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Topic: Later Han Dynasty

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	Han Dynasty
		During the Han Dynasty, China officially became a Confucian state and prospered domestically: extending its political and cultural influence over Vietnam, Central Asia, Mongolia, and Korea before it finally collapsed under a mixture of domestic and external pressures.
		The western-eastern Han convention is used nowadays to avoid confusion with the Later Han Dynasty[?] of the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms though the earlier nomenclature was used in traditional historical texts like Si-ma Guang's Zi Zhi Tung Jian[?].
		The beginning of the Han Dynasty can be dated either from 206 BC when the Qin dynasty crumbled or 202 BC when Liu Bang killed Xiang Yu, the leader of a competing rebellion that sought to re-instate the Zhou dynasty aristocracies.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ea/East_Han.html (1155 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Han Dynasty - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Han Dynasty was ruled by the prominent family known as the Liu clan.
		The reign of the Han Dynasty, lasting 400 years, is commonly considered within China to be one of the greatest periods in the entire history of China.
		The western-eastern Han convention is currently used to avoid confusion with the Later Han Dynasty of the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms although the former-later nomenclature was used in history texts including Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Han_dynasty (2692 words)

	Han Dynasty - ninemsn Encarta
		Han Dynasty, Chinese dynasty (206 bc-ad 220), founded by Liu Bang (later Gao Zu) a humble soldier of fortune who became duke of Pei, later prince of Han, and subsequently (206 bc) emperor of China.
		The Han expanded south of the Yangzi, absorbing land almost to China's modern borders, and planting colonies in Annam.
		Liu Xiu (later Guangwudi), the 15th Han emperor, re-established the dynasty as the Later (or Eastern) Han (ad 25-220), and moved the capital to Luoyang (Lo-yang) in Henan (Ho-nan) Province.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568711/Han_Dynasty.html (570 words)

	Han Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		During this time, the dynasty's goal was to relieve the society of harsh laws, wars, and conditions from both the Qin, external threats from nomads, and early internal conflicts within the Han court.
		Han court officials who attempted to strip lands out of the landlords faced such enormous resistance that their policies would never be put in to place.
		Prestige of a newly founded dynasty during the reigns of the first three emperors was barely able to hinder the corruption; however Confucian scholar gentry turned against eunuchs for their corrupted authorities, while consort clans and eunuchs struggled for power in subsequent reigns.
	www.newlenox.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Han_dynasty (2414 words)

	Han Dynasty :: China
		During the Han Dynasty, China officially became a Confucian state and prospered domestically: agriculture, handicrafts and commerce flourished, and the population reached 50 million.
		The western-eastern Han convention is used nowadays to avoid confusion with the Later Han Dynasty of the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms although the former-later nomenclature was used in history texts including Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian.
		The Han dynasty, after which the members of the ethnic majority in China, the "people of Han," are named, was notable also for its military prowess.
	han-dynasty.org.ru (520 words)

	South China under the Later Han Dynasty, Rafe de Crespigny Publications, Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU
		Han shu records that the people of the Yangzi region believed in mediums and spirits, that they followed "wrongful customs and evil ceremonies", and the celebrated administrators of south China were regularly concerned with matters of schooling, parental guidance and mourning rites, and also with direct attack upon local cults.
		During Later Han, primarily for the purposes of administrative organisation and control, roads were built into and through the mountain country between the rivers, so that Lingling was connected in the north with the upper reaches of the Yuan River in western Wuling, and southeast with Guiyang commandery.
		Such a development under Later Han may be observed even in the affairs of peace, for in a subsistence economy the great landed families could bind their tenants to their interests by rent and usury, they could hire retainers, and they could afford the luxury of education, the route to office in the government.
	www.anu.edu.au /asianstudies/decrespigny/south_china.html (14202 words)

	Ancient China: The Later Han, 25-220 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		When Wang Mang tried to create a new dynasty, the Hsin ("New") dynasty, from within the Han dynasty, his central concern was addressing the severe inequities in wealth and property that had grown up between the classes in China.
		As in the Former Han, a strong centralized government was restored and powerful reforms were instituted in the early years of the Later Han; these reforms led to an astonishing recovery of a population that had been devastated by war and famine.
		The Former Han had fallen at the hands of the peasant Red Eyebrows society; the Later Han perished under the weapons of the Yellow Turbans, a new-Taoist secret society based in eastern China.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/CHEMPIRE/LATERHAN.HTM (494 words)

	All Empires - The Han Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Han Gaozu ruled for less than a decade, and his main contributions were to consolidate the dynasty.
		From the middle of the Eastern Han era onwards, the dynasty began to decline.
		The later Han emperors were all puppets, and the puppet-masters were the mighty warlords, Dong Zhuo and later Cao Cao.
	www.allempires.com /empires/han/han1.htm (1111 words)

	Emperor Guangwu of Han Summary
		The Chinese emperor Kuang-wu-ti (6 BC-AD 57) was the founder of the Later Han dynasty.
		Following the usurpation of the Han throne by Wang Mang and the ensuing civil war during the disintegration of Wang's short-lived Xin Dynasty, he emerged as one of several descendants of the fallen dynasty claiming the imperial throne.
		Later, in 24, while he was on his expedition north of the Yellow River, he entered into a political marriage with Guo Shengtong (郭聖通), the niece of a regional warlord, Liu Yang (劉楊) the Prince of Zhending.
	www.bookrags.com /Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han (5409 words)

	Han Dynasty - RSCI, The Science Classification Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Han Dynasty (Traditional Chinese characters: 漢朝, Simplified Chinese characters: 汉朝, pinyin Hàncháo 202 BCE - 220 CE) followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China.
		The beginning of the Han Dynasty can be dated either from 206 BCE when the Qin dynasty crumbled or 202 BCE when Xiang Yu committed suicide.
		After 200 years, Han rule was interrupted briefly during 9 CE-24 by Wang Mang, a reformer and a member of the landholding families.
	www.scindex.org /Han_Dynasty.html (1994 words)

	chinhan.html
		During the period of the Ch'in and Han Dynasties, China went from their old quasi-feudal multi-state system to a centralized bureaucratic government, which ultimately built an empire stretching from Vietnam to the steppes.
		His dynasty was one of China's longest and most successful — the reason why 95% of Chinese now call themselves the Han people and the written language of Chinese is known as Han writing (the word "China," an outsider's name, comes from the Ch'in).
		As was the case with the Eastern Chou dynasty, the Later Han emperors also moved the capital to Loyang, an easy-to-defend area strategically placed on a tributary of the Yellow river.
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/chinhan.html (2998 words)

	The han dynasty of ancient china.
		It is because of this brief overthrowing of the dynasty that it is split into two eras, the Former (Western) Han and the Later (Eastern) Han.
		The Later Han dynasty lasted until 220 AD and was followed by four centuries of rule by regional warlords.
		The whole of the Han dynasty was regarded as one of military excellence and political and cultural expansion.
	ks.essortment.com /handynastyofa_rndn.htm (948 words)

	Later Han Dynasty/Period of Disunion/Reestablishment of the Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		As it was under the Earlier Han dynasty, the centeral government was weakened by infant emperors' mothers being appointed to leadership roles.
		With the help of the court eunuchs, the later emperors were able to get rid of this problem, but at the price of giving the eunuchs power equal to the mothers.
		It wasn't until 215 that the great Han general, Ts'ao Ts'ao, was able to calm the rebellious attitude.
	library.thinkquest.org /12255/library/dynasty/laterHan.html (165 words)

	Ancient China: The Former Han, 206 BC-25 AD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		For all that, the Han were actually two dynasties, but since the second dynasty was founded by a relative of the first, they are considered a single dynasty.
		In Han government, the emperor was the supreme ruler; all authority resided ultimately in the emperor.
		Han Wu Ti Perhaps the greatest and most powerful of the Han emperors was Han Wu Ti, who came to power in 141 BC at the age of sixteen and ruled for fifty-four years, the second longest reign in Chinese history.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/CHEMPIRE/FORMHAN.HTM (1115 words)

	Cities
		In the Later Han Dynasty, it was the capital for the nation for a short period of time when Dong Zhuo moved here after burning Luoyang.
		Luoyang was the capital of the Later Han Dynasty.
		Later on when Liu Bei seized control of Xuzhou, Guan Yu was assigned to defend Xiapi but had no choice but to surrender to Cao Cao when the city was lost.
	www.3kingdoms.net /cities.htm (1596 words)

	Discovery Channel - Template Heading
		It was split into two periods: the Former Han Dynasty which lasted from 206 BC to 8 AD, and the Later Han Dynasty which ruled from 25 to 220 AD.
		During the Later Han Dynasty, the economy, education and science thrived.
		The Han Dynasty was finally weakened by political rivalry and corruption.
	www.discoverychannel.co.uk /ancient_china/dynasties/han/index.shtml (268 words)

	Decline of the Han Dynasty
		The Han Dynasty's economic recovery begun by Emperor Guang Wu continued under his son, Emperor Ming.
		The decline of the Later Han Dynasty accelerated toward the end of 2nd century, yet the Chinese government took no effective measures to control the disintegration of its empire.
		Shu Han in the south, Wu in the west and Wei in the north.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C02/E0203.htm (3554 words)

	First Division: The Imperial Annals
		The practise of enfeoffing a descendant of a supplanted dynasty to carry on the ancestral sacrifices of that dynasty is itself Confucian and this practise is recorded in the Confucian Classics as having been performed by the founders of the Chou dynasty.
		The Han dynasty located its capital near the destroyed Ch'in capital; the last Ch'in ruler surrendered his insignia and authority to the Eminent Founder of the Han dynasty; the latter accordingly assumed that he took over the Ch'in dynasty's power of water, whose color is fl.
		The Han dynasty was now given the virtue of fire, which was supported by the story of the Eminent Founder being the son of the Red Lord (1 A: 7a).
	jefferson.village.virginia.edu /~spw4s/xwomen/hanshu/hanshuChapterXIII.xml (18190 words)

	Staples High School--Research--Social Studies--Chinese Dynasty Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The dynasty was founded by a peasant warrior, Liu Bang (or Liu Qi), who rebelled against the Qin dynasty and, after defeating the other rebels, assumed the title of emperor and established his capital at Chang'an.
		Han rule was interrupted when an imperial minister, Wang Mang, seized the throne and established the Xin (Hsin) dynasty.
		Han dealings with barbarian neighbors, as well as subsequent Chinese relations with these peoples, were conducted within the tribute system.
	www.stapleshigh.net /research/china_dynasties/han.html (816 words)

	Han, Chinese dynasty
		Han, dynasty of China that ruled from 202 B.C. to A.D. Liu Pang, the first Han emperor, had been a farmer, minor village official, and guerrilla fighter under the Ch'in dynasty.
		Under Liu Pang and the succeeding Han emperors the task of unification begun by the Ch'in was carried further.
		The pyramidal bureaucracy of Ch'in administration was retained, and the Han period saw the beginnings of one of the distinguishing features of the Chinese educational and state system, the recruiting of members of the bureaucracy through civil service examinations.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0822594.html (374 words)

	Han Dynasty -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Han emphasized the strength and nobility of the horses of the Tang empire by using a tautly controlled line and compositions of great clarity.
		The four-century-long Han rule is divided into two periods: the Earlier or Western Han and the Later or Eastern Han.
		Han Kao Tsu called for the services of men of talent, not only to restore the destroyed classics but to serve as officials in the government.
	0-www.britannica.com.library.unl.edu /eb/article-9039094 (891 words)

	Han Dynasty
		The Han rulers inheriting the unified territory of the Qin laid the foundations of a social organization and promoted intellectual inquiries that were to serve as casting molds for all future dynasties to come.
		This new Han capital was a marvel of the ancient world as it was the home of two enormous palace complexes (forbidden palace), each 130 acres and linked by a covered guarded pathway.
		During the first Han dynasty, the ruler was always seen as the pivot of cosmic harmony, but disillusionment about the weakness of their rulers and the influence of the power hungry court eunuchs led scholars, officials, wealthy landowners and even vassal state clans to conspire against the Han court.
	www.thejadetrade.com /ian/p15a.html (1862 words)

	Han Dynasty
		In 206 BC, when Han dynasty was founded, China stretched from modern Shenyang (some 500 km north of Beijing) in the north to around Guilin in the south; from the Pacific in the east to well past Chongqing in the west.
		He had been part of the Han royal household; he himself, however, was a commoner and had no royal blood in his veins.
		The later Han were able to keep it together for about 200 years; however, towards the end of their rule, they become more and more dissolute.
	www.chinatownconnection.com /han-dynasty.htm (623 words)

	Imperial Eras
		The Han rulers modified some of the harsher aspects of the previous dynasty; Confucian ideals of government, out of favor during the Qin period, were adopted as the creed of the Han empire, and Confucian scholars gained prominent status as the core of the civil service.
		The Han rulers, however, were unable to adjust to what centralization had wrought: a growing population, increasing wealth and resultant financial difficulties and rivalries, and ever-more complex political institutions.
		The collapse of the Han dynasty was followed by nearly four centuries of rule by warlords.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/imperial.html (968 words)

	Chinese History - Han Dynasty æ¼¢ (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		Eastern Han æ±æ¼¢ or Later Han å¾æ¼¢ (25-220)
		Wang Mang çè½ tried to replace the Han Dynasty but his reforms to shape an ideal Confucian government failed, and the Han Dynasty was restored as Eastern Han.
		The fundaments of both of the Wang Mang and Eastern Han administration were shaken by large peasant uprisings with religious backgrounds (Red Eyebrows èµ¤ç, Yellow Turbans é»å·¾, Five-Pecks-of-Grain Sect äº”æ——ç±³é“), the helm of government of Eastern Han was taken over my mighty warlords that should divide the Han empire into three "kingdoms" (Sanguo ä¸å).
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Han/han.html (321 words)

	Han Dynasty (206 B.C.–220 A.D.) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		After the civil war that followed the death of Qin Shihuangdi in 210 B.C., China was reunited under the rule of the Han dynasty, which is divided into two major periods: the Western or Former Han (206 B.C.–9 A.D.) and the Eastern or Later Han (25–220 A.D.).
		The Western Han capital, Chang'an in present-day Shaanxi Province—a monumental urban center laid out on a north-south axis with palaces, residential wards, and two bustling market areas—was one of the two largest cities in the ancient world (Rome was the other).
		A generation later, China flourished again under the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 A.D.), which ruled from Luoyang, a new capital farther east in present-day Henan Province.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/hand/hd_hand.htm (657 words)

	Chinese History - The Xiongnu (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		Later, the Xiongnu aristocracy lived in small palaces, and their villages were protected by walls.
		The efforts of emperor Han Gaozu æ¼¢é«ç¥— to repell the Xiongnu were effortless and lead to a policy of "peacful approachment" (heqin å’è¦ª) that was in fact nothing else than the delivery of tributes by the Chinese to appease the "plundering instinct" of the nomads.
		The northern Xiongnu tribes were defeated in 89 AD by the Han generals Dou Xian ç«æ² and Geng Bing è¿ç§, and from now on the Xiongnu ceased to represent a military challenge for the Chinese empire.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Altera/xiongnu.html (882 words)

	[No title]
		When the city was hard pressed, and provisions were beginning to fail, they (the besieged) were anxious to increase the contributions, and to exhort the people to subscribe more for the army, but were unable to do so.
		As the Han Dynasty unfolded, the usage of figurines, maidens, soldiers, guardians, etc. all took of a life and beauty of their own.
		The Chinese interest in collecting rocks for religious or aesthetic purposes can be traced back to the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220) when Chinese connoisseurs began using large stones to decorate their gardens and courtyards.
	www.lycos.com /info/han-dynasty--miscellaneous.html (566 words)

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