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Topic: Latent heat flux

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	Latent Heat Flux (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The LHF is one of the two dominant components of the air-sea energy exchange.
		LHF first occurs as a tranfer of water vapor from the ocean to the atmosphere, also called evaporation.
		LHF by transfering water from the ocean to the atmosphere is also part of the hydrological cycle.
	www.icess.ucsb.edu /esrg/lh/latent_heat_flux.html (348 words)

	Heat Fluxes & the Energy Balance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus, a positive sensible heat flux indicates the dominant flow of energy between the air and the surface is away from the surface and towards the air.
		If sensible heat flux is negative, the dominant direction of energy flow is from the air to the surface; this means that the air is loosing energy and the surface of the earth is gaining energy.
		If sensible heat flux is positive, the dominant direction of energy flow is from the earth's surface to the air; this means the air is gaining energy and the surface of the earth is loosing energy.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/lemke/geog101/miscellaneous/heat_fluxes.html (1732 words)

	6(c). Energy, Temperature, and Heat
		Heat is often defined as energy in the process of being transferred from one object to another because of the temperature difference between them.
		Heat Capacity - of a substance is the ratio of the amount of heat energy absorbed by that substance to its corresponding temperature rise.
		Specific Heat - is the heat capacity of a unit mass of a substance or heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (g) of a substance 1 degree Celsius.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/6c.html (506 words)

	Global Climate Animations
		The surface energy balance is the resultant of radiative components such as incoming and outgoing short-wave and long-wave radiation, and also non-radiative components such as sensible heating, latent heating, and the change in energy storage in water or substrate on land.
		Latent heat flux = energy that is stored in water vapor as it evaporates, a function of surface wetness and relative humidity.
		Positive values for sensible and latent heat flux represent energy moving towards the atmosphere, negative values represent energy moving away from the atmosphere.
	geography.uoregon.edu /envchange/clim_animations (651 words)

	Soil Heat Flux
		Soil heat flux is sometimes ignored because its magnitude is often small and the seasonal average is almost zero.
		A proper evaluation of the soil heat flux at the surface is needed for evaluating the fluxes of sensible and latent heat.
		Soil heat flux is commonly measured using a soil heat flux transducer (plate.) The soil heat flux transducer should be made as thin as possible and constructed of a material that does not absorb water and has a thermal conductivity that does not impede heat flow.
	snrs.unl.edu /agmet/408/instruments/soilheat.html (612 words)

	A Penman-Brutsaert model for wet surface evaporation
		It was found that the extreme flux events (positive and negative) in the heat flux signals contribute directly to the energy and spatial structure of the -1 power law.
		Central to the predictions of water vapor fluxes using the flux-variance approach is the similarity between heat and water vapor transport by the turbulent air flow.
		The latent heat flux was measured precisely with a large weighing lysimeter and the surface temperature by a thermal infrared transducer.
	www.env.duke.edu /people/faculty/katul/wave1.html (6784 words)

	Tropical Heat Budgets
		Net heat flux is downward, and varies from 20 to 120 Watts per square meter along the equator, with the highest heating in the east.
		The heat gained in the east is partly lost by mixing with cold upwelled water, and partly transported to the west by equatorial currents.
		The heat warms the air relative to other air at the same height in the atmosphere, which causes convection, which draws in more water vapor from the trade winds, which drives the trade winds and the Hadley circulation of the atmosphere.
	oceanworld.tamu.edu /resources/oceanography-book/heatbudgets.htm (746 words)

	SMMR, GOES-W VISSR Tropical Pacific surface thermal forcing parameters (Liu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Latent heat flux fields are derived from Nimbus-7 SMMR (Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer) data and the solar irradiance fields are derived from the visible radiance measurements from the GOES-W VISSR (Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer.)
		Monthly fields of latent heat flux and solar irradiance derived from satellite data were combined to estimate the surface thermal forcing on the tropical Pacific Ocean from 1980 to 1983.
		In the tropical ocean latent heat flux and surface solar irradiance are the two dominant variable components of surface thermal forcing.
	podaac.jpl.nasa.gov:2031 /DATASET_DOCS/heat_flux_liu.html (1053 words)

	7(j) Global Heat Balance: Introduction to Heat Fluxes
		Sensible heat flux is the process where heat energy is transferred from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere by conduction and convection.
		Latent heat flux moves energy globally when solid and liquid water is converted into vapor.
		Horizontal transfer of this heat energy from the equator to the poles is accomplished by ocean currents.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7j.html (436 words)

	Variability of the sea surface temperature
		Latent heat flux is minimum in March, when wind speed is low (Figure 3), and maximum in boreal autumn.
		This increase in latent heat release is related to the warm SST anomalies and higher wind speeds that occurred in the eastern Pacific during the 1987 El Niño.
		The uncertainties of the variability of heat fluxes should be smaller than the error in absolute flux because systematic errors in the observations and bulk formulae may cancel upon differencing.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /pubs/outstand/haye1160/surfaceh.shtml (1128 words)

	Glossary of Terms: L (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Latent heat flux is the global movement of latent heat energy through circulations of air and water.
		Atmospheric circulation moves latent heat energy vertically and horizontally to cooler locations where it is condensed as rain or is deposited as snow releasing the heat energy stored within it.
		For one gram of water, the amount of heat energy released is 540 calories at a temperature of 100° Celsius.
	www.geog.ouc.bc.ca /physgeog/physgeoglos/l.html (1706 words)

	Latent Heat Flux
		The exchange of moisture and heat across the air-sea interface exerts a strong influence on the atmospheric and oceanic circulations.
		We have developed a method for estimating the latent heat flux over the global oceans based on multi-sensor satellite observations (Jourdan and Gautier, 1994) and computed this flux for a seven year period (1988 to 1994).
		This moisture field has been combined with estimates of shortwave, longwave and sensible heat flux, to construct the net surface heat flux and with precipitation to construct the freshwater flux at the ocean's surface.
	www.crseo.ucsb.edu /esrg/IOM2/LHF.html (239 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		The standard error for instantaneous flux estimates is approximately 30 W m{sup -2}, and that for monthly averages decreases to 15 W m{sup -2}.
		The SSM/1-derived parameters, as well as the latent heat flux, are represented very well on the weathership M. During TOGA COARE and CEPEX, the near-surface humidity is sometimes systematically overestimated in the warm pool region, which results in an underestimation of the latent heat flux.
		Nevertheless, the representation of the latent heat flux is always in the range of the in situ measurements.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=588611 (348 words)

	Introduction
		The turbulent heat fluxes near the ground surface are strongly affected by the ability of the surface to redistribute the radiative energy absorbed from the sun and the atmosphere into sensible and latent heat.
		On a bare dry land, the absorption of this energy results in a relatively strong heating of the surface, which usually generates a strong turbulent sensible heat flux in the atmospheric surface layer and a large soil heat flux.
		Thus, latent heat flux is dominant even if the soil surface is dry, but as long as there is enough water available in the root zone and plants are not under stress conditions.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/avissa01/node1.html (783 words)

	Abstract - A model of blowing snow and its predictions for sensible and latent heat flux perturbation in blowing snow ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In this process, the latent heat needed to maintain the sublimation of blowing snow particles can be obtained from three sources: sensible heat diffusing down from above into the blowing snow layer, cooling of the air, plus the blowing snow particles, and solar radiation absorbed by the particles (usually a relatively small term).
		The models predict that the sensible and latent heat fluxes have opposite signs under typical conditions, as we expected.
		The heat flux perturbations associated with sublimation of blowing snow decrease with fetch or time since the process is self-limiting due to reduced sublimation with increased relative humidity.
	hydrology.princeton.edu /~sdery/publicationfiles/egs99.html (300 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The intraseasonal amplitude of SST is mainly determined by the intraseasonal amplitude of total surface heat flux (Qtot), which is the largest in Case I and the smallest in Case IV.
		In consequence, the MJO part of total buoyancy flux is mainly controlled by latent heat flux and evaporation and its amplitude and phase relative to winstress (tau) are the same in all cases.
		Intraseasonal variation in SST is completely determined by surface heat fluxes, which varies from case to case because of the relative phasing between solar radiation flux and latent heat flux.
	orca.rsmas.miami.edu /~czhang/MJOPWP/Ideal_results.html (417 words)

	Modification of Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Storm Environment
		The heat generated by the atmospheric radiative forcing of the surface is dissipated by the turbulent flux and thermal radiation.
		The turbulent flux itself is partitioned between sensible (dry) and latent (moist) heat flux; the relative partitioning is strongly controlled by vegetation and soil moisture.
		Sensible heat flux is relatively less efficient than latent heat flux in dissipating heat; when there are (soil moisture) controls on evapotranpiration, the greater partitioning to sensible heat flux results in a rise of ground temperature.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/entek00/node6.html (497 words)

	[No title]
		Latent Heat Flux at the surface for August 1997.
		Figures 1-2 display the August 1997 monthly average of the latent and sensible heat fluxes at the surface.
		Sensible Heat Flux at the surface for August 1997.
	www.atmos.umd.edu /~berbery/gcip/gewexnews.html (1168 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		During the afternoon, the atmosphere becomes unstable and wind speeds increase; consequently, turbulent heat transfer to the air is increased and latent and sensible heat fluxes increase.
		Latent heat flux is thus related to net all-wave radiation and is suppressed by the flow of humid air from the lake.
		Storage Heat Flux Storage heat flux is not easily measured, and cannot be estimated based on existing information because it is very sensitive to wetlands conditions such as vegetation and water supply.
	www.iitap.iastate.edu /gcp/portfolio/spring97/HOLD/unknown (12305 words)

	Qu et al., 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The changes in sensible heat fluxes and, especially, the changes in the latent heat fluxes are not linearly related to the change of temperature.
		Theoretically, the nonlinear relationship between air temperature and the latent heat flux is evident and due to the convex relationship between air temperature and saturation vapor pressure.
		However, the results from the Cabauw sensitivity experiments show that the increase of the latent heat flux in the +2-K experiment is smaller than the decrease of the latent heat flux in the -2-K experiment (we refer to this as the asymmetry).
	climate.envsci.rutgers.edu /robock/quabs.html (315 words)

	Lab Instructions: Surface Energy and Water Balance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		LHF is the latent heat flux, or heat transferred by evaporation or condensation of water.
		SHF is heat transfer by conduction - when substances at different temperatures are in contact with one another, molecules of the warmer substance transfer their kinetic energy to the molecules of the colder substance by colliding with them.
		LHF is heat transferred by evaporation of water from the surface.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~visbeck/csss/lab/balance_f01_rev.htm (3279 words)

	Sensible and Latent heat flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sensible heat flow (like soil heat flow) takes some time to appear at the higher elevations and thus there is a time lag for max temps at higher levels (but not as much a lag as for soil) (Fig.
		Effect of sensible (and other) fluxes on the temperature profiles of the air (under non- windy and non-cloudy conditions) is shown in Fig 2.14).
		There are several ways to measure the turbulent fluxes and even more ways to measure the latent heat flux.
	www.unc.edu /courses/2003spring/geog/114/001/sensible.htm (437 words)

	Veroeffentlichung
		The domain averages of fluxes obtained by the simulations with heterogeneous land use were subtracted from the fractionally weighted domain averages of the simulations with a homogeneous coverage by sand or grass, respectively.
		This means an increase of the latent heat-flux for the northern and southern sand patches and a decrease of the eastern and western sand patches as compared to the case of a homogeneously grass-covered domain.
		In the heterogeneous case, the latent heat-flux of the grass patches is greater at the edges and smaller in the middle, compared to the homogeneous latent heat-flux of grass.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /~molders/BAND9/band9.htm (6200 words)

	Inputs
		The heat flux used here is therefore calculated from the atmospheric sensors on board cruise EL9905 using Beardsley et al.
		The effects of a strong wind event during May 19-21 (Figure 6 a) on the heat flux are characterized by a reduction of the short wave radiation (Figure 6 c).
		During the second reverse wind event (May 23-24) a significant increase in the latent and sensible components (Figure 6 d,e) compensates for the reduction of short-wave radiation.
	www.opnml.unc.edu /Pubs/Aretxabaleta/GB/GB_article_html/node11.html (565 words)

	NOAA OGP Programs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The heat flux and radiation data were subsequently averaged (15 and 30 minute intervals) for all 51 days.
		Also, latent heat flux values depended upon output from the sonic anemometer which is used (in part) to measure sensible heat flux values.
		While the NOAH modeled and observed latent heat fluxes follow the same temporal pattern, it was not uncommon for the modeled latent heat flux curve to reach its peak value earlier than the observed.
	www.ogp.noaa.gov /mpe/gapp/abstr/2001/basara_2003.html (2617 words)

	Energy balance on a New Zealand glacier
		These sources are: the net incoming radiation, the latent heat flux, the sensible heat flux of air, and the sensible heat flux of rain falling on the ice.
		Throughout the year there was similarity between the amount of net radiation and the latent heat flux, however the net radiation was a larger heat source.
		The latent heat flux occurs mainly by the condensation of water vapour onto the ice; the higher the air’s dewpoint is above 0°C, the larger this flux.
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap05/glacier.html (303 words)

	Latent heat flux - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Latent heat flux is the flux of heat from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere that is associated with evaporation of water at the surface and subsequent condensation of water vapor in the troposphere.
		It is an important component of Earth's surface energy budget.
		National Science Digital Library - Latent Heat Flux
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Latent_heat_flux (95 words)

	IUGG 2003 Scientific Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Though it was difficult to globally monitor latent heat flux over the ocean for many years, the situation is rapidly changing by the use of satellite data.
		Since a bulk formula is used to estimate turbulent heat flux using satellite data, we need wind speed, sea surface temperature and specific humidity data.
		Latent heat flux data sets derived from satellite data such as J-OFURO, HOAPS and GSSTF are available at present.
	www.olympus.net /IAPSO/abstracts03/JSP09/03/016422-1.html (302 words)

	Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A method of determining ocean-atmosphere latent heat flux using the SSM/1 (Special sensor Microwave/Imager) and the AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) is presented and evaluated.
		The latent heat flux is then computed with a stability dependent bulk parameterization model.
		The derived fluxes are compared to globally distributed instantaneous shipboard and buoy measurements and to monthly averages of 2° x 2° longitude and latitude bins.
	www.mpimet.mpg.de /en/web/science/rep_abstract.php?id=181 (201 words)

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