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Topic: Lateran Pacts

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	LATERAN PACTS
		The Lateran Pacts resolved "definitively and irrevocably the 'Roman Question', which had arisen in 1870 when Rome was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy" (Preamble to the Treaty).
		Of course, the Lateran Treaty is and must remain intangible, but the two Sovereign Parties who signed it can of common accord explain and apply it in such a way as to make it comply with changed situations and sensibilities, as well as the unforeseen needs of the Holy See's mission.
		This double anniversary, the 75th of the Lateran Pacts and the 20th of the modifying Accord, acquires further importance at this moment in history when Italy is involved with other countries in the process of European collaboration.
	www.digtec.com /lateranenPact.htm (1303 words)

	History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Italian occupation forced Pope Pius IX to his palace where he declared himself a prisoner in the Vatican until the Lateran Pacts of 1929.
		In 1929 Mussolini signed the Lateran Pacts with the Catholic Church (with whom Italy was in conflict since the annexation of Rome in 1870), leading to the formation of the tiny independent state of Vatican City.
		He was initially in friendly terms with France and Britain, but the situation changed in 1935-36, when Italy invaded Ethiopia despite their opposition (Second Italo-Abyssinian War); because of this and of the ideological affinities with the Nazi party led by Hitler.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Italy_as_a_monarchy_and_in_the_World_Wars (1530 words)

	Vatican City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Cathedra (official seat) of the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, is in the apse of St. John Lateran, which is extra-territorially a part of the Vatican city-state as a result of the 1929 treaty.
		The Lateran is on one of the 7 hills of Rome (the Caelian).
		According to the Lateran Treaties, certain properties of the Holy See, although not being part of the territory of the City State, enjoy the privilege of extraterritoriality (e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vatican_City (2452 words)

	November 8, 2000 DAILY LITURGY: (nov8lit.htm)
		It was left to Pope Sixtus V to have the ruins of the Lateran torn down and in its place replaced them with late-Renaissance structures which he commissioned architect Domenico Fontana to construct.
		The Lateran Pacts signed by Pope Pius XI and Benito Mussolini on February 11, 1929 which defined the territory and status of the State of Vatican City was signed at the Basilica.
		Sadly, the devastation of this magnificent structure was not limited to the middle centuries, for on July 27, 1992 a bomb, planted by the Italian Mafia in retaliation of Pope John Paul II's stand against the crime organization, exploded at the Roman Vicariate of the Basilica, causing great damage.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/2000Nov/nov8lit.htm (901 words)

	The Word From Rome February 6, 2004
		75th anniversary of the Lateran Pacts; The Lefebvrites on ecumenism; Jesuit Fr.
		Hence, Pollard said, despite the somewhat unsavory air that surrounds the Lateran Treaties because of their association with Mussolini and fascism, the bottom line is that they were an enormous boon to the papacy.
		I asked Nicora to respond to the main criticism of the Lateran Pacts, which is that they amounted to a form of support for Mussolini's fascist regime in exchange for a payoff.
	www.nationalcatholicreporter.org /word/pfw020604.htm (3896 words)

	Consultancy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The reason why a special status was attributed to the Catholic faith is claimed to be because of the historic connection between this religion and the country and the number of people professing the faith.
		As a consequence of the changes in the Pacts, it is no longer compulsory to teach religion in schools.
		The amendment to the Lateran Pacts only offers the possibility of exoneration from religious education and children who do not intend to follow the "religion lesson" are sent out.
	www.cospe.it /consultancy/It.htm (2813 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Italian edition of the Vatican newspaper published an unsigned analysis of the evolution of relations between politics and religion since the signing of the Lateran Pacts, 76 years ago today, which gave origin to the establishment of Vatican City State.
		The dialogue that arose between the Italian state and the Catholic Church, truncated by the "Roman question" of 1870 -- triggered by the annexation of the papal territories -- "not only does not put in discussion the value of secularity, but rather articulates it in the national and European ambit," opines the Vatican newspaper.
		Since the Lateran Pacts, signed Feb. 11, 1929, the Holy See has established full diplomatic relations with 174 countries.
	www.catholic.org /printer_friendly.php?id=12682§ion=Cathcom (404 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Mussolini, Benito
		The Lateran pacts with the Vatican (1929) ended a half-century of friction between Church and state and proved to be long-lasting.
		He linked Italy to Nazi Germany by the Rome-Berlin Axis in 1936, soon after Germany had stood by Italy against the League of Nations over the invasion of Ethiopia, and this alliance was tightened by the Pact of Steel in 1939.
		His mediation of the Munich Pact, however, reflected his fear of a European war.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761553773___2/Mussolini_Benito.html (376 words)

	The Nation, 02/14/1948 - The New Italian Constitution by Rossi, Mario
		Under the new Italian constitution, approved by a joint session of Parliament on December 22 by a vote of 453 to 62, relations between church and state will be regulated by the Lateran Pacts, the agreement signed in 1929 by the Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini and Pope Pius XI.
		The pacts were incorporated in the draft constitution on March 25, when the Constituent Assembly approved Article 5 by a vote of 350 to 149.
		...The pacts were incorporated in the draft constitution on March 25, when the Constituent Assembly approved Article 5 (Article 7 in the definitive text) by a vote of 350 to 149...
	www.archive.thenation.com /Summaries/v166i0007_09.htm (1899 words)

	Independent Catholic News
		February 11, 2004, marks the 75th anniversary of the signing of the Lateran Pacts on the same date in 1929.
		Signed in the Popes' Room of the Lateran Palace by Benito Mussolini, the representative of the King of Italy, and Cardinal Pietro Gasbarri, the Secretary of State of Pope Pius XI, the Pacts were a triple agreement: a political treaty, a financial convention and a concordat.
		Among other things, the Lateran Pacts established the sovereign Vatican City State, made Catholicism the official religion of Italy and regulated Church-State relations.
	www.indcatholicnews.com /vatsov.html (618 words)

	Learn more about Rome in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		1929 - With the Lateran Pacts (Concordato), Italy and Vatican settle respective borders, attributions, competences.
		John Lateran), the see of Roman diocese and the spirtual centre of the entire Catholic Church.
		The Bishop of Rome is the Pope, helped by a vicar (usually a cardinal) for his pastoral activity.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /r/ro/rome.html (1549 words)

	Interview with Cardinal Attilio Nicora
		As you know, the Lateran Pacts had three components: a treaty governing the juridical status of the Holy See, a financial convention, and a concordat with the Italian state.
		The first was in 1946-47, during the debate over the constitution, when the question arose of whether to recognize the Lateran Pacts in the Constitution of the Republic of Italy.
		Before we turn to the revisions to the concordat of 1984, let me ask you to respond to the central criticism of the Lateran Pacts, which is that at a critical time the church legitimized the fascist regime of Mussolini in exchange for a payoff and a piece of land.
	ncronline.org /mainpage/specialdocuments/nicora.htm (3655 words)

	CHURCHES OF ROME
		It was to Pope Melchiade (311-314) that Constantine gave the palace on Monte Celio, formerly property of the patrician Laterani family (hence the basilica's appellation "Lateran"), which his second wife Fausta (Maxentius' sister) had brought to the marriage.
		Henceforth, the Lateran palace, known as the Patriarchate, was the Pope's official residence until the fifteenth century.
		In 1929 the Lateran Pacts, which established the territory and status of the State of Vatican City, were signed here between the Holy See and the Government of Italy.
	www.ewtn.com /library/CHRIST/LATERAN.HTM (2038 words)

	Zenit News Agency - The World Seen From Rome
		The Lateran Pacts were signed on Feb. 11, 1929.
		The Lateran Pacts established the territory of Vatican City, returned the papal villa at Castel Gandolfo, stipulated that Italy would pay an indemnity for the loss of the Papal States, and assured adequate water, telephone and postal services to Vatican City.
		Article 18 of the Lateran treaty stated that the "artistic and scientific treasures existing within the Vatican City and the Lateran Palace shall remain open to scholars and visitors, although the Holy See shall be free to regulate the admission of the public thereto."
	www.zenit.org /english/visualizza.phtml?sid=48954 (1637 words)

	Lateran Concordat of 1929 - Papal Wound Healed!
		On February 11th, 1929, an historic treaty was signed between the Italian Government and the Vatican re-establishing the political power and diplomatic standing of the Catholic Church, which had been lost when Italy seized Rome, the last of the Papal States, on September 20th, 1870.
		For 59 years the Pope was a virtual prisoner in the Vatican, never leaving it until the pact was signed, resolving the "Roman question".
		Rev 13:1 And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy.
	www.aloha.net /~mikesch/wound.htm (626 words)

	Vatican
		As a result of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, the Italian Government granted St. Peter’s Basilica and Square and the surrounding area within the Vatican walls as the Holy See’s sovereign and independent territorial base.
		The Holy See, the central government of the Catholic Church, is the composite of the authority, jurisdiction, and sovereignty vested in the Pope and his advisors to direct the worldwide Roman Catholic Church with its one billion members.
		The prestigious Jesuit Gregorian University founded in 1551, the Angelicum or University of St. Thomas Aquinas, and the Urbaniana and Lateran Universities are included among the 17 pontifical universities in Rome.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/europe/vatican.htm (1860 words)

	[No title]
		The Lateran Pacts conciliation provided that the Pope was to be the temporal sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, with its own rail, coinage, postage, radio station.andnbsp; Religious freedom was guaranteed, but the Catholic Faith was declared to be the official religion.
		Signed in the Lateran Palace by Benito Mussolini, the representative of the king of Italy, and by Cardinal Pietro Gasbarri, the secretary of state of Pope Pius XI, the pacts were a triple agreement: a political treaty, a financial convention and a concordat.
		This year also marks the 20th anniversary of the revision of the concordat, when it was declared that Catholicism would no longer be the official state religion.
	www.italystl.com /ra/1347.htm (775 words)

	Address to H.E. Mr Giuseppe Balboni Acqua, Ambassador of Italy to the Holy See
		Two important events in the relations between the Holy See and Italy will be commemorated in the course of the year that has just begun: the 75th anniversary of the Lateran Pacts and the 20th anniversary of the Signing of Agreement of Revision of the Lateran Concordat at Villa Madama.
		These two events witness how fruitful is the existing collaboration between the contractual parties, a collaboration that has developed through respect for their reciprocal milieus and a constant and serene dialogue, desirous of finding equitable solutions to their mutual needs.
		The criteria of distinction and legitimate autonomy in their respective roles, mutual esteem and loyal collaboration in the promotion of men and women and the common good, are the principles that inspired the Lateran Pacts and were confirmed in the Agreement of 18 February 1984.
	www.vatican.va /holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2004/january/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20040109_ambassador-italy_en.html (1015 words)

	Rome in America: Transnational Catholic Ideology from the Risorgimento to Fascism, by Peter R. D'Agostino. Introduction. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The American Catholic defense of the Lateran Pacts in the face of liberal and Protestant critiques intensified preexisting hostilities toward Catholics that had surfaced during Al Smith's 1928 presidential campaign.
		The same consulates, however, now representatives of a Catholic confessional state, found the Lateran Pacts a liability in their encounters with Protestant Americans who had committed resources to evangelizing Italians.
		After the Lateran Pacts, the links forged among American bishops, Fascist consulates, and the Holy See facilitated cultural activism to improve the image of Italian Americans during a period in U.S. history when popular movies and fiction smeared their character.
	uncpress.unc.edu /chapters/dagostino_rome.html (5955 words)

	Roman Curia - Wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Roman Curia, then, is the Papal Court, and assists the Pope in carrying out his functions.
		In this sense, the Roman Curia has grown little by little in the history of Catholic Church, its importance reaching an apogee during the later times of Papacy's temporal power, de facto ended in 19th century (with the unification of Italy) and later formally too concluded in 1929 (with Lateran Pacts, or Concordato).
		After this act, the Curia obviously does not care any more about the administration of the Stato Pontificio (which territory has had a wide extension over current central Italy), at least due to its reduced national dimensions that would not require such an apparatus, now therefore mainly dedicated to support the Pope's action.
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /cu/Curia.html (465 words)

	Religion and Law Research Consortium
		The Italian Republic and the Holy See reaffirm that the State and the Catholic Church are, each in its own order, independent and sovereign and commit themselves to the full respect of this principle in their mutual relations and to reciprocal collaboration for the promotion of man and the common good of the Country.
		On the occasion of the signing of the Agreement that modifies the Lateran Concordat, the Holy See and the Italian Republic, desiring to assure, by means of appropriate specifications, the best application of the Lateran Pacts and the agreed upon amendments, and willing to avoid any difficulties of interpretation thereof, herein jointly declare:
		The principle of the Catholic religion as the sole religion of the Italian State, originally referred to by the Lateran Pacts, shall be considered to be no longer in force.
	www.religlaw.org /template.php?id=578 (2761 words)

	Vatican City -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The (additional info and facts about Apostolic Penitentiary) Apostolic Penitentiary deals with matters of conscience; the Sacra Rota is responsible for appeals, including annulments of marriage; and the Apostolic Signatura is the final court of appeal.
		It is the smallest sovereign state in the world at 0.44 km² (108.7 (Extensive landed property (especially in the country) retained by the owner for his own use) acres).
		According to the Lateran Treaties, certain (additional info and facts about properties) properties of the Holy See, although not being part of the territory of the City State, enjoy the privilege of (additional info and facts about extraterritoriality) extraterritoriality (e.g.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/va/vatican_city.htm (2401 words)

	Catholic hierarchy
		It is from a nobiliary standpoint interesting to reflect upon the Lateran Pacts of 1929 between the Holy See and Italy.
		The Vatican City State is recognized as a sovereign country and the Supreme Pontiff as its Sovereign, in this capacity equal to the King of Italy.
		According to the Lateran Pacts of 1929, in the Concordat Art 42, "Italy shall admit the recognition of titles of nobility conferred by the Supreme Pontiff, even after 1870, and of those that shall be conferred in the future".
	findyournobleancestors.com /Article1.html (444 words)

	SOLT Education Chancery: Italy
		The Papal States were seized by the Kingdom of Italy in the 1870s bringing and end to the temporal Papal States.
		The 1929 Lateran Pacts recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with a concordat regulating Church-state relations.
		The concordat was revised in 1984, reducing Church privileges but including the status of Catholicism as the state religion.
	www.greatestbooks.org /chanceryweb/web/italy.htm (197 words)

	Meet the People
		Roman Catholicism was made the official religion of Italy under the 1929 Lateran pacts with the Vatican.
		This official status ended in 1985, when revisions to the pacts provided for the separation of church and state.
		As they have for centuries past, the ceremony and pageantry of the Roman Catholic Church play an important part in the life of the Italian people.
	teacher.scholastic.com /activities/globaltrek/destinations/popups/italy_people.htm (640 words)

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