyo since adhering to the requirement was both time-consuming and costly, leaving the daimyo little money to raise armies or munitions.
		This is the Japanese word for the outdoor footwear in use during the Edo Period, which consisted of a thong attached to a wooden platform with two crosswise supports.
	www.pbs.org /empires/japan/resources_4.html (982 words)

	Ashikaga Takauji Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		During the Kamakura period (1185-1333) they faithfully served the Hojo regents; but, as later events were to prove, they cherished the hope of one day reasserting the primacy of Minamoto authority among the military of the land.
		In comparison with the Kamakura shogunate and the later Edo or Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867), the Ashikaga shogunate was a weak ruling institution.
		By the late 19th century the most widely held contention was that, since Daigo II had never freely abdicated, the Southern court was legitimate during its existence from 1336 until 1392.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/ashikaga-takauji (1777 words)

	Reconstructing History — Japanese Historical Clothing Research
		The early Heian Period (specifically 894) saw the end of diplomatic relations with China and the growth of a native style in art, architecture, writing and fashion.
		The Heian Period was succeeded by an era of warring clans and political/military power.
		The shogunate became more and more influenced by the soft Court life and and eventually, all out war ensued over a succession dispute.
	www.reconstructinghistory.com /japanese/briefhistory.html (1044 words)

	Kamakura
		Shogun was a represent of Samurai and had a vast land as his property.
		Moreover, an Imperial prince was chosen as a shogun by the Hojo.
		Many Gokenin were not satisfied with the shogunate controlled by Hojo after a battle between Mongolian troops and Japanese force because Gokenins were in great need and the Kamakura shogunate did not cope with the situation.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/japan/kamakura/kamakura-p.html (1196 words)

	Edo Period
		When the Tokugawa shogunate took power in 1603, a period of peace and economic prosperity began.
		In the late 17th century the first fl and white woodblock prints were created.
		And when the first polychrome prints were produced around 1765, the period of classical Ukiyo-e was born.
	www.ukiyo-e-auction.com /ukiyo-history/edo_period.asp (122 words)

	Warring States Japan
		Neither the shogun nore the emperor had enough power to restrict or control the feudal houses (daimyo), which by 1467 had grown to almost 260 in number.
		It looked increasingly like war would break out right in the shogun's capital, and the Yoshimasa realized that if such a war broke out, the entire country would plunge into war because the shogun, occupied with a war in his own capital, would be seen as powerless to control regional conflicts.
		The shogun declared Yoshimi to be a rebel and the Onin War then became a clash between the shogun (supported by Hosokawa) and the shogun's brother (supported by Yamana).
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/TOKJAPAN/WARRING.HTM (1027 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Shinsengumi
		The Shinsengumi (Japanese: æ—°é¸çµ or æ—°æ’°çµ) were a special police force of the late shogunate period.
		After Japan opened up to the West in the 1860s due to U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry's visits, sentiment towards the Tokugawa shogunate grew negative while citizens longed for the return to power of the emperor.
		In response, the Aizu clan, with the shogunate, hired some of the greatest swordsmen of Edo and masterless samurai in Kyoto to protect itself and counteract those who supported the emperor against the Tokugawa shogunate.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Shinsengumi (1254 words)

	East Bay Kenyukai: What is Kendo?
		During the late Muromachi Period (1336-1568) and stretching on into the Tokugawa Period (1600-1868), the study of the sword was institutionalized in around 200 different schools of kenjutsu.
		The late 18th century saw the development of kendo protective equipment and shinai, which greatly reduced the risk of injury while practicing with bokuto and live blades.
		Kendo suffered a temporary decline with the Meiji Restoration (1868) as the wearing of swords in public was outlawed and the samurai class abolished.
	www.geocities.com /eastbaykenyukai/kendo.html (507 words)

	ArtLex on Art of the Edo Period or Era
		The period began when the warlord Tokugawa Ieyasu took control of Japan, established his shogunate capital and started shaping the country to his will.
		The late Edo period was an urban moment; Tokyo in the 18th century was the largest city in the world.
		Noh robe (Nuihaku), Edo period (1615-1868), second half of the 18th century, silk embroidery and gold leaf on satin, height 61 1/4 inches (155.6 cm), width at sleeves 21 1/8 inches (53.7 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/e/edo.html (500 words)

	UK-JAPAN HISTORY PROJECT: 1600-2000
		From the late nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries, Japan's military activities in East Asia rested on its cooperation with England which exercised enormous power in the region.
		Failing to obtain British cooperation to educate its officers, however, the Shogunate turned to France and invited French military instructors and switched to mimicking the French army.
		The initial purpose of Japanese militarization in the early Meiji period was to suppress the rebellious warrior class, the former samurai who had lost their exclusive privilege to fight.
	users.ju.edu /jclarke/wizzt.html (1933 words)

	•••Edo Period••• (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		At the start of the Edo period, the shogunate gained control of the government with an intention to bringing peace and stability to the country.
		One of the main themes of this period was the repressive policies of the shogunate and the
		In the early years of this period some of Japan's finest expressions in painting and architecture were produced.
	www.bridgewater.edu /~dhuffman/soc306/f02grp6/edo.html (294 words)

	SHOGUNS IN FEUDAL JAPAN
		A shogun is a title given to the military dictator who ruled Japan between the 12th and 19th centuries.
		This period was the last bloody part of Japanese history before unification was reached.
		It was the longest period of peace and prosperity in Feudal Japan.
	www.fordhamprep.com /socstud/Japanshogun/MainPage.htm (1117 words)

	No. 465: "Press On" - By Randy Cohen - Slate Magazine
		Edo's development into a city did not occur until the Tokugawa period (1603-1867)—some cities are just late bloomers; it doesn't mean there's anything wrong with them—when it became the capital of the Tokugawa shogunate.
		During this period, however, the imperial family remained in Kyoto, so I guess the joke was on Edo (or "Stalingrad" or "Leningrad").
		With the Meiji Restoration of 1868, which ended the shogunate, the capital was moved to Edo ("The Eternal City"), so it all worked out fine, as it usually does, so there's no sense getting yourself all worked up over things you can't change.
	www.slate.com /id/88063 (981 words)

	East Asian Collection IUB: Subject Bibliography: History -- Tokugawa Period, 1600-1868
		The Mito ideology : discourse, reform, and insurrection in late Tokugawa Japan, 1790-1864.
		Mito Yashiki : a tale of old Japan ; being a feudal romance descriptive of the decline of the Shogunate and of the downfall of the power of the Tokugawa family.
		Palaeopathological and Palaeoepicemiological Study of Osseous Syphilis in skulls of the Edo Period.
	www.indiana.edu /~libeast/edohist.html (892 words)

	Morgan Stanley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		But since the recent increase in auto incentives were in large part aimed at clearing remaining 2002 models ahead of the start of the 2003 model year, some reduction in incentive levels is likely in the next couple months, at which point we could see a more significant correction in sales.
		October fed funds futures were off 3 ticks on the week to a rate of 1.68%, pricing in about a 30% chance of a rate cut at the September FOMC meeting, while the December contract dropped two ticks to price in a slightly greater than 50% chance of a move by year end.
		The former is mainly the middle-age tier, or core of the current labor forces, that purchased homes in the bubble period or later, and the latter is mainly retirees who acquired homes before the bubble period, benefited from rapid growth of the economy, and have already paid off home loans.
	www.morganstanley.com /GEFdata/digests/20020826-mon.html (6687 words)

	New from Japan: Anime Film Reviews
		This story takes place during the traumatic collapse of the 250-year Shogunate period (1601-1868), which occurred between the visit of Commodore Perry's fleet in 1853 to open Japan forcibly to world trade, and 1868 when the emperor was restored.
		Set in 1879, it tells the adventures of a group of teens who gather around Kenshin, a rurouni (ronin; vagabond samurai) in his late twenties on a self-imposed pilgrimage of redemption.
		Kenshin's failed attempt to escape into a peaceful life as a farmer, and his resolution to die in battle against the Shogun's agents, move forward with a growing inevitability which portends an unalterable fate.
	www.awn.com /mag/issue5.10/5.10pages/pattenanime2.php3 (788 words)

	Kamakura period - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By the early thirteenth century, a regency had been established for the shogun by his maternal grandparents or grandson(Yoriie) of Hōjō Tokimasa (北条時政) —members of the Hōjō family (北条氏), a branch of the Taira that had allied itself with the Minamoto in 1180.
		Under the Hōjō, the bakufu became powerless, and the shogun, often a member of the Fujiwara family or even an imperial prince, was merely a figurehead.
		The Hōjō forces easily won the war, and the imperial court was brought under direct bakufu control.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kamakura_Period (2051 words)

	HakuBaikou.com
		According to the report, he made a tremendous effort to block the thrust, but his reaction was just too slow, too late." Hokusai relished seeing Katsura's expression become more strained as he pictured the gruesome details of Battousai's death.
		It was late afternoon when Saito walked into the restaurant, pausing in the doorway to look for Okita.
		He died on September 24, 1877, when he chose to be beheaded after having unsuccessfully led a force of samurai against the Meiji government when their rice stipends were eliminated.
	www.hakubaikou.com /contributors/tlm/kyuushutsu07.html (12472 words)

	Review Sheet 4: : Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
		How did the economy of the early Tokugawa period differ from that of the late Tokugawa period?
		shogun =(shorten form of "Sei i tai shogun" meaning "barbarian-quelling generalissimo") term meaning "generalissimo"
		Kamakura and Ashikaga were both periods in which a shogun ruled through a bakufu government
	www.loyno.edu /~gerlich/124rs4.html (693 words)

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