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Topic: Laurentide Ice Sheet

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	International Workshop Global Ice Sheets and Sea Level during the Last Glacial Maximum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For the ice sheets, CLIMAP presented two optional reconstructions: a minimum model in which ice margins were largely restricted to continental margins and accounted for 127 m of sea-level lowering, and a "maximum" model which included significantly expanded marine ice sheets and accounted for 163 m of sea-level lowering.
		Because the relative contribution of these ice sheets to the total extent of ice is small (perhaps 5% of the total area), a general consensus that global ice sheet extent is reasonably well known.
		Ice sheet models are also able to partition the global ice suggested by sea-level records among the areas suggested by the glacial geologic record.
	www.inqua.au.dk /cog/ice-sheets.html (1736 words)

	ES 331/767 Lab I
		Ice sheets in the maximum reconstruction were thicker and extended far out onto the continental shelves.
		The distribution of Holocene crustal rebound indicates that the ice sheet was probably thickest on the shelf between Svalbard and Franz Josef Land--see Fig.
		Maximum extent of the Eurasian ice sheets in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Weichselian.
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/ice/labs/lab01.htm (1489 words)

	Ice sheet (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An ice sheet is a mass of glacier Ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km² (19,305 mile²).
		The only current Ice sheets are Antarctic and Greenland; during the last ice age at Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the Laurentide Ice sheet covered much of Canada and North America, the Weichselian Ice sheet covered northern Europe and the Patagonian Ice Sheet covered southern Chile.
		The Antarctic Ice Sheet first formed as a small ice cap (maybe several) in the early Oligocene, but retreating and advancing many times until the Pliocene, when it came to occupy almost all of Antarctica.
	ice-sheet.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (441 words)

	Long-age puzzle of thin ice at the edge of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in North America was generally composed of lobes, possibly as the result of rapid movement or surges to the south.
		Furthermore, evidence from existing ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland indicates that the marginal ice is fairly clean.
		Long-age ice thicknesses and volumes are based mainly on the assumptions that the ice sheet moved down from northern Canada and had a profile similar to those in Antarctica.
	www.answersingenesis.org /tj/v18/i2/icesheet.asp (1604 words)

	Laurentide ice sheet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Laurentide ice sheet was a massive sheet of ice that covered hundreds of thousands of square miles, including most of Canada and a large portion of the northern United States, between ~ 90,000 and ~ 18,000 years before the present day.
		This is a controversial position because it is know that the North Atlantic was very cold throughout glacial periods and it is likely that the anticyclone on top of the ice sheet helped sustain it through moist easterly winds which encouraged snow-bearing winds from the south.
		During the Kansan Glaciation the Laurentide Ice Sheet extended even further south, reaching as far as Douglas County, Kansas and almost as far as St.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laurentide_ice_sheet (300 words)

	PALAEO-ICE STREAMS OF THE SOUTHWEST LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		During ice sheet recession from western Canada some ice streams appear to have terminated in surge lobes, as documented by the recognition of a surging glacier landsystem.
		Landforms within the ice stream trunk display high levels of spatial coherency suggesting that they represent the bed at at an instant in time ('rubber stamped'), whereas at the margin, ice stream recession is recorded by large transverse ridge complexes (end moraines) in the Red Deer and Bow river drainage basins.
		Ice stream beds can contain palimpsests of their initial advance phase, and late stage streaming moulds and redistributes pre-existing depo-centres/moraines so that the occurrence and pattern of bed deformation and sliding is dictated by the localized “continuity” of subglacial materials.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_53527.htm (473 words)

	David Suzuki Foundation: Climate Change: Science: Collapsing Ice Sheets
		Although it was historically understood that these ice sheets were stable over long time periods, as scientists learn more about them it is becoming clear that ice sheets - like many other components of the Earth system - are capable of rapid change.
		The three major ice sheets are the East Antarctic, West Antarctic and Greenland.
		The East Antarctic Ice Sheet is extremely thick, and frozen solidly to a dry base.
	www.davidsuzuki.org /Climate_Change/Impacts/Collapsing_Ice_Sheets.asp (757 words)

	SHEETS OF ICE (BR-R-R-R) - Iceages - Students - OceanWorld
		Land that was visible and usable during the ice age is reclaimed by the rising ocean.
		As snow accumulates, the ice thickens at the tops of mountain-valley glaciers or at the domed centers of ice sheets.
		In other words, as the glacier or ice sheet loses ice due to melting and calving during its gravity-induced (caused) trip to warmer latitudes (ablation zone), it is replenished or supplied with more snow in the accumulation zones (colder latitudes).
	oceanworld.tamu.edu /students/iceage/iceage1.htm (520 words)

	Geotimes - June 2002 - Glacial Mystery
		Although the Laurentide ice sheet was large enough to create the sea-level rise, isotopic evidence from the areas of possible drainage only supports a melting of the southern part of the sheet.
		In the vicinity of an ice sheet, the mass of the sheet creates a gravitational pull on the water, pulling it toward itself.
		But he adds that the Antarctic ice sheets today are configured differently now than they were before mwp-IA, so their response to these trends are unlikely to be the same.
	www.agiweb.org /geotimes/june02/NN_ice.html (883 words)

	The peak of the Ice Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		East of the Rocky Mountains, ice descended onto the high plains and coalesced with the Laurentide ice sheet blocking the ice-free corridor.
		In this case, the ice at the center, in Canada, would have to be very thick since glaciers on fairly level terrain flow from a region of thicker ice to areas of thinner ice.
		The ice surface slope in southern Alberta to its southern terminus was nearly flat.
	www.answersingenesis.org /home/area/fit/chapter9.asp (3070 words)

	Surficial Geology of Maine - Maine Geological Survey
		The slow-moving glacial ice changed the landscape as it scraped across mountains and valleys (Figure 1), eroding rock debris and carrying it for miles (Figure 2).
		Erosion and sediment deposition by the ice sheet combined to give a streamlined shape to many hills, the long axes of which are parallel to ice flow.
		The Earth's crust was still depressed by the weight of the ice sheet, causing the sea to flood southern Maine as the glacier retreated to the northwest.
	www.maine.gov /doc/nrimc/mgs/explore/surficial/facts/surficial.htm (1366 words)

	Maine's Glacial Moraines - Maine Geological Survey
		Even as the ice margin withdrew, internal flow within the glacier continued to transport its sediment load southward toward the edge of the ice sheet.
		The zone under the edge of the glacier - where ice, sea water, and the underlying ground were all in contact with each other - was the "grounding line" of the ice sheet.
		This and other moraines in the interior of the state were mostly deposited by the Laurentide Ice Sheet, although a few in northernmost Maine were formed by north(!)-flowing ice when a late-glacial ice cap had been isolated over that part of the state.
	www.state.me.us /doc/nrimc/mgs/explore/surficial/facts/jan00.htm (1765 words)

	gran-heinrich events
		In this situation, ice sheet dynamics (and subsequently Heinrich Events and the concurrent ocean circulation and temperature changes) are controlled by the ice sheet and its substrate, not climate.
		This implies that the climate change associated with the collapse of the LIS affected western North America (the ice sheet dynamics in both areas are different so it would have to be climate as the forcing factor for the alpine glaciers).
		Also, after the ice sheet collapse, air circulation over the ice sheet is not cooled so much (the ice sheet elevation is lower and the sheet in general is smaller).
	www.uvm.edu /~pbierman/classes/gradsem/1998/granab.html (2972 words)

	Long-age puzzle of thin ice at the edge of the Laurentide Ice Sheet - Journal of Creation (TJ)
		Reconstructions of the surface morphology of the DML at its maximum, assuming that the thickness of the ice at the edge was as high as the horseshoe-bounding moraine, have indicated that the DML was probably thin and gently sloping.
		Shear stress is the force parallel to a surface (in comparison to the normal stress, which acts perpendicular to the surface), such as the frictional force between a toboggan and a slope of snow.
		Hooyer, T.S. and Iverson, N.L., Flow mechanism of the Des Moines lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, J.
	www.creationontheweb.com /content/view/1574 (1394 words)

	[No title]
		Ice that had advanced onto continental shelves in many parts of the globe could have been lifted simultaneously by rising seas, which would have reduced friction at the base of the glaciers and allowed them to cascade freely into the ocean, they say.
		The stones, which had been scraped off by the advancing Laurentide Ice Sheet in what is now eastern Canada, were frozen in the ice, carried out to sea by icebergs, deposited on the ocean floor and buried by subsequent sediments.
		One leading explanation is the so-called "binge-purge" model, in which the Laurentide Ice Sheet is thought to have gradually thickened, or "binged," until heat and pressure began to melt the glaciers' base.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/record/archives/vol19/vol19_iss30/record1930.21 (858 words)

	ScienceDaily: University Of Cincinnati Geologist Finds North American Glacial Advances Coincide With Iceberg Calving ...
		Ice sheet -- An ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 kmÂ² (19,305 mileÂ²).
		Ice shelf -- An ice shelf is a thick, floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface, typically in Antarctica or Greenland.
		Ice age -- An ice age is a period of long-term downturn in the temperature of Earth's climate, resulting in an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers ("glaciation").
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1998/10/981028075904.htm (1766 words)

	Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies \| Stellwagen Bank \| Geology
		Fueled by the Wisconsinan Ice Age and the surrounding seas, much of the earth's water was converted into ice, and that ice piled high and began to move.
		By about 21,000 ybp, the Laurentide ice sheet had reached its southern limit, with three lobes extending into our area (figure 1: the darker, outlined area represents the region as it looks today with Boston, Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard and Stellwagen Bank).
		The lake was bounded by ice to the north and east and by older deposits (dry land) to the south and west.
	www.coastalstudies.org /what-we-do/stellwagen-bank/geology.htm (528 words)

	NATURE. Living Edens: Arctic Oasis. Eco Explorer \| PBS
		For all its snow and ice, Nunavut is not a land of unvarying flat whiteness.
		Twenty-five thousand years ago, the great sheet of ice (known as the Laurentide Ice Sheet) that had covered Nunavut during the last ice age, the Wisconsin Ice Age, began to move, making changes in the land's surface.
		Today, the remains of the Laurentide Ice Sheet can be found as ice caps on Baffin Island and north of the Arctic Circle, Devon Island and Quttinirpaaq Island.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/arcticoasis/eco_explorer3.html (538 words)

	Wisconsin Glaciation and The Labrador Sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Wisconsin Glaciation and The Labrador Sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
		Little is known about the initial development of the Labrador sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet or the course of glacier movements that led to the ice cover of the entire region between the Labrador coast and western Manitoba, and possibly beyond.
		The Laurentide ice upon filling the St. Lawrence Valley and flowing along it sought escape southward through cols in the eastern part of the Notre Dame Mountains and hence combined with elements of the Applachian Glacier Complex.
	hannover.park.org /Canada/Museum/champlain/LABRADOR.HTM (463 words)

	Geotimes - February 2004 - The Ice-Free Corridor Revisited
		He favored a more restricted Wisconsin Glaciation limit of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and, on this basis, proposed that people could have reached the lands south of the ice via a passage between glaciers advancing into the plains from the Rocky Mountains and continental glaciers.
		However, a revisiting of the chronology of the maximum advance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in this region by Arthur Dyke of GSC and university colleagues in 2002 concluded that the maximum advance was more likely in the range of about 21,000 YBP, which is compatible with the last glacial maximum.
		Furthermore, 16 ages determined on erratics along the limit of glaciation by the Laurentide Ice Sheet yielded compatible ages, in the range of 12,000 to 22,000 YBP.
	www.geotimes.org /feb04/feature_Revisited.html (2869 words)

	Research Page
		Significant growth and decay of the earth's continental ice sheets have been signature characteristics of changing climatic regimes, with the precise cause/effect relationship between ice sheet morphology and climate change remaining largely undetermined.
		Laurentide, Fennoscandian, and Antarctic ice sheet elevations are the glaciological model output from Jim Fastook at the University of Maine.
		The Patagonian Ice Sheet elevations are from model output by Hulton et al.
	polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu /toracint/HTML/pmgresearch.html (2431 words)

	Research on the Laurentide Ice Sheet (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The plan is to isolate mechanisms of abrupt change on the order of hundreds of years in the ice sheet that are large enough to trigger climate changes captured as time “snapshots” by our coupled global and regional atmospheric climate models.
		This includes the wind field over the ice sheet as influenced by icesheet topography, the proglacial lakes bordering on the ice sheet, the fine-resolution mesoscale climate of North America, and global change.
		If fluctuations in the Laurentide Ice Sheet triggered climate changes, then the possibility exists that present-day ice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica may be able to trigger similar climate changes, with all the social, economic, and political consequences.
	climatechange.umaine.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /Research/projects/laurentide.html (568 words)

	Glaciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Laurentide Ice Sheet was the largest of the two.
		Remnants of the Laurentide ice sheet covers 80% of Greenland and is 3 km think at its center.
		Once an ice sheet is 50 m think it flows from its center anywhere from 0.3-50 m per day.
	hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca /beringia/glaciation.html (487 words)

	People - The Department of the Geophysical Sciences
		A new numerical model of coupled inland ice sheet, ice stream and ice shelf flow and its application to the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
		Numerical modeling of subglacial sediment deformation: Implications for the behavior of the Lake Michigan Lobe, Laurentide Ice Sheet.
		MacAyeal, D.R. (1993) Binge/Purge oscillations of the Laurentide Ice Sheet as a cause of the North Atlantic's Heinrich events.
	geosci.uchicago.edu /people/faculty/macayeal_pub.shtml (491 words)

	Quaternary Geologic History of Minnesota - Outline of Topic
		Where the wind carried sand and silt beyond the edges of the ice, sand dunes were formed near to the source, and a covering of fine silt mantled the surface far from the source.
		Even where glacial ice was not primarily responsible for development of the landscape, such as in southeastern Minnesota, climate change and effects of the nearby ice, such as meltwater from the ice sheet, profoundly affected the topography.
		The ice sheet formed in a climatic belt where not only was cold weather the rule, but also where sufficient precipitation was present to form the glaciers which coalesced to form the ice sheet.
	www.winona.edu /geology/MRW/Quaternary.htm (4996 words)

	Wisconsin ice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		("Laurentide" is the name given to the ice sheet that advanced into Michigan from the Laurentian region of Canada.) This time period does not mark the maximum extent of the ice in the Great Lakes region (which occurred about 18,000 years ago), but it does show nicely the major
		lobes of ice that comprised the ice sheet.
		In many places the smooth rock pavement is scored with scratches and grooves cut by the sharp rock tools held at the bottom of the glacier and given power by the weight and movement of the ice.
	www.geo.msu.edu /geo333/wisconsin_ice.html (291 words)

	What was the last ice age like? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The growth of the ice sheets began about 120,000 years ago as ice built up on the continents in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Canada and Europe.
		In North America the largest ice sheet was the Laurentide Ice Sheet centered on Hudson Bay with other sheets centered on Greenland and in the Canadian Rocky Mountains.
		In northwestern Europe the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet began to grow and expand south to cover what is now Norway and Sweden and north to cover the exposed continental shelf.
	earth.rice.edu /mtpe/cryo/cryosphere/topics/ice_age.html (236 words)

	THE LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET AT LGM: WHERE THE DOMES WERE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An alternative approach to the reconstruction of LGM ice-sheet topography is that based upon the geophysical inversion of relative sea level (RSL) observations.
		That this missing ice must have been located over the Laurentide platform is strongly suggested by a combination of space geodetic and absolute gravity measurements.
		A new multi-domed model of the Laurentide ice-sheet that enables the global model of the last deglaciation event to satisfy all of these constraints will be discussed.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_36469.htm (369 words)

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