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Topic: Lateral roots

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	Isolation of the new root mutant slr1 affecting lateral root formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In an effort to identify mutants with deficiencies in the formation and morphogenesis of roots we identified in the segregating F2 population of mutator MU tagged material a monogenic and recessive new root mutant (designated slr1 for short lateral roots) concerning lateral root formation.
		Lateral roots normally start to appear on all different root types (primary-, lateral seminal-, crown- and brace roots) at 6-7 days after root initiation.
		slr1 seedlings initiate lateral root growth at normal frequency compared to wildtype seedlings of the same age, however at reduced length as shown in the Figure.
	www.maizegdb.org /mnl/72/24hochholdinger.html (200 words)

	Gray's Anatomy - Development of the Nervous System - Yahooligans! Reference
		At a later stage the ventral part of the canal widens out, while the dorsal part is first reduced to a mere slit and then becomes obliterated by the approximation and fusion of its walls; the ventral part of the canal persists and forms the central canal of the adult medulla spinalis.
		The floor and lateral walls of the myelencephalon are thickened to form the medulla oblongata; its roof remains thin, and, retaining to a great extent its epithelial nature, is expanded in a lateral direction.
		Later, by the growth and backward extension of the cerebellum, the roof is folded inward toward the cavity of the fourth ventricle; it assists in completing the dorsal wall of this cavity, and is also invaginated to form the ependymal covering of its choroid plexuses.
	www.yahooligans.com /reference/gray/184.html (5982 words)

	The induction of mRNA from 18 kDa HSP genes in maize lateral roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The induction of mRNA from 18 kDa HSP genes in maize lateral roots
		The lateral roots were heat-shocked, fixed, and embedded in wax.
		These results confirm that in the primary root, the cells of the more mature tissues no longer respond to heat shock, but as a lateral root is initiated, the cells in the lateral root (meristematic cells) regain the ability to respond to heat shock.
	www.maizegdb.org /mnl/72/60yang.html (303 words)

	Structure of Roots
		Roots which have stopped growing have mature xylem vessels at their apex and may also have a suberised (metacutinized) root cap.
		Roots of this plant are sparsely colonised by VAM fungi (10% of root length).
		Roots that arise from the seminal root or adventitious roots.
	www.ffp.csiro.au /research/mycorrhiza/root.html (4137 words)

	John L. Celenza
		Lateral root formation is the primary way in which plants enlarge their root system and requires the coordination of many developmental processes including cell division, cell expansion and differentiation.
		Lateral roots arise from a subset of pericycle cells which then differentiate into a mature lateral root containing the same tissues found in the primary root.
		The alf1-1 mutation, an allele of rooty and sur1, causes hyperproliferation of lateral roots and adventitious roots because it overproduces IAA.
	www.bu.edu /biology/Faculty_Staff/celenza.html (566 words)

	Mycorrhizal Citations
		Inoculum of the fungus was uniformly mixed with the soil in root boxes, whereas in others, the soil was uninoculated to serve as a control.
		In each root system, the tap root axis was divided into 10-mm sections, where lateral roots remained intact, to evaluate the difference in lateral root development along the tap root.
		As for the root number, the effect was promotive for the 1st order lateral roots but inhibitive for the 2nd order ones, and as for the individual root length, inhibitive for the former but was not detected for the latter.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/1996/96_yano2.htm (234 words)

	Plant Physiology Online: The Development of Lateral Roots
		A plant rooted in the soil expands continuously into its surroundings by the formation of new roots and by root growth.
		The root is a heterotrophic organ, so lateral root formation and growth depend on photosynthesis in the aerial shoot.
		It was also shown that polar auxin transport from the shoot to the root tip (acropetal transport in the root) is important for development of already initiated primordia, whereas transport in the reverse direction (basipetal transport in the direction to the root base) is essential for LRP initiation.
	www.plantphys.net /article.php?ch=e&id=275 (2482 words)

	Orthopaedic Journal 1999
		Magerl [3] recommended that the screw entrance point be slightly medial and cranial to the posterior center of the lateral mass and the orientation of the screw be 20 to 30 degrees lateral and parallel to the adjacent facet.
		The area of the lateral mass is the part lateral to the lamina and between the inferior margins of the adjacent inferior facets (Fig.
		On the posterior aspect of the lateral mass, the mean distance is about 5.6 mm from the posterior center of the lateral mass to the projections of the spinal nerves, superiorly and inferiorly, for all levels [26].
	www.uphs.upenn.edu /ortho/oj/1999/html/oj12sp99p66.html (3422 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The excised portion of the lateral anulus is removed, and the nucleus is fenestrated with a tartar scraper or a 14- or 16-gauge spinal needle.
		The loose fascia is dissected from the lateral surface of the anulus, and a sharp tartar scraper or a 14 to 16-gauge needle is used to penetrate the anulus.
		A dorsolateral (18,28) or a lateral (8) approach to the thoracolumbar spine is used for the hemilaminectomy procedure.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /saortho/chapter_62/62mast.htm (12147 words)

	Identification and control of Seedling Diseases, Root Rot, and Rhizomania on Sugarbeet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Rhizomania, another root disease, was identified in southern Minnesota in 1996 and in one field in the RRV in 1997.
		On older seedlings, infected roots sometimes are stunted, with brown, sunken lesions on lateral roots and taproots (Figure 8).
		In Minnesota and North Dakota, root rot of sugarbeet is caused by Aphanomyces cochlioides and Rhizoctonia solani.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/rowcrops/pp1142-1.htm (3005 words)

	Mycorrhizal Citations
		On the Ist order lateral roots, regardless of the root length, it was evident that the frequency of the mycorrhizal colonies increased acropetally toward the root apex especially in the relatively aged roots that initiated on the proximal portion of tap root axis.
		In those lateral roots, the highest frequency of the mycorrhizal colony occurrence was recognized in the most apical part of the root, while many of relatively long colonies were found a little behind the root apex.
		These facts clearly showed that in the Ist order lateral roots, the distribution and growth of mycorrhizal colonies are closely related with their initiating positions along tap root axis.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/1996/96_yano1.htm (239 words)

	Where Are Tree Roots?
		Roots are illustrated showing the lateral roots ending at the branch dripline.
		Existence of a tap root appears to be dependent on the tree species, tree age, soil profile and whether the tree was grown in the field from seed or transplanted from a nursery container.
		During tree root growth trials in Florida and New Jersey, excavation of root systems revealed that tree roots grew beyond the branch drip line for all six species tested, but the lateral extent was species dependent.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /WO017 (648 words)

	Schnable Laboratory Project: Root Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The root system of maize includes several root types such as the embryonic primary and the seminal lateral roots that emerge from the scutellar node and the postembryonic shoot-borne crown and brace roots which make up the main backbone of the root system.
		The lrt1 mutant lacks all early postembryonic roots including the lateral roots associated with the primary and the seminal lateral roots, as well as the crown roots that arise from the coleoptilar node.
		The non-allelic root elongation slr1 and slr2 mutants are impaired in the elongation of the lateral roots that arise from the embryonic primary and seminal lateral roots.
	schnablelab.plantgenomics.iastate.edu /research/hypothesis/root.shtml (330 words)

	CCSD thèses-EN-ligne: ANCHORAGE MECHANICS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROOT SYSTEMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The anchorage of different types of root systems was investigated as well as the influence of several environmental factors on their development.
		It was shown that the rate of root axial development in both investigated species decreased with an increase in soil compaction whereas the lateral proliferation of their roots systems was not significantly affected by soil consistency.
		A temperature of around 15°C seemed to be optimal for the root elongation rate since the increase in axial length of the roots of both species was largest at this temperature.
	tel.ccsd.cnrs.fr /documents/archives0/00/00/34/54/index.html (796 words)

	Fo Ti Root (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The two major functions of roots are absorption and supply of water and inorganic nutrients to the plant, and its anchoring inthe ground.
		Roots will generally grow in any direction where the correct environment of air, nutrients and water exists that meets thatplant's needs.
		The primary root originates in the radicle of the seedling.
	www.cabaret-54.com /dust10989-fo%20ti%20root.html (355 words)

	ZMBP - General Genetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Root systems of terrestrial plants serve many important tasks among which anchorage as well as water and nutrient intake are the most important ones.
		In addition to several lateral root mutants which we have characterized previously we have recently identified a novel mutant rum1, which is specifically affected in the initiation of seminal roots and lateral roots in the primary root.
		In addition to the characterization of novel root mutants of maize and the cloning of the affected genes we are utilizing these specific mutants for high throughput microarray and proteome analyses.
	www.uni-tuebingen.de /genetics/hochh/hochh.htm (1333 words)

	RHIZOPON - Role of SHY2/IAA3 in lateral root development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		These mutants showed a myriad of shoot and root phenotypes and were later found to be the result of a gain-of-function mutation in one of the domains conserved among many AUX/IAA genes.
		The shy2-2 seedlings have short hypocotyls both in the dark and in the light, have upcurled leaves, flower early, have a slowed gravitropic response, slightly auxin-resistant root growth, a lateral root defect and decreased auxin regulated gene expression.
		We observed that shy2-2 seedlings produce increased number of lateral root primordia (LRP)compared to that of wild type seedlings in the presence or in the absence of auxin.
	www.rhizopon.nl /rootformation2004/edit.RoleofSHY2IAA3inlateralrootdevelopment.shtml (281 words)

	Congenitally Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors and Orthodontic Treatment Considerations for the Single-Tooth Implant
		In cases where the occlusion and esthetics of the canine in the lateral position are acceptable, closure of the lateral space by the mesially positioned canine may be the simplest alternative treatment option.
		When both laterals are congenitally absent, the occlusion may influence the amount of space required for the implant restoration and the proportional relationship between the central and lateral incisors.
		The roots of the teeth adjacent to the edentulous implant region must be parallel or slightly divergent to create sufficient bone for implant placement, and there must be sufficient space between the crowns to place and restore the implant.
	www.cda-adc.ca /jcda/vol-67/issue-1/25.html (1964 words)

	RHIZOPON - The role of auxin in the spatial distribution of lateral roots on the primary roots of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The role of auxin in the spatial distribution of lateral roots on the primary roots of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings
		In 10-day-old loblolly pine seedlings lateral root formation is very sensitive to low concentrations of exogenously applied auxin, and the organization of additional lateral root primordia (LRP) occurs within 24h of auxin application.
		LRP formation in loblolly pine seedlings occurs about 0.5-1.0 cm behind the root tip and is onfined to the vascular parenchyma just outside the 3-5 (most often 4) poles of primary vascular tissue in the root.
	www.rhizopon.nl /rootformation2004/edit.Theroleofauxininthespatialdistributionoflateralrootsontheprimaryrootsof.shtml (407 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Wundt (1874/1902/1904) Chapter 4
		Both the genetic and the later functional relations of the primary vesicle suggest that this tripartite division, like the development of the brain at large, is intimately connected with the development of the three anterior sense-organs.
		In the mammals, too, the lateral cavities of the mesencephalon (quadrigemina or bigemina) are lost; in all the lower vertebrates, from the fishes to the birds, they not only persist but develop prominences of cinerea upon their floor (Fig.
		Between the lateral halves of the septa is the cleft-like cavity just mentioned; it communicates posteriorly with the diacele, and is termed the pseudocele (cavum or ventriculus septi pellucidi).
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Wundt/Physio/chap4.htm (15420 words)

	PAG-XI-W302: TOWARDS A GENETIC DISSECTION OF ROOT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE: CONSEQUENCES OF ROOT GROWTH KINETICS AND ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We show that the pattern of lateral root initiation is obscured by variations of vascular structure among roots, genotypes and substrates and putatively by variations of root growth patterns.
		Root growth patterns differ by the level of time-independent (number of dividing cells in the meristem and/or length of cells leaving the elongation zone) and time-dependent (duration of cell cycle in the meristem and/or elongation rate profile in the elongation zone) components of the parent root growth.
		It appears that lateral root density and root growth rate might be independently modulated by appropriate changes of root growth patterns, in banana and presumably many other crops.
	www.intl-pag.org /11/abstracts/W48_W302_XI.html (291 words)

	Lateral root initiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lateral root primordia originate from the mature pericycle of the parent root.
		Several lateral root initation (lri) mutants were identified that showed significant increases in initiation under the repressive conditions.
		Therefore, these mutants are compromised in their ability to repress lateral root initation in response to an environmental cue.
	home.uchicago.edu /%7Ejmalamy/initiate.html (168 words)

	Lateral roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After the lateral root primordium is formed, it becomes a mature lateral root by a two stage process.
		This is characteristic of mature root elongation via division of cells in the root apical meristem.
		Closer examination shows that lateral root initiation is unaffected (not shown), but the lateral root primodia arrest at Stage 5/6, immediately before emergence.
	home.uchicago.edu /%7Ejmalamy/develope.html (185 words)

	Soybean Growth and Management - Quick Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During this time, lateral roots are also beginning to grow from the primary root.
		Root hairs can be visible within five days of planting and provide the key nutrient and water absorbing functions of the plant in this early stage.
		Lateral roots have crossed over the row underground in any rows 30 inches or less.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/rowcrops/a1174/a1174w.htm (1692 words)

	PACSOA - Lodoicea Germination
		As soon as the lateral roots attained any length, the tuberous cotyledon was seen to fissure externally due to the formation of leaves within.
		It was therefore established that the base of the plant, where the lateral roots formed would be about as deep as the leaf-blade length + some cm depending on the genus.
		After another month the lateral roots had extended into the medium some 60cm and were producing their own secondary laterals.
	www.pacsoa.org.au /palms/Lodoicea/germinate.html (1337 words)

	Lateral root function and root overlap among mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal herbs in a Florida shrubland, measured ...
		Lateral root function and root overlap among mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal herbs in a Florida shrubland, measured using rubidium as a nutrient analog -- Hawkes and Casper 89 (8): 1289 -- American Journal of Botany
		Lateral root function and root overlap among mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal herbs in a Florida shrubland, measured using rubidium as a nutrient analog
		Lateral root spread is an important indicator of the area over
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/abstract/89/8/1289 (288 words)

	Sewer lateral with short sweep 90
		I have a residential sewer lateral that is plagued by tree root infiltration.
		I have run a three inch root cutter through the root mass and retrieved the roots with the retieval tool.
		: I have a residential sewer lateral that is plagued by tree root infiltration.
	www.terrylove.com /wwwboard/messages/9891.html (628 words)

	Horseradish
		The thicker lateral roots are more desirable because they will yield a larger tap root in the fall.
		The lateral roots are removed and discarded, or used for root-cuttings for next year's crop.
		It is unlikely that you will succeed in removing all of the lateral roots from the ground during harvesting.
	gardenline.usask.ca /veg/horserad.html (773 words)

	Re: Sewer lateral with short sweep 90
		If you install a 6" pipe, and only have a 4" cleanout, the when the roots finally plug it up, there is no way you will be able to completely clear the 6" pipe.
		I have many installations where the roots have grown 20 feet under the house from the outside, grow up through the concrete around the drain line and then enter the sewer by growing between the toilet and the flange, through the wax ring.
		: : I have a residential sewer lateral that is plagued by tree root infiltration.
	www.terrylove.com /wwwboard/messages/9907.html (974 words)

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