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Topic: Launch escape system

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Saturn 5

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Earth orbit rendezvous

Apollo abort modes

	Launch escape system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Launch Escape System (LES) is a top-mounted rocket connected to the crew module of a crewed spacecraft and used to quickly separate and launch the crew module away from the rest of the rocket in the case of an emergency.
		Since the escape rockets are above the crew module, an LES typically uses separate nozzles which are angled away from the crew module to prevent the LES exhaust from hitting it.
		As shown by Soyuz T-10a, an LES must be able to carry a crew compartment from the launch pad to a height sufficient for its parachutes to open.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Launch_escape_system (442 words)

	MAJOR APOLLO SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS
		The boost-protective cover protects the command module from aerodynamic heating during boosted flight and from heat and soot from the launch escape and Jettison motors of the launch escape system.
		The launch escape system is 33 feet tall and consists of an escape motor, pitch control motor, tower jettison motor, tower release mechanism, canard subsystem and Q-ball assembly.
		The Q-ball assembly is at the top of the launch escape system and contains pressure sensors to determine flight angles of attack and dynamic pressures during launch or launch abort.
	www.apollosaturn.com /as202/p14-18.htm (920 words)

	NASA - Engine, Parachute Tests Pave Way For Launch Escape System
		NASA has tested rocket engines and parachutes that could be instrumental in developing the first spacecraft crew launch escape system in almost 30 years.
		Launch pad abort tests support development of a system that could pull a crew safely away from danger during liftoff.
		Integrated launch abort demonstration tests in 2005 will use four RS-88 engines to separate a test vehicle from a test platform, simulating pulling a crewed vehicle away from an aborted launch.
	www.nasa.gov /home/hqnews/2003/dec/HQ_03417_escape_system.html (588 words)

	Soyuz TMA features \| Kosmonavtka
		The Soyuz launch escape system has the acronym САС, SAS (Система Аварийного спасения, Sistema Avariynogo Spaseniya) and is activated should anything go wrong on the launch pad, or on the ride into orbit.
		Then the escape system motor fired, dragging the orbital module and descent module, encased within the upper shroud, free of the booster at 14 to 17 g’s of acceleration.
		Seconds after the escape system activated, the booster exploded, destroying the launch complex (which was, incidentally, the one used to launch Sputnik 1 and Vostok 1).
	suzymchale.com /kosmonavtka/soyfeature.html (2330 words)

	BIOMEDICAL RESULTS OF APOLLO - APOLLO MISSIONS (Sec.1,Ch.2)
		The Launch Escape System provided a means for escape during countdown or in the first 100 seconds of the lift-off sequence, should a fire or other abort situation develop.
		Oscillations induced by the launch vehicle in excess of spacecraft design criteria were apparently the cause of the abrupt changes manifested in strain, vibration, and acceleration measurements in the spacecraft and adapter.
		The descent stage propulsion system was used to slow the Lunar Module to be in the descent toward the moon.
	lsda.jsc.nasa.gov /books/apollo/s1ch2.htm (10105 words)

	[No title]
		It is 82-feet tall and has five distinct parts: the command module, the service module, the lunar module, the launch escape system, and the spacecraft- lunar module adapter.
		The three modules make up the basic spacecraft; the launch escape system and adapter are specialpurpose units which are jettisoned early in the mission after they have fulfilled their function.
		The launch escape system is essentially a small rocket which will thrust the command module with the astronauts inside to safety in case of a malfunction in the launch vehicle on the pad or during the early part of boost.
	www.apollosaturn.com /asnr/p3-6.htm (1157 words)

	New Details Of Shenzhou And Its Launcher Revealed
		This includes assessing the functionality, reliability and safety of each manned spaceflight system; coordination among different systems; the spacecraft environment for manned flight; the effectiveness of the improved measures that have been implemented; the escape and emergency life support systems; and the capability of the launcher's redundant control system.
		The launch escape system is composed of the escape tower and the upper portion of the payload fairing.
		Coupled with the two modules, the entire length of the launch escape system/vehicle is 15.1 meters, with the widest diameter of 3.8 meters, and a total weight of 11.26 tonnes (11,260 kg).
	www.spacedaily.com /news/china-02zf.html (1376 words)

	NSSDC Master Catalog Display: Spacecraft
		The Saturn 1 launch vehicle was a two-stage booster with the Apollo payload attached to the S-IV second stage.
		An elaborate system of eight motion picture cameras and one TV camera was mounted on the S-1 stage to record flight events.
		All test objectives were met, including final verification of the Saturn 1 propulsion, guidance, and structural systems, development testing of the Apollo spacecraft during atmospheric exit, test jettisoning of the CSM launch escape system, and compatibility of the CSM with the launch system.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /database/MasterCatalog?sc=1964-057A (356 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Apollo 12 Lightning Strike
		In that case, the crew would use the launch escape rockets mounted atop the command module to jettison their capsule from the rest of the Saturn V and make an emergency landing off the Florida coast.
		Although the electrical and navigation systems within the command module had been affected by the lightning strike, the guidance system on the Saturn V had continued to function perfectly.
		Once all systems had been checked out and no damage was discovered, Mission Control reported, "Apollo 12, the good word is you're Go for TLI [Translunar Injection]." With that approval, the third stage was ignited, and the crew continued on to the Moon.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/spacecraft/q0140.shtml (999 words)

	The Space Review: Saturn's fury: effects of a Saturn 5 launch pad explosion
		Because of the pads’ isolation, after 1962 Saturn designers were less concerned about the damage that a launch pad explosion could do to the surrounding area than they were about the damage that an explosion could do to the astronauts who were trying to escape it.
		By knowing this, the designers of the Launch Escape System could develop sensors and electronic equipment for determining when this was about to happen in order to fire the escape rockets.
		During the launch of the first vehicle, AS-501, Rocco Petrone watched the rocket lift off from his seat in launch control and kept his hand near the button that would close protective covers over the windows if the Saturn 5 exploded.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/591/1 (2484 words)

	CNN - Launch day, 1969: A quick breakfast, a long elevator ride ... - July 16, 1999
		The hatch was shut with a "clang" and the countdown continued with onlookers including 3,500 members of the media, 20,000 VIPs and a million people along the Florida coast, as well as millions more watching at home.
		In the Launch Control Center, the father of the Saturn V -- Wernher von Braun -- looked on as launch director Rocco Petrone polled his troops.
		The swing-arms pulled away and a 500-volt charge was sent to the launch pad to spark the conflagration.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/space/9907/16/apollo.tick.tock/index.html (846 words)

	CNN - Apollo Lunar Module (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The purpose of the Launch Escape System (LES) was to propel the Command Module to safety in the event of an aborted launch.
		The forward cylindrical section housed a rocket motor which provided thrust for CM abort, a pitch control motor which provided an initial pitch maneuver toward the Atlantic Ocean during pad or low-altitude abort, and a tower jettison motor which was used to jettison the LES from the Command Module.
		The Launch Escape System was activated automatically in the first 100 seconds, or manually by the astronauts at any time from the pad to jettison altitude.
	www.cnn.com /interactive/space/9907/apollo11.saturn/apollo.html (393 words)

	Saturn I
		The Department of Defense guidelines called for a launch vehicle capable of putting 9000 to 18 000 kilograms into Earth orbit or accelerating space probes of 2700 to 5400 kilograms to escape velocity.
		The first four launches used the Block I vehicle, with inert upper stages and no fins on the first stage, the S-I. Block II versions carried a live second stage, the S-IV, sported a corona of aerodynamic fins at the base, and used uprated H-I engines.
		At launch, an Apollo command and service module boilerplate and launch escape system tower were atop the Saturn 1, with Pegasus I folded inside the service module.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/systems/saturn-i.htm (935 words)

	NASA's New CEV Launcher to Maximize Use of Space Shuttle Components \| SpaceRef - Your Space Reference
		Secondly, the overall launch vehicle design was to be substantially safer and simpler to maintain than the existing space shuttle orbiter, which ascends to orbit using a trio of liquid fueled engines firing on the orbiter along with the solid motors.
		Original shuttle crew escape was predicated on what was then termed "intact abort" meaning for the crew to survive a launch failure the entire orbiter had to return, intact, to a hard-surface runway.
		For the CEV crew to escape a launch abort, only the part of the CEV containing the flight crew would be explosively detached from the remainder of the CEV/launcher.
	www.spaceref.com /news/viewnews.html?id=1055 (3450 words)

	Space Launch Report Web Log
		Two pressure-fed bipropellant reaction control system (RCS) modules will provide roll control for the upper stage when the J-2X engine is firing and 3-axis control during coast periods.
		The pressure-fed bipropellant roll control system will burn monomethylhydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide in two modules, located 180 degrees apart on the interstage, that each contain four 2.18 tonne thrust thrusters.
		Hardware to be produced during the five-year development effort includes structural test articles of key components, an upper stage pathfinder (a mass simulator for facility checkout) a "Battleship" (or Main Propulsion Test Article) upper stage, a vibration test stage, an avionics simulator, and two "Proto Flight" stages.
	www.geocities.com /launchreport/blog012.html (488 words)

	Apollo spacecraft - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The purpose of the Apollo launch escape system was to pull the Command Module (which contained the crew cabin) away from the launch vehicle in an abort situation.
		The Launch Escape System would work automatically (or through manual activation) to fire a solid fuel escape rocket and open a canard system to direct the Command Module away from, and off the path of, a launch vehicle in trouble.
		Launch Escape Motor - The main solid fuel rocket motor that, firing through four rocket nozzles, pulls the Command Module rapidly away from a launch emergency.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apollo_spacecraft (2224 words)

	Space Program - Apollo
		The ground simulation was not considered dangerous as the launch vehicle was not fueled.
		The eventual launch of AS-204 with a Saturn S-IB booster became known as the Apollo 5 mission (no missions or flights were ever designated Apollo 2 and 3).
		As seen form the Lunar Rover, the Apollo 16 LEM is launched from the moon.
	members.tripod.com /spacecapsule/apollo.html (1481 words)

	Chariots for Apollo, Appendix C
		Demonstrate capability of escape system to propel command module to safe distance from launch vehicle during pad abort.
		Demonstrate capability of escape system to propel command module to predetermined distance from launch vehicle.
		Hold for 60 minutes to resolve problem with launch vehicle digital computer during power transfer test; 48-minute hold for recurrence of computer problem; 41-minute hold to attempt to clear up problem with the remote site data processor on the Rose Knot Victor; 5-minute hold to evaluate Saturn IB low fuel mass quantity indicator.
	www.solarviews.com /history/SP-4205/app-c.html (2037 words)

	Engine, parachute tests pave way for launch escape - Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums
		NASA has tested rocket engines and parachutes that could be instrumental in developing the first crew launch escape system in almost 30 years.
		The pad abort tests are aimed at developing a system that could pull a crew safely away from an aborted launch if needed.
		The PAD project is managed at the Johnson Space Center in Houston.NASA has tested rocket engines and parachutes that could be instrumental in developing the first spacecraft crew launch escape system in almost 30 years.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=10126 (399 words)

	Wired News: NASA Looks for an Emergency Exit
		Though an escape pod restricted to the launch pad itself couldn't save crews faced with mechanical failures during ascent like those that killed the shuttle astronauts, it's possible that an in-flight system could.
		On April 5, 1975, the Soyuz escape system hurled a crew clear of a rocket malfunction shortly after liftoff.
		As a starting point, the PAD engineers looked back to the Apollo Launch Escape System, which had four solid propellant motors that would separate the command module from the Saturn rocket in the event of an emergency on the launch pad.
	www.wired.com /news/space/1,61734-0.html (971 words)

	Solar System Quest \| Travel
		The launch escape system, a tower-like structure above the Command Module, provided power to lift the Command Module up and away from the Saturn launch Vehicle should an emergency occur after fuelling and before injection in orbit.
		It was 2.8 feet in diameter, 22 feet long and contained the propulsion system for midcourse corrections, retrofire to achieve lunar orbit, and thrust to return from lunar orbit into an Earth Trajectory.
		There were 2 engines, one with controllable thrust for descent to the surface of the moon, and the other with a fixed 35,000 pound thrust for ascent to rendezvous with the Command Module in lunar orbit.
	library.thinkquest.org /03oct/00677/site/travel.htm (1021 words)

	Crew/Cargo Transfer Vehicle Preliminary Requirements
		The CCTV shall include provisions for a personnel launch escape system in the case of launch vehicle failure on the launch pad and during all phases of ascent flight.
		There shall also be provisions for water and land recovery in the event of launch escape or abort during ascent or entry.
		The CCTV system shall provide a minimum on-orbit maneuver capability consistent with reaching the ISS from the launch vehicle staging point for the primary ISS mission and then returning from orbit.
	www.nasawatch.com /ae/07.22.99.cctv.req.html (1235 words)

	RIA Novosti - Science & Technologies - Russia's new spaceship to save crew in possible LV accident
		LE BOURGET (France), June 14 (RIA Novosti) - The concept of the new Russian reusable spaceship Kliper is such that, if the launch vehicle fails, the life of the crew will be preserved, leading designer Vladimir Daneev told RIA Novosti at the Le Bourget airspace show.
		The Kliper's basic characteristics are - launch mass 13 tones, crew up to six, payload mass 500 kilograms.
		As regards a carrier rocket for the new spaceship, he said that the updated Soyuz-2 may be opted for.
	en.rian.ru /science/20050614/40521455.html (417 words)

	Beyond Columbia
		The launch of mission 61-C -- the last one before the Challenger disaster --was aborted 9 minutes before launch by bad weather.
		And, hours before a planned launch of Columbia in September 1990, several hydrogen leaks were discovered in it -- one small and low-priority one associated with another temperature sensor.
		Such a system would also take years and billions of dollars to install in the Shuttles, during which the fleet would be out of action.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/shuttle-03m2.html (737 words)

	Chariots For Apollo, ch4-2
		Although launch sites at Wallops Island, Virginia; Eglin Air Force Base, Florida; and the Cape were considered, the New Mexico desert north of El Paso, Texas, was picked early in the spring of 1962 as the Little Joe II test area.
		But on some occasions, such as launch, the crew would be in their suits and would need equipment that could be operated while wearing the bulky gloves and helmet.
		But the managerial task in the complex and interlocking systems of the command module, as well as those of the other vehicles in the Apollo stack, had to be spelled out in precise and formal guidelines to ensure orderly progress.
	www.solarviews.com /history/SP-4205/ch4-2.html (4744 words)

	[No title]
		not met; escape motor ignition was late during reduced pressure region.
		Off-the-pad abort; qualify structure and launch escape system for simulated pad abort.
		Successful; launch vehicle failed to shutdown until fuel depletion, S/C overshot by 130 miles.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/mercury_flights.html (450 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Shenzhou Launch Report \| CHINA ORBITS MAN
		Shrouded in official secrecy and a launch escape system in case something went catastrophically wrong, the nation's fifth Shenzhou vehicle -- meaning "divine vessel" -- had its first human passenger aboard, letting China gain significant national prestige and joining ranks with Russia and the United States.
		The launch was to have been broadcast live on China's central television network CCTV, but the coverage was dropped Tuesday "after space experts suggested it do so," said the Lanzhou Morning Press and China Daily newspapers.
		Tests of systems, instruments, and a limited number experiments for the scientific community and the military are possible items on the itinerary.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /shenzhou/031015launch.html (1321 words)

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