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Topic: Latvian independence movement

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	Latvia HISTORY
		On 18 November 1918, the independent Republic of Latvia was proclaimed.
		Latvian civilians were deported en masse to Soviet camps in Siberia; 15,000 alone were expelled on the night of 14 June 1941.
		The LPF united independence forces and gained a majority in the elections for the Latvian Supreme Council in the spring of 1990.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Europe/Latvia-HISTORY.html (1182 words)

	Latvia - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Latvian culture is rooted in native folklore, which survived the centuries through a rich oral tradition of ancient legends, songs, and poetic verses.
		Latvian nationalists seized the opportunity brought by the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the end of World War I to declare the formation of an independent Latvian republic on November 18, 1918.
		Latvian was declared the official state language, pro-independence political groups formed, and the Latvian Supreme Soviet (legislature) voted to end the Communist Party’s monopoly of power.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761577313__1/Latvia.html (5896 words)

	Latvian independence movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Latvian independence movement during Soviet and Nazi occupation (1940-1991).
		On July 28, 1989, the Supreme Soviet of Latvian SSR adopted a "Declaration of Sovereignty" and amended the Constitution to assert the supremacy of its laws over those of the U.S.S.R. Pro-independence Latvian Popular Front candidates gained a two-thirds majority in the Supreme Council in the March 18, 1990 democratic elections.
		Latvia claimed de facto independence on August 21, 1991 in the aftermath of the failed Soviet coup attempt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Latvian_independence_movement (409 words)

	Latvia
		This period of independence lasted only briefly, as the Soviet Union annexed the country in June 17, 1940 in accordance to Soviet-Nazi agreement (Ribbentrop-Molotov pact) of August 23, 1939.
		The Latvian climate is maritime and temperate in nature, with cool summers and wet, moderate winters.
		Latvian, a member of the Baltic languages, is the country's only official language, but Russian is also widely spoken.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/la/Latvia.html (583 words)

	March-April 2002 NVA
		Latvians waged a guerilla war against the Soviets that lasted into the early 1950s, but its strength was largely sapped by a massive wave of deportations in 1949 that undercut the base of support of the “forest brothers’’ (as the guerrillas were known).
		But Helsinki-86’s most important contribution to the independence movement was its initiation of the “calendar demonstrations.” These protests commemorated important dates in Latvian history, such as the days of the biggest mass deportations, Independence Day, and the anniversary of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (the Nazi-Soviet agreement that led to the loss of independence).
		Independence forces made provisions for food, medical aid and firewood and issued instructions for how to behave in case of internal disorder and in case of chemical, infantry or tank attack.
	www.warresisters.org /nva0302-4.htm (2122 words)

	Latvia - Political System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Candidates from the Latvian National Independence Movement were the most successful, and those from organizations succeeding the once-dominant Communist Party of Latvia fared worst.
		Latvians who fled as refugees to the West during World War II were granted the right to vote, even if they had become citizens of other countries.
		The Latvian National Independence Movement, which was further to the right on the political spectrum, won fifteen seats; the moderate-left Harmony for Latvia, which took a liberal stance toward the issue of citizenship, won thirteen seats; and the center-right Latvian Farmers Union won twelve seats.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-7725.html (1108 words)

	The Latvian Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Latvian newspapers awaited the new century in fear of a world war and also with hope that the new century may bring the world eternal peace and society may be freed of its great inherent contradictions.
		The movement's political activities were associated with protests against capitalistic exploitation, overall demands for democratisation of the political establishment and belief in the victory of the proletariat, which would lead to general prosperity for the people.
		The Latvian government discerned a threat to its independence and empowered the Latvian Ambassador in London with special authority to represent the country in the case of lost sovereignty.
	www.latinst.lv /en/print.php?id=18 (6842 words)

	Latvia Independence, 1918-40 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		Latvian independence was proclaimed on November 18, 1918, but its real advent came only in 1920 after the cessation of hostilities between pro- and anti-Bolshevik forces and the withdrawal of all foreign armies from Latvian territory.
		Latvia's ensuing period of independence lasted for twenty years and has become embedded in the Latvian consciousness as a golden era of progress and achievement, now referred to as the second awakening.
		The pact was seen by Latvian and other Baltic independence supporters as the Achilles' heel of the carefully constructed myth by Moscow propagandists of how the Baltic countries had joyfully embraced the Soviet Union and had voted to become new Soviet republics.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/latvia/latvia_history_independence_1918_40.html (1963 words)

	Latvian- Heritage Community Foundation
		Latvia regained its independence in 1990, however, it was in 1991 that Moscow's authority collapsed, ensuring that the Latvian people would maintain control over their governance.
		The Latvian community in Edmonton formed the IMANTA society in 1947 and Latvians in Calgary formed the Daugava association shortly thereafter.
		The Latvian church in Edmonton is called the St. John's Lutheran Church and in Calgary, the Latvian Evangelical Lutheran congregation serves the community.
	www.abheritage.ca /albertans/people/latvian.html (672 words)

	History - Latvia - Europe
		Despite this, the Latvians came together to form political and cultural associations, and a Latvian independence movement arose.
		In August Latvia officially became the 15th constituent republic of the USSR and was thereafter known as the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR).
		The withdrawal of former Soviet troops (under Russia’s jurisdiction) from Latvian territory began in 1992 and was completed at the end of August 1994.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/latvia/history.htm (2175 words)

	Mortensen, Mari-Ann Herloff: The Latvian Thing. Narratives of Place and Identity among Local and Diasporic Latvians
		I have chosen to use the term Western Latvians partly because most informants seemed to take no offense by it and partly in order to highlight the fact that the "Westernness" of the returnees was a significant issue in the relation between the two groups.
		The narrative thus constructed the Latvianness of the present to be out of the hands of the homeland population, which provided the diasporic cultural practices with a sense of urgency or purpose and almost religious meaning.
		Local Latvians' use of everyday life must be separated from the scientific distinction between public and private in socialist states, as the local narrative includes public and so-called "Soviet" practices and private or "informal" spheres of life, both of which informants claim to have invested with a "Latvian" content and meaning.
	www.anthrobase.com /Txt/M/Mortensen_M_A_H_01.htm (18313 words)

	Latvian Mailer - August 29, 1999
		Latvian law makers are to take up a draft state language law this autumn, which President Vaira Vike-Freiberga returned to parliament last month amid concerns its provisions for compulsory use of Latvian in business were too restrictive.
		The Baltic Way came on the heels of the Latvian Popular front's call for independence in May 1989 and was followed by Lithuania's declaration of full independence in 1990.
		It was part of a chain of events leading to a failed 1991 crackdown that killed 14 in Vilnius and saw the Balts in all three countries stand firm in passive resistance to Soviet tanks.
	www.latvians.com /en/Mailer/envelope.php?1999_08_29.htm (1145 words)

	Sample Chapter for Kelley, J.G.: Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives.
		By early 1994 a proposal by the Latvian National Independence Movement set the main terms of the debate, including a strict key requirement limiting the future rate of naturalization to 1 percent of the total number of citizens, or about 2,000 per year--in effect, barring hundreds of thousands of people from ever receiving Latvian citizenship.
		By 1989 the Latvian share of Latvia's population had declined from 82 percent in 1943 to 52 percent, and the Estonian share of Estonia's population had declined from 98 percent in 1945 to 62 percent.
		Latvians and Estonians, on the other hand, were weary of fifty years of "occupation," as they called the period of Soviet rule, and felt a need to assert their cultural and linguistic identity.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/s7875.html (9425 words)

	[No title]
		As in Lithuania, nationalist movements were set on foot, and Young Lett and Estonian parties were formed." (13) "With a series of measures from the 1840's to the 1860's that enabled peasants to acquire leased land as personal landholding the social structure began to be differentiated from that in the rest of the Russian Empire.
		Among the ethnic Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians, an estimated 25,000 were killed in local camps, and 10,000 were transferred to concentration camps in Germany." (28) Most of the prominent members of the three countries governments were weeded out in that year the Soviets controlled the area from 1940 to 1941.
		The Latvians were given a fillip by the US-Soviet conference held in the Latvian seaside resort town of Jurmala." This meeting saw the US spokesman say that the United States "has never and will never recognize the forcible incorporation" of the Baltics into the Soviet Union.
	www.textfiles.com /reports/ACE/baltics.txt (6908 words)

	Neopaganism in Central-Eastern Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The movement of Dievturi arose in Latvia in the twenties, and the founder of it was Ernest Brastins, who tried to revive Latvian paganism.
		Olgerts Auns, who coordinates the activity of Dievturi, for many years was a lecturer at a clandestine school of Latvian history and later he was one of the initiators of Latvian folklore festivals, that in the late USSR became huge manifestations of national feelings.
		In Belarus the pagan movement is represented by Center of Ethnocosmology "Krywya" in Minsk.
	vinland.org /heathen/pagancee (2928 words)

	Zanna interview
		about what she remembered from the Latvian Independence movement, how she was involved, and how her family was treated during Soviet times.
		We were all into everything that was concerned with the independence movement in Latvia.
		This was the unity of Latvian people, which I have never experienced in my whole life again.
	homepage.mac.com /niamey00/Zannainterview.htm (280 words)

	LATVIA: parliamentary elections Saeima, 1993
		On 4 May 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic adopted the Declaration on the Renewal of the Independence of the Republic of Latvia.
		A total of 879 candidates were fielded by 23 parties, movements or pre-electoral coalitions, with the most candidates coming form the “Fatherland and Freedom” Union, the Farmers’ Union and the Latvian Way.
		It was followed by the far-right Latvian National Independence Movement (LNNK) and the Harmony for Latvia party.
	www.ipu.org /parline-e/reports/arc/2177_93.htm (401 words)

	Telmenu Saimnieks - Historical Preface
		Russia retook the Latvian lands in the Eighteenth century, and grew firmly entrenched until the local people began struggling for independence in the early Twentieth Century.
		Nicholas faltered early in World War I, which signaled to many Latvians that it was the time for their eventual break from Russia.
		A young Latvian cavalry officer serving in the Russian Army, Voldemars Vechi, is preparing to leave on a secret mission to Poland as part of a select brigade.
	www.angelfire.com /ri2/telmeni/preface.html (902 words)

	Latvia - Gurupedia
		Baltic Sea, Latvia is known as one of the Baltic States, together with Estonia and Lithuania, which border the nation in the north and south, respectively.
		On 20 September 2003, in a nationwide referendum, the Latvians voted to join the European Union and Latvia's EU membership took effect on 1 May
		Except for a brief period of German occupation during World War II, Latvia remained Soviet territory until reforms in Soviet communism such as glasnost stimulated the Latvian independence movement, and Latvia regained its independence on 21 August 1991.
	www.gurupedia.com /l/la/latvia.htm (511 words)

	Results of the 9th Saeima elections - Latvian voters in the U.S.
		Results of the 9th Saeima elections - Latvian voters in the U.S. The Embassy of Latvia announces that 1487 voters in the U.S. participated in Latvia’s 9th Saeima (Parliamentary) elections.
		Eligible voters with a valid Latvian passport were able to cast their vote on October 7th at 9 polling stations in the U.S. It was also possible to register to vote in advance by mail.
		No votes were cast for the political organization “Euroskeptics”, the “Motherland Union” (Tçvzemes savienîba), “Latvian Latvia” (Latvieðu Latviju) or the Social Justice Party (Sociâlâ Taisnîguma Partija).
	www.latvia-usa.org /usresof9thsa.html (363 words)

	Amazon.com: Latvia in Transition: Books: Juris Dreifelds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He also underscores how the aftermath of Soviet deportation and the holocaust, along with the importation of Russians laborers to work in Latvian industry, was manifest in the decimation of the ethnic Latvian inhabitants, and how they never regained their majority in the overall populace.
		The next couple of chapters delve into the "Latvian national rebirth" in the last half of the 1980s and the subsequent reestablishment of independent sovereignty in the early 1990s.
		In fact, the theme of ethnic dichotomy between Latvians and Russians is the underlying current throughout the book, and it drives the coverage in the final chapters of the topics of economic reform, demographics and the establishment of a Latvian national identity.
	www.amazon.com /Latvia-Transition-Juris-Dreifelds/dp/052155537X (1917 words)

	Saint Jacob's Church
		We asked Ineta Kaktina, a banker worker from Jurmala, about what she remembered from the Latvian Independence movement.
		We asked Zanna Trankale, a psychologist from Jurmala, about what she remembered from the Latvian Independence movement.
		We asked Maris Trankalis, a book keeper from Jurmala,about what he remembered from the Latvian Independence movement.
	homepage.mac.com /niamey00/SaintJacobsChurch.htm (128 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Estonian Popular Front held its first Congress in October, 1988.
		The Latvian National Independence Movement had 10,000 members by mid-1989.
		This question of independence will not go away.
	history.eserver.org /baltic-history.txt (6942 words)

	Latvia Government 2006 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Independence Day, 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 is the date Latvia declared itself independent from Soviet Russia; 4 May 1990 is when it declared the renewal of independence; 21 August 1991 is the date of de facto independence from the Soviet Union
		18 years of age; universal for Latvian citizens
		election results: percent of vote by party - JL 23.9%, PCTVL 19%, TP 16.6%, ZZS 9.4%, First Party 9.5%, TB/LNNK 5.4%; seats by party - JL 24, TP 20, LPP 14, ZZS 12, TSP 8, TB/LNNK 7, PCTVL 6, LSP 5, independents 4
	www.theodora.com /wfbcurrent/latvia/latvia_government.html (367 words)

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