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Topic: Laughter

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	Introduction -- The Nature of Laughter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		More important, his concept of laughter is far more flexible and inclusive than most, and takes into account two factors in laughter that are often separated and treated as exclusive: the offensive release of aggression, hostility, or inhibition and the defensive protection of pure pleasure, joy, or play.
		Here Freud discusses the laughter at stupidity, the naive, caricature, repetition, and the like, explaining it as differing from wit in its psychic location (foreconscious rather than subconscious), [12/13] in its moving beyond words into action and behaviour, and in the fact that it is based on an explicit comparison of ourselves with another's limitations.
		Laughter implies the sort of commitment which is so complete that it is unable to avoid rebuffs; it assumes complicity and sanctity and is therefore especially vulnerable to attack, as anyone knows who has had his own laughter met with icy stares.
	www.victorianweb.org /authors/dickens/kincaid2/intro2.html (3102 words)

	Abhinavagupta's Conceptionof Humor - chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Similarly, another’s laughter induces one to perceive the real S in terms of O. The possibility and frequency of O’s occurrence is doubly determined: both by the effectiveness of the stimulus (S) and the subjective state of the individual (also his psychic constitution).
		The passage on laughter is reproduced below in full and much of this thesis may be considered to be a systematic interpretation of his theory of laughter, its integration into a general theory of humor, and a sustained exploration of its consequences in various domains.
		The laughter mechanism involves the release of negative emotions, which are closely related to the negative component of O, being either given vent to or actually generated by the latter.
	www.svabhinava.org /HumorPhd/Thesis-02/Thesis-2.html (2973 words)

	Provine, Laughter
		Laughter is characterized by a decrescendo in which the laugh notes that are late in a sequence are usually lower in amplitude than earlier notes (presumably because we run out of air).
		Laughter is a decidedly social signal, not an egocentric expression of emotion.
		"Polite" laughter, for example, may be a forced effort on the part of the audience to signal their accord with the speaker, quite the opposite of the indignant "ha!" A speaker, in other cases, may buffer an aggressive comment with laughter or deliver a remark using "laugh-speak," a consciously controlled hybrid of laughter and speech.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /Abstracts/Provine_96.html (3914 words)

	The Secret Life of the Brain : Episode 4
		Laughter is one of the most poorly understood of human behaviors.
		While we know, for example, that certain parts of the brain are responsible for certain functions and tasks, it seems that laughter cannot be traced to one specific area of the brain.
		Furthermore, the relationships between laughter and humor, or even laughter and mirth are not understood, despite their evident interconnection.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/brain/episode4/laughter/index.html (473 words)

	Laughter Quotes - The Quotations Page
		I was irrevocably betrothed to laughter, the sound of which has always seemed to me to be the most civilized music in the world.
		You can't deny laughter; when it comes, it plops down in your favorite chair and stays as long as it wants.
		Laughter is the closest distance between two people.
	www.quotationspage.com /subjects/laughter (305 words)

	Laughter: Is it Healthy? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Laughter is a coping mechanisim for the normal stress of life.
		Laughter is a form of eustress that releases those bad and distressful emotions that cause harmful chemical effects on the body (Berk & Tan 1996).
		Laughter should be used as a coping mechanism for stress, though it seems to only be used as an outlet for the emotion produced by humor or happiness.
	fly.hiwaay.net /~garson/laughter.htm (2072 words)

	laugh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Laughter may be accompanied by a general lowering of muscle tonus and an increase in bodily relaxation, leading one, e.g., to "collapse in laughter" (see Ruch 1993).
		Laughter is frequently associated with--and thus may be a sign of--the emotion of exhilaration (Ruch 1993).
		Laughter may be vocal or voiceless, may include all vowel and many consonant possibilities; it frequently begins with an initial "h" sound, most usually as "he-he," grading into "ha-ha" (Ruch 1993).
	members.aol.com /nonverbal3/laugh.htm (1364 words)

	Exploring News & Features - Laughter's Influence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In particular, they determined that individuals vary both the number and kinds of laughs they produce depending on the sex of their social partner and whether their social partner is a friend or stranger.
		Men's laughter is linked to the history of their relationship with their social partner.
		When paired with male strangers, women's laughter tends to be higher pitched, indicative of smaller body size, possibly exploiting men's propensity to be attracted to females with juvenile features.
	exploration.vanderbilt.edu /news/news_laughter.htm (581 words)

	Laughter
		There are 42 references to laughter in the Bible, not many when we consider how many verses the bible contains, but still they have something to teach us.The words translated "laughter" come from seven different root words in the Hebrew and Greek original languages in the Bible.
		Laughter is mentioned among the beatitudes found in Luke, chapter 6.
		Laughter is not joy in the Bible, nor is joy laughter.
	www.macgregorministries.org /cult_groups/laughter.html (2009 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In their study of the acoustics of laughter, investigators found that sounds ranged from grunts and snorts to "song-like" utterances, but "hee-hee" and "ho-ho" were nowhere to be heard.
		Laughter seems to be comprised of a repertoire of sounds.
		Investigators explored the frequency, duration, and types of sounds that are present in bouts of laughter -- as well as the influences that drive laughter and the effects laughter has on those who hear it.
	www.mercola.com /2001/oct/24/laughter.htm (596 words)

	Benefits of Laughter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Laughter reduces pain by releasing endorphins that are more potent than equivalent amounts of morphine.
		Laughter adds spice to life; it is to life what salt is to a hard-boiled egg.
		Laughter is even equivalent to a small amount of exercise.
	www.personal-development.com /chuck/laughter.htm (1031 words)

	Discovery Channel :: Where Did Laughter Come From?
		Zimmerman believes that her findings confirm a hypothesis that laughter originated in primates, as a universal signal of wellbeing in a playful situation to help regulate social interactions, the report said.
		"A pre-human evolutionary origin for laughter could also explain why it is still present in deaf and blind infants, and why it fulfils the same role — and sounds the same — in people from different cultures," it said.
		Laughter is well documented in common chimpanzees, with observations of both wild and captive chimpanzees revealing that they even share with humans the same ticklish anatomical regions — the armpits and belly.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/afp/20031006/laughter.html (475 words)

	Annette Goodheart, Ph.D. The Original Laughter Coach
		Laughter Coaching is a process between coach and coachee that encourages, teaches, examines and exemplifies the natural and innate human catharsis called laughter while deciding, developing and consummating goals.
		Laughter coaching empowers one to embody more healing laughter to effectuate laughter independence, and to lighten the process of 21 st century living, loving, learning and realizing.
		Laughter coaching is a whole lot of goal getting with a whole lot of laughs.
	www.laughtercoach.com /home.html (507 words)

	Laughter Medicine : Corporate Stress Management Training & Laughter Therapy
		Laughter Yoga is a new revolution in body-mind medicine that combines simple laughter exercises and gentle yoga breathing to enhance health and happiness.
		Convinced of the medical benefits of laughter and Yogic breathing exercises, Doctor Kataria was searching for a way to bring these benefits to modern man. You can't prescribe 20 minutes of laughter a day, and for best effect a range of different types of laughter should be combined.
		To promote laughter club around the world we are organizing Laughter workshops, laughter seminars, laughter yoga leader trainings, laughter yoga teacher trainings, laughter yoga spiritual retreat and laughter yoga holidays.
	www.laughteryoga.org (577 words)

	Jest for the Health of It! -- "Laughter as Therapy" by Patty Wooten
		Laughter can be a powerful therapy for both the patient and the caregiver.
		Laughter provides an opportunity for the release of those uncomfortable emotions which, if held inside, may create biochemical changes that are harmful to the body.
		Laughter is primarily and fundamentally the antidote of sympathetic pain."
	www.jesthealth.com /ch_pulm.html (4471 words)

	The Infinite Mind: Laughter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Instead, he thinks of the crowd and the laughter as a single field of energy, "like a sea of laughter." When an audience is very "stoked up," he says, they'll laugh at anything, even just the rhythm of a joke.
		Their laughter is also likely to be higher in pitch than if they were watching the videos with other women.
		Laughter clubs like this have become popular in India since they were introduced seven years ago and are catching on in the United States.
	www.lcmedia.com /mind347.htm (1674 words)

	Seed: Practical Joking
		The authors begin their evolutionary tale of laughter well before humor came into the mix, arguing that laughter is a more basic function than even language.
		As laughter only occurs in these safe conditions, it communicates a sense of security to other members of a group, bringing everyone into an emotional state conducive to bonding.
		"Laughter could have evolved—at least in part—via a process of group selection, whereby groups with more laughter and social play were able to out-compete groups with less laughter and social play," Gervais said.
	www.seedmagazine.com /news/2006/01/practical_joking.php (690 words)

	Laughter Name Genealogy Notes
		Laughter was a word used when speaking of a 'full clutch of eggs laid by a fowl', as in — 'The hen is sitting on her laughter (full clutch) of eggs'.
		It seem likely that laughter may have been given as a surname to someone who had a large family of 13 or 15 children; or possibly the surname was given to the 13th or 15th child of a family, as in--John, the laughter, lafter or latter, child of William.
		LAUGHTER appears to have been the first spelling of the surname, of which LAWTER is a variant.
	www.laughtergenealogy.com /bin/notes/laughtername.html (1909 words)

	University of Maryland School of Medicine Study Shows Laughter Helps Blood Vessels Function Better
		Laughter appears to cause the tissue that forms the inner lining of blood vessels, the endothelium, to dilate or expand in order to increase blood flow.
		A total of 160 blood vessel measurements were performed before and after the laughter and mental stress phases of the study.
		The current study builds on earlier research Dr. Miller conducted on the potential benefits of laughter, reported in 2000, which suggested that laughter may be good for the heart.
	www.umm.edu /news/releases/laughter2.html (1063 words)

	Laughter is the Best Medicine for Your Heart
		Laughter, along with an active sense of humor, may help protect you against a heart attack, according to a recent study by cardiologists at the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore.
		The study, which is the first to indicate that laughter may help prevent heart disease, found that people with heart disease were 40 percent less likely to laugh in a variety of situations compared to people of the same age without heart disease.
		Miller says it may be possible to incorporate laughter into our daily activities, just as we do with other heart-healthy activities, such as taking the stairs instead of the elevator.
	www.umm.edu /features/laughter.htm (498 words)

	Annette Goodheart, Ph.D. The Original Laughter Coach
		It reduces the stress and tension, increases receptivity among participants (and organizers) and, by establishing a lighter tone for the conference early on, helps insure that the message of the conference itself and the information presented is more thoroughly grasped and retained.
		In the space of one to one-and-a half hours the underlying tone for the rest of the conference is established: a tone which carries through the conference and greatly improves it's chances of success and achieving its goals.
		At the same time the presentation of laughter is a learning experience for conference participants; an experience whose message can be carried beyond the conference and applied to professional settings and one's own life.
	www.laughtercoach.com /ww_conferences.html (752 words)

	Humor and Laughter: Health Benefits and Online Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Laughter, along with an active sense of humor, may help protect you against a heart attack, according to the study at the University of Maryland Medical Center (cited above).
		Laughter can be a great workout for your diaphragm, abdominal, respiratory, facial, leg, and back muscles.
		Laugh as a means of reducing tension because laughter is often followed by a state of relaxation.
	www.helpguide.org /life/humor_laughter_health.htm (2449 words)

	Laughter - The Immune Connection
		The understanding of these pathways leads to the hypothesis that mirthful laughter, a eustress effect, may produce beneficial health effects as the result of physiological and immunological changes.
		In previously reported research, we have demonstrated that the positive effects of mirthful laughter not only decrease stress and certain neuroendocrine hormones but spontaneously increases the activity of natural killer cells that are vital to fighting and preventing disease (see Humor & Health November/December, 1994 issue, Volume III, Number 6).
		Therefore, these data suggest that the eustress paradigm of the mirthful laughter metaphor may be capable of modifying components of the immune response by increasing production of IFN and subsequent immunomodulation.
	www.angelfire.com /pa/Povertyhill2/laughter.html (884 words)

	Laughter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Laughter is sometimes seemingly contagious and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others.
		The laughter of Democritus had a philosophical character, being directed at the life of man and at all the vain fears and hopes related to the gods and to life after death.
		Democritus here made of his laughter a complete conception of the world, a certain spiritual premise of the man who has attained maturity and has awakened.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laughter (1700 words)

	The Swedenborgian Church-Sermons-Laughter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The affection of good which is in the rational does not display itself by means of laughter, but by means of a certain joy and consequent pleasurable delight which does not laugh; for in laughter there is usually something that is not so good.
		The remaining places in the Old Testament where laughter is mentioned are mostly in the books of Psalms, Ecclesiastes, and Job, which seems ironic, as Job was not a happy person and laughter is generally used in a negative sense.
		And when the boy is born, they call him "laughter." He represented to them the truth in the promise of God that they would be the parents of a great nation which would go on for generation after generation.
	www.swedenborg.org /odb/sermon_detail.cfm?sermonID=3551 (1606 words)

	Certified Laughter Yoga Leader Training
		Laughter Yoga is not a substitute for proper medical consultation for physical, mental and psychological illnesses and may not be suitable for everyone.
		Disclaimer: Laughter Yoga is not a substitute for proper medical consultation for physical, mental and psychological illnesses and may not be suitable for everyone.
		The American School Of Laughter Yoga is affiliated with Dr Kataria's School of Laughter Yoga and currently represents the Laughter Yoga movement in the USA.
	www.laughteryoga.us /workshops/clyl_training.html (1230 words)

	ScienceDaily: The First Laugh: New Study Posits Evolutionary Origins Of Two Distinct Types Of Laughter
		As a result, laughter was co-opted for a number of novel functions, including strategically punctuating conversation, and conveying feelings or ideas such as embarrassment and derision.
		Laughter Is Good For Your Heart, According To A New University Of Maryland Medical Center Study (November 17, 2000) -- Laughter, along with an active sense of humor, may help protect you against a heart attack, according to a new study by cardiologists at the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore.
		Laughter -- Laughter is the biological reaction of humans to moments or occasions of humor: an outward expression of amusement.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/11/051122184228.htm (1693 words)

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