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	Constantinople, Latin Empire of. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The empire declined immediately after its creation, being beset by the Greek emperors of Nicaea (see Nicaea, empire of) and despots of Epirus (see Epirus, despotate of), by the Bulgars under Ivan II (Ivan Asen), by the Turks, by discord among the Westerners, and by Greek resistance.
		In 1222, Thessalonica fell to the despot of Epirus.
		Constantinople, nearly captured by Ivan Asen in 1234, fell to Emperor Michael VIII in 1261.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/ConstntLE.html (293 words)

	Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For many centuries, the term "Empire" in the West applied exclusively to states which considered themselves to be successors to the Roman Empire, such as the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, or, later, the Russian Empire ruled from the "Third Rome" (Moscow).
		The Byzantine Empire was reconstructed and the Trebizondine fell to the Ottomans.
		The Western Empire was inherited by the Austrian Empire, later known as the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy which ceased to exist in 1918.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empire (1805 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Constantinople was the capital and the greatest city in Christendom in terms of wealth, population, and political power.
		Political disorder invites predators, and the Empire by mid-century found formidable enemies rising against it: the Slavs to the north, the Normans to the west, and the Turks from the east.
		Murzuphlus was later captured by the Latins and was executed by being hurled from the column of Theodosius in Constantinople.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/crusade/byzantinecru.html (6537 words)

	World History
		Dandolo died in Constantinople in 1205 and was buried in the vestibule of the church of Sta.
		The Latins were thus never able to gain a permanent foothold in Anatolia; and even in Europe their position was constantly threatened by the Byzantine rulers of northern Greece, though in the centre and south of the country their conquests were more lasting.
		The most successful of the Latin emperors was Baldwin's brother, Henry of Flanders, after whose death in 1216 the Latin Empire lost the initiative and the recovery of Constantinople became a foreseeable goal for the Byzantines in exile.
	members.tripod.com /gpf/worldhistory.html (20397 words)

	The Byzantine Empire, Early Russia, and Muslim Expansion
		The empire reached a high point under Basil II who ruled from 976 to 1025 and in these years the Byzantine military finally crushed their Bulgarian foes and on one occasion purposely blinded 15,000 Bulgarian prisoners and sent them home wit the aid of a handful of guides who were left with one eye.
		The Latin empire of Constantinople was hated by the native population on whom it imposed the Roman Catholic Church, but the empire lasted until 1261.
		Constantinople was a great city that stood at the crossroads of Europe and Asia and its site ensured its being a port of transit for a great marine trading basin that extended from the Adriatic to southern Russia.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/byzmuslm.html (3998 words)

	Lexiko
		He was the main supporter of the restoration of the Latin empire in Constantinople and the main rival of Michael VIII.
		Chartophylax: high ecclesiastical official in Constantinople and the provinces, usually a deacon, who in the 6th century, had archival and secretarial duties, but who, after the 10th century, served as the main assistant to the Patriarch and his representative with regard to the rest of the clergy and the laity.
		Depending on the supports of the dome, the church may be a two-columned or distyle construction if it rests on two columns or piers to the west and on the piers of the chancel to the east, or a four-columned church when it is based on four columns.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/lexiko/lexc.html (1281 words)

	Constantinople, Latin Empire of
		Constantinople, Latin Empire of, 1204–61, feudal empire established in the S Balkan Peninsula and the Greek archipelago by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade (see
		Ivan II (Ivan Asen), by the Turks, by discord among the Westerners, and by Greek resistance.
		Constantinople, nearly captured by Ivan Asen in 1234, fell to Emperor
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0813333.html (173 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Constantinople
		Constantinople had, therefore, to sustain numberless sieges; it was attacked in 378 by the Goths, by the Avars and Persians during the reign of Heraclius (610-41), by the Arabs during the reign of Constantine Pogonatus (668-85), and again by the Arabs under Moslemeh in 717; many times also by Bulgarians, Patzinaks, Russians, and Khazars.
		The first period of the schism was coeval, especially at Constantinople, with a remarkable literary revival, inaugurated as early as the tenth century by the Macedonian dynasty and carried to its perfection under the Comneni and the Palæologi.
		Of course, after the fall of the Latin or Frankish Empire in 1261, the Latin patriarch could not deal directly with the Catholics of Constantinople; they were committed to the care of patriarchal vicars, simple priests chosen usually among the superiors of religious orders resident in the city, Observantine or Conventual Franciscans, and Dominicans.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04301a.htm (7407 words)

	Byzantine Empire
		The Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the Roman Empire, which was split towards the end of the 4th century; the eastern part became the Byzantine Empire.
		The name Byzantine Empire is an academic term, used to differ this empire from the former Roman.
		The empire saw a period of cultural, territorial and economic advances in the 10th and 11th centuries.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/byz_empire.htm (649 words)

	Latin Empire -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This name has nothing to do with the modern country by that name; rather, it is the Latin form of the title of the (additional info and facts about Byzantine Emperor) Byzantine Emperor, whom the Latin Emperor hoped to replace.
		This has the curious effect of creating three Roman Empires in Europe at the same time (the other was the (The lands ruled by Charlemagne; a continuation of the Roman Empire in Europe) Holy Roman Empire).
		Although the relatives of Baldwin, Count of Flanders struggled for many years for their domain, the Latin Empire ended on July 25, 1261 when (additional info and facts about Michael VIII Palaeologus) Michael VIII Palaeologus recaptured Constantinople, deposing the last Latin Emperor, (additional info and facts about Baldwin II) Baldwin II.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/la/latin_empire.htm (436 words)

	The Age of Chivalry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Of these three petty empires it was the Nicaean Empire that was the most powerful and would ultimately reclaim Constantinople from the Latins and restore the Byzantine emperor to the throne.
		Founded by Theodore I Laskaris, son-in-law of Alexios III Angelos Komnenos, the Empire of Nicaea was situated in north-western Anatolia and at its height controlled the western rim of Asia Minor as well as Thrace and southern Macedonia with the city of Nicaea (Iznik) as the capital.
		But it had precarious beginnings and the crusaders of the Latin Empire in nearby Constantinople were close to extinguishing this fledgling state by defeating the Nicaeans at Prusa (Bursa) and at Poimanenon in 1205.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/33/45 (913 words)

	All Empires - The Nicean Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In 1204 the Byzantines witness some of the darkest hours in history when the Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire was captured and looted by Westerners during the Fourth Crusade.
		The Byzantine government in Constantinople was destroyed and the Crusaders installed their own Emperor, and created the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
		After Constantinople was recaptured in 1261, Ioannis IV was forgotten in Nicea and dethroned by default.
	www.allempires.com /empires/nicea/nicea1.htm (1377 words)

	The Fourth Crusade - The Sack of Constantinople
		Venice was now quarreling with Constantinople, and the Crusaders consented to begin their expedition with an attack on their fellow Christians.
		The Latin and Greek Churches were declared to be reunited, and Latin emperors ruled as conquerors in Constantinople from 1204 to 1261.
		The Latin Empire of Constantinople is a complete freak of history.
	www.latter-rain.com /ltrain/curfor.htm (1065 words)

	Constantinople, Latin Empire of on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		1204-61, feudal empire established in the S Balkan Peninsula and the Greek archipelago by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade (see Crusades) after they had sacked (1204) Constantinople; also known as the empire of Romania (not to be confused with the modern nation Romania).
		The Fourth Crusade and the sack of Constantinople: Jonathan Phillips sees one of the most notorious events in European history as a typical 'clash of cultures'.
		The ideal of unity; Russell Chamberlin examines the origins and development of Europe's persistent vision of unity from the birth of the Holy Roman Empire to its fall.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/ConstntL1E1.asp (616 words)

	The Empire :
		Constantinople became a capital of the Roman Empire in 330 after Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor, refounded the city of Byzantium and named it after himself.
		Scholars have called the empire Byzantine after the ancient name of its capital, Byzantium, or the Eastern Roman Empire, but to contemporaries and in official terminology of the time, it was simply Roman, and its subjects were Romans (Rhomaioi).
		Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus recaptured Constantinople from the Latins in 1261 and founded the Palaeologan dynasty, which ruled the empire until 1453.
	personal.cfw.com /~brandon/aok/aokcivbyz.htm (772 words)

	Byzantine Constantinople
		Constantinople is actually the former capital of the Byzantine Empire and of the Ottoman Empire.
		On April 13, 1204, The Latin Empire of Constantinople was established when the Fourth Crusade conquered and destroyed Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantium Empire.
		In the final years of the once great empire it had diminished so that it depended on the support and financial aid of the Venetian navy and Louis IX of France.
	ks.essortment.com /byzantineconsta_rdsq.htm (576 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294. (ii.ix.ix) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Constantinople proved to be the richest of sacred storehouses, full of relics, which excited the cupidity and satisfied the superstition of the Crusaders, who found nothing inconsistent in joining devout worship and the violation of the eighth commandment in getting possession of the objects of worship.
		The Latin conquest of the city was a romantic episode, and not a stage in the progress of civilization in the East; nor did it hasten the coming of the new era of letters in Western Europe.
		It widened the schism of the Greek and the Latin churches.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.ix.ix.html (2725 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Trebizond, empire of @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		These were the empire of Nicaea, the despotate of Epirus, and the empire of Trebizond.
		The empire of Trebizond was further diminished when Sinope fell (1214) to the Seljuk Turks, and the emperor became a vassal of the sultan of Iconium; for the remainder of its existence Trebizond was restricted to the SE Black Sea coastal region.
		When the Byzantine Empire was restored (1261) under Nicaean leadership, Trebizond remained separate and independent, although it was often forced to pay tribute to the succeeding dominant powers of Asia Minor.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:Trebizemp&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (497 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: John Beccus
		Patriarch of Constantinople in the second half of the thirteenth century, one of the few Greek ecclesiastics who were sincerely in favour of reunion with the Church of Rome.
		When, after the destruction of the Latin Empire in Constantinople, the Emperor Michael Palæologus conceived the plan of reuniting the Greek and the Latin Churches, the Patriarch Joseph (1268-75) and his chartophylax, John Beccus, were strongly opposed to it.
		In April, 1277, a synod was held in Constantinople, where the union was again approved; a letter was also written to Pope John XXI (1276-77), which acknowledged the papal primacy and the orthodoxy of the Latin doctrine on the Procession of the Holy Ghost.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02380b.htm (1046 words)

	John Meyendorff on the Filioque (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The establishment in 1204 of the Latin Empire of Constantinople and of the various Latin principalities in the Orient, as well as the expansion of the mercantile empires of the Italian city-republics, were hardly conducive to fraternal intellectual dialogues between Greeks and Latins.
		The Latins used such texts to prove their point: acting "through the Son", they said, is the same as proceeding "through the Son", because "through", in this context, means the same as "from".
		The Greeks would not understand the Latin argument, which affirmed: the Father and the Son are One Essence; therefore they are the One source of the Spirit, proceeding "from both" (a Patre Filioque).
	praiseofglory.com /meyendorfffilioque.htm (1072 words)

	Ottoman Empire History Encyclopedia - Letter H \| Ottoman Turkish history with pictures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Hunyadi, the Count of Bestercze, was an heroic Hungarian general -- one of the leading and most successful European commanders (along with Skanderbeg) against Ottoman forces in the 15th Century.
		1453 Constantinople, defended by Constantine XI falls to the new sultan Mehmed II and a new wave of Turkish pressure is exerted against Hungarian resistance.
		She believed that all the women should yield to her and recognize her as mistress since she had been in the service of his majesty first.' Mahidevran was dismissed, and died forgotten in Bursa in 1581.
	www2.egenet.com.tr /mastersj/encyclopedia-h.html (5220 words)

	The Fourth Crusade and the Latin empire of Constantinople (from Crusades) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Fourth Crusade and the Latin empire of Constantinople (from Crusades) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		More results on "The Fourth Crusade and the Latin empire of Constantinople (from Crusades)" when you join.
		Memoirs or Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade and the Conquest of Constantinople
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-25612 (894 words)

	BYZANTINE HISTORY, LITERATURE AND THOUGHT
		WOLFF, R. “The Latin Empire of Constantinople and the Franciscans.” TR 2 (1944): 213–38.
		WOLFF, R. “Footnote to an Incident of the Latin Occupation of Constantinople: The Church and the Icon of the Hodegetria.” TR 6 (1948): 319–27.
		WOLFF, R. “The Organization of the Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople, 1204–1261: Social and Administrative Consequences of the Latin Conquest.” TR 6 (1948): 33–60.
	www.fordham.edu /traditio/indxsubj/07-BHLT.html (467 words)

	Fourth Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The fall of Constantinople in April 1204 marks the end of the Fourth Crusade.
		The Crusaders did not immediately turn the wealth of the Empire to the conquest of Jerusalem, for they were fully pre-occupied with simply preserving what they had won.
		In addition, Bulgaria also emerged as a deadly foe, with the result that although the Latin Empire of Constantinople lasted until 1261, its knights and rulers spent the entire time fighting for their own survival.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /4th/13.shtml (271 words)

	1205 Definition / 1205 Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		All Romance languages are descended from Latin, and many words based on Latin are located in other modern languages such as English.
		Moreover, in the Western world, Latin was a lingua franca, the learned language for scientific and political affairs, for further than a thousand years, being e...
		[click for more] is crowned Emperor of the Latin EmpireThe knights of the Fourth Crusade set up a Crusader kingdom known as the Latin Empire or Romania based on Constantinople after sacking the city in 1204.
	www.elresearch.com /1205 (689 words)

	Epirus, despotate of
		When, in 1204, the army of the Fourth Crusade set up the Latin Empire of Constantinople on the ruins of the Byzantine Empire, an independent Greek state emerged in Epirus under Michael I, a member of the Angelus family.
		It accepted, however, a status of semivassalage to Nicaea (c.1246) and was united (1336–49) with the restored Byzantine Empire.
		Constantinople, Latin Empire of - Constantinople, Latin Empire of, 1204–61, feudal empire established in the S Balkan Peninsula...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0817502.html (290 words)

	Politics in Late Byzantine Period
		The Byzantine Empire was replaced by the Latin Empire of Constantinople that occupied five eighths of the land of the capital, Thrace and North-West Asia Minor.
		It was to both these states, each of which claimed the title of the successor of the Byzantine Empire, which the majority of the Byzantine people fled, after the fall of Constantinople to the crusaders.
		The Empire of Nicaea was the one to finally win the title of the "exiled" Byzantine Empire and brought the capital of the state back to its natural place, in Constantinople.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/p/pa1.html (342 words)

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