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Topic: Lateral malleolus

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	Fibula - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On the lateral side is a thick and rough prominence continued behind into a pointed eminence, the apex (styloid process), which projects upward from the posterior part of the head.
		The prominence, at its upper and lateral part, gives attachment to the tendon of the Biceps femoris and to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint, the ligament dividing the tendon into two parts.
		The lateral surface is convex, subcutaneous, and continuous with the triangular, subcutaneous surface on the lateral side of the body.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fibula (1106 words)

	Untitled Normal Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The medial talar facet articulates with the medial malleolus and the lateral facet articulates with the lateral malleolus.
		Clearly, an isolated fracture of the lateral malleolus is biomechanically distinct from a bimalleolar fracture.
		This is considered to be evidence of the importance of the lateral malleolus in the maintenance of stability of the ankle.
	www.rcsed.ac.uk /fellows/lvanrensburg/classification/ankle/ankle.htm (3357 words)

	SURGICAL REPAIR OF CHRONIC LATERAL ANKLE INSTABILITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The remainder of peroneus brevis is sutured to peroneus longus.
		With the Evans procedure the tendon of peroneus brevis is detached from the musculotendinous junction and sutured to the muscle belly of peroneus longus.
		The peroneal tendons are retracted inferiorly and the lateral surface of the talus, calcaneus and lateral malleolus are exposed.
	podiatry.curtin.edu.au /encyclopedia/ankle (3583 words)

	III. Syndesmology. 7d. Talocrural Articulation or Ankle-joint. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The structures entering into its formation are the lower end of the tibia and its malleolus, the malleolus of the fibula, and the transverse ligament, which together form a mortise for the reception of the upper convex surface of the talus and its medial and lateral facets.
		Laterally, it is somewhat thickened, and is attached to the hollow on the medial surface of the lateral malleolus.
		This is obtained by a slight outward rotatory movement of the lower end of the fibula and a stretching of the ligaments of the syndesmosis; this lateral movement is facilitated by a slight gliding at the tibiofibular articulation, and possibly also by the bending of the body of the fibula.
	www.bartleby.com /107/95.html (1046 words)

	New York School Of Regional Anesthesia - Ankle Block
		The lateral branch of the deep peroneal nerve is directed anterolaterally, penetrates and innervates the extensor digitorum brevis muscle, and terminates as the second, third, and fourth dorsal interosseous nerves.
		It is positioned laterally and posteriorly to the posterior tibial artery, and midway between the posterior aspect of the medial malleolus and posterior aspect of the Achilles tendon.
		The sural nerve is a sensory nerve formed by the union of the medial sural nerve - a branch of the tibial nerve - and lateral sural nerve, a branch of the common peroneal nerve.
	www.nysora.com /techniques/basic/ankle/ankle.htm (2749 words)

	Ankle Arthroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The terminal branches of the superficial peroneal nerve are found laterally, the sural nerve and short saphenous vein lie posterior to the lateral malleolus.
		The anterior tibial artery, vein, and deep peroneal nerve are found lateral to the extensor hallucis longus, and the posterior tibial artery, vein, and nerve are found postero-medially within the tarsal tunnel between the long flexors of the toes and the hallux.
		Through this portal the following may be observed, the tip of the lateral malleolus, anterior talo-fibular ligament, occasionally the posterior talo-fibular ligament, the talo-fibular joint, the antero-lateral synovial wall, portions of the facet on the lateral aspects of the talus, the distal tibio-fibular articulation, and the tibio-fibular synovial fringe and recess.
	www.podiatry.curtin.edu.au /encyclopedia/anklearthroscopy (4313 words)

	eMedicine - Ankle Fracture : Article Excerpt by: Phillip M Steele, MD
		The ring involves the structures that surround the talus, which are composed of the tibial plafond, the medial and lateral malleoli, the deltoid ligaments, the calcaneus, and the intraosseous membrane.
		The medial complex consists of the medial malleolus, the medial facet of the talus, and the superficial and deep components of the deltoid ligament.
		The lateral complex consists of the distal fibula, the lateral facet of the talus, and the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle and subtalar joints.
	www.emedicine.com /sports/byname/ankle-fracture.htm (614 words)

	Tibia Details, Meaning Tibia Article and Explanation Guide
		The tibia articulates with the femur and patella superiorly, the fibula laterally and with the ankle inferiorly.
		Its lateral surface is convex, rough, and prominent in front: on it is an eminence, situated on a level with the upper border of the tuberosity and at the junction of its anterior and lateral surfaces, for the attachment of the iliotibial band.
		The lateral surface presents a triangular rough depression for the attachment of the inferior interosseous ligament connecting it with the fibula; the lower part of this depression is smooth, covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and articulates with the fibula.
	www.e-paranoids.com /t/ti/tibia.html (1225 words)

	Ankle Brace - Patent 4237874
		The ankle brace of claim 2 wherein: the area straddled by the medial stays encompassing the medial malleolus is located longitudinally forward of the area straddled by the lateral stays encompassing the lateral malleolus.
		Lateral stays 52 are spaced apart to straddle the area covering the lateral malleolus or that portion of the ankle bone that extends from the fibula as indicated at the area 53 in FIG.
		Lateral transverse support member 58 is fixed to the lateral upright support member 48 and base 24 in the same fashion that the medial transverse support member 55 is fixed to the medial upright support member 39 and base 24 whereby additional support is provided in the vicinity of the lateral malleolus.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4237874.html (2897 words)

	The key role of the lateral malleolus in displaced fractures of the ankle - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		The roentgenograms indicated that incomplete reduction of the lateral malleolus and a residual talar tilt were present.
		Fifty-three patients with bimalleolar fractures were treated by anatomically fixing the lateral malleolus with a four-hole plate.
		We concluded that the lateral malleolus is the key to the anatomical reduction of bimalleolar fractures, because the displacement of the talus faithfully followed that of the lateral malleolus.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/the_key_role_of_the_lateral_malleolus_in_displaced_fractures_of_the_ankle (175 words)

	Joints of the Ankle and the Foot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On the lateral side of the ankle there are three ligaments that attach the lateral malleolus to the talus and calcaneus.
		is a flat band that extends anteromedially from the lateral malleolus to the neck of the talus.
		The strong medial (deltoid) ligament tends to prevent overeversion of the foot; the weaker lateral ligaments (with the assistance of the fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis muscles) tend to prevent overinversion of the foot.
	www.geocities.com /medinotes/anklejnt.htm (1374 words)

	ANKLE ACUTE INJURIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The medial or deltoid ligament of the ankle (not shown) is a strong, fan shaped ligament extending from the medial malleolus anteriorly to the navicular and talus, inferiorly to the calcaneus and posteriorly to the talus.
		X-ray including A-P, lateral and at least one oblique view should be performed after ankle sprains in situations where instability is present or when acute bony tenderness is present on the malleoli or the medial or lateral dome of the talus.
		In the assessment of lateral ligament injuries, each of the three components of the ligament must be examined and the overall degree of instability determined.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/ankacuinj/ankacuinj.html (2542 words)

	[No title]
		Flexor hallucis longus m (1) loops behind the medial malleolus, under the sustentaculum tali inserting to the distal phalanx of the grt toe (2) tibial n (3) PF, Inv, grt toe flex c.
		Peroneus longus m (1) Loops around the lateral malleolus (2) cross obliquely, lateral to medial, inserting into the plantar surface of the 1st metatarsal and cuneiform (3) provides stability for the lateral long arch (4) superficial peroneal n (5) PF, Ev b.
		Peroneus tertius m (1) crosses anterior to lateral malleolus (2) deep peroneal n (3) DF, Ev (assistive due to small nature of muscle) B. Intrinsic MM of the foot (originate and insert distal to the ankle) by layers 1.
	www.clt.astate.edu /slesh/2342lp13.txt (804 words)

	Laguna Medical Systems
		The medial malleolus of the fibula and the lateral malleolus of the tibia surround the talus.
		There are actually two joints in the ankle: one joint between the distal fibula, its lateral malleolus, and the talus, and one between the medial malleolus of the tibia and the talus.
		Calcaneofibular ligament, extending from the apex of the lateral malleolus to the talus.
	www.lagunamedsys.com /edgearchive/feature111597.htm (2101 words)

	AO North America: Health Care & Medical Education - Orthopaedic, Craniomaxillofacial, Spine and Veterinary surgery
		Infrasyndesmotic lesion, with fracture of the medial malleolus
		Suprasyndesmotic lesion, diaphyseal fracture of the fibula, multifragmentary
		.3 with the fracture of the medial malleolus and a Volkmann (=Dupuytren)
	www.aona.com /longbone/44.asp (249 words)

	Radiology In Ped Emerg Med, Vol 3, Case 3
		The syndesmosis of the ankle joint normally causes an overlap of the medial aspect of the distal fibula and the lateral aspect of the distal tibia on this AP view.
		Therefore, subtle fractures involving either the lateral aspect of the distal tibia or the medial aspect of the distal fibula (i.e., between the tibia and fibula) may be difficult to visualize on this AP view alone because of the overlap.
		It is a common pitfall to miss a Salter Harris Type III fracture of the distal lateral tibia because it is obscured by the overlapping fibula.
	www.hawaii.edu /medicine/pediatrics/pemxray/v3c03.html (2542 words)

	Ski Trip 2000 - Doc's Ever-Changing Home Page - Ski - Vermont - Ankle Injury - X Rays - Surgery
		There is a transverse fracture of the medial and lateral malleolus and a fracture of the distal fibula.
		The lateral subluxation of the talus is associated with an avulsion of the medial malleolus.
		The displacement of the distal fragment of the fibula indicates disruption of the tibiofibular ligament.
	members.aol.com /beardog632/ankle.htm (976 words)

	Contribution of Individual Projections Alone and in Combination for Radiographic Detection of Ankle Fractures -- ...
		Lateral radiograph shows fractures of posterior and lateral malleoli, but medial malleolus fracture is not visible.
		For the 80 fractures of the lateral malleolus,
		For the 34 fractures of the posterior malleolus, observers
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/full/174/6/1691 (4564 words)

	Univ of Michigan - Gross Anatomy - Joints and Ligaments of the Lower Limb
		the articulation between the distal tibia, the medial malleolus of the tibia, the lateral malleolus of the fibula and the talus
		a ligament that connects the lateral malleolus of the fibula with the anterolateral surface of the talus
		a ligament that connects the lateral malleolus of the fibula with the posterolateral surface of the talus
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/anatomytables/joints_lowerlimb.html (1632 words)

	Radiology In Ped Emerg Med, Vol 3, Case 5
		When lateral views are shown, the heel is to the left of the image and the toes point toward the right on the image.
		The lateral view is positioned such that the heel is on the left and the toes are on the right.
		Impression: Comminuted fractures of the distal one-third of the fibula and tibia.
	www.hawaii.edu /medicine/pediatrics/pemxray/v3c05.html (1993 words)

	Closed reduction versus ORIF of displaced ankle fractures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Early internal fixation techniques emphasised stabilisation of the medial malleolus with screws, believing that the lateral malleolus contributed little to ankle stability.
		In 1977, Yablon published a group of biomechanical and clinical observations which led him to the conclusion that “the talus follows the lateral malleolus” and that the key manoeuvre in internal fixation of the ankle was accurate reduction and stable fixation of the lateral malleolus.
		Lateral malleolar displacement did, in these experiments, alter peak pressures and contact characteristics in the ankle, but by much less than that predicted by Ramsey and Hamilton.
	www.blackburnfeet.org.uk /hyperbook/trauma/ankle_fractures/closed_reduction_versus_orif.htm (1028 words)

	ANKLE INJURIES A SPRAINED PEDIATRIC ONCALL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In comparison to these lateral ligaments, the medial, deltoid ligament has a fair degree of elasticity and is much more resistant to tears.Most injuries also occur while the ankle joint is in plantar flexion rather than in dorsiflexion.
		It is a common pitfall to miss a Salter Harris Type III fracture of the distal lateral tibia because it is obscured by the overlapping fibula.b) Lateral view: On a true lateral view, the malleoli should be superimposed upon one another.
		To obtain a better view of the ankle mortise, the patient's leg must be internally rotated just enough so that the lateral malleolus (which is normally posterior to the medial malleolus), is on the same horizontal plane as the medial malleolus, and a line drawn through both malleoli would be parallel to the tabletop.
	www.pediatriconcall.com /FORDOCTOR/DiseasesandCondition/Ankle_Injuries.asp (2572 words)

	eMedicine - Ankle Fracture : Article by Phillip M Steele, MD
		Lateral malleolus injury (most common type of fracture involving the ankle) typically occurs with supination–external rotation forces.
		Posterior malleolus injury typically occurs with a supination-external rotation or a pronation-external rotation injury and represents avulsion of the posterior tibiofibular ligament from the posterior distal tibia.
		Begin palpation of the medial and lateral malleoli at the distal posterior margins because the incidence of a false-positive result is increased when palpating the anterior portions.
	www.emedicine.com /sports/topic4.htm (2937 words)

	MSP Lab 12/4 & 12/5 - The Lower Extremities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bony landmarks: medial and lateral condyles of femur and tibia.
		Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments: attach to intercondylar ridge of tibia and condyles of femur.
		Medial and lateral menisci: increase curvature of tibial surface.
	www.bol.ucla.edu /~jmandel/msp1/m7.html (742 words)

	Percutaneous intramedullary fixation of lateral malleolus fractures: ³ - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		Percutaneous intramedullary fixation of lateral malleolus fractures: ³
		In all patients the average time to full weight bearing was 6.8 weeks, whereas that in patients with isolated lateral malleolus fractures was 4.5 weeks.
		If reduction of the lateral malleolus fracture can be obtained in a closed fashion (with the aid of an image intensifier), we believe that fixation may be performed with an axial * screw percutaneously.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/percutaneous_intramedullary_fixation_of_lateral_malleolus_fractures_ (302 words)

	II. Osteology. 6c. 6. The Fibula. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		258, 259) is placed on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below.
		—The upper extremity is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia.
		—The body presents four borders—the antero-lateral, the antero-medial, the postero-lateral, and the postero-medial; and four surfaces—anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral.
	www.bartleby.com /107/62.html (1074 words)

	Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. Page 262 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Lower Extremity or Lateral Malleolus (malleolus lateralis; distal extremity; external malleolus).
		—The lower extremity is of a pyramidal form, and somewhat flattened from side to side; it descends to a lower level than the medial malleolus.
		262) presents in front a smooth triangular surface, convex from above downward, which articulates with a corresponding surface on the lateral side of the talus.
	www.bartleby.com /107/pages/page262.html (362 words)

	Tib Fib
		The medial malleolus is the inner ankle bone and the lateral malleolus is the outer ankle bone.
		The tip of each malleolus has a short ligament which attaches to the ankle bone like a corn-on-the-cob handle.
		The inward deviation of the ankle (medial malleolus going behind the lateral) seen in toddlers (toe in) normally and gradually reduces spontaneously by way of growth mechanisms which read the forces delivered by running, walking, skipping, kicking stuff and activity in general.
	www.pediatric-orthopedics.com /Topics/Bones/Tib_Fib/tib_fib.html (519 words)

	Reed Group - Guidelines Update 3rd Edition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fracture of the Medial Malleolus, Fracture of the Lateral Malleolus, Fracture of the Posterior Malleolus, Broken Ankle
		Fractures of the ankle describe injury to the medial and posterior tibia or the lateral fibula.
		Fractures of the talus are not included in the diagnosis "ankle fracture." The protruding areas on the sides of the tibia and fibula (medial and lateral malleolus) are most commonly injured.
	www.rgl.net /update1.asp (755 words)

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