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	Lauris Norstad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lauris Norstad (1907 - 1988) was an American general in the United States Army Air Corps and United States Air Force.
		Transferred to Washington, D.C. in August 1944, General Norstad was chief of staff of the 20th Air Force with added duty of deputy chief of Air Staff at Army Air Force Headquarters.
		Joining the U.S. Air Forces in Europe in October 1950 General Norstad was commander in chief, USAFE, with Headquarters at Wiesbaden, Germany.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lauris_Norstad (467 words)

	NWCR, Summer 2001: Jordan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lauris Norstad was a major Air Force leader during the defining years of the Cold War, and except for Dwight Eisenhower, he was the most prominent of all the Supreme Allied Commanders Europe (SACEUR) since that position was established in early 1951.
		In his war memoir, Eisenhower had this to say about Norstad: “[Norstad was] a young air officer who so impressed me by his alertness, grasp of problems, and personality that I never thereafter lost sight of him.” Before long, Brigadier General Norstad was operations chief for the Allied Air Forces Mediterranean.
		With Eisenhower serving as chief of staff of the U.S. Army, and Norstad his deputy for operations (G-3), Norstad was involved in both issues, particularly in developing the compromises that led to the 1947 legislation resulting in the National Military Establishment, and ultimately to a separate Department of the Air Force.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/review/2001/Summer/br10-su1.htm (867 words)

	Original Artwork: Howard Koslow: Lauris Norstad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lauris Norstad is an admirable example of a dedicated career man whose interest in his work and in the well-being of his country have spanned the decades of his life.
		Norstad was born in 1907 in Minnesota and graduated from West Point in 1930.
		For, in June 1945, Norstad was promoted to major general and he did indeed share direct responsibility for the planning and execution of the missions to Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of that year.
	www.artworkoriginals.com /EB5SCRV0.HTM (450 words)

	Presidential Papers, Doc#95 To Lauris Norstad, 1 April 1957. In The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower
		Norstad had just completed visits to the NATO capitals and had told Eisenhower about meetings with Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Oliviera Salazar in Lisbon and German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in Bonn.
		Norstad reported that Salazar, who had been concerned that U.S. action in the Middle East had damaged the NATO alliance by destroying the prestige of Great Britain and France, had accepted his argument that the over-all strength of the alliance was more important than the individual strength of any of its members.
		Norstad's wife was the former Isabelle Helen Jenkins.
	www.eisenhowermemorial.org /presidential-papers/second-term/documents/95.cfm (459 words)

	Naval War College Review: Cold War NATO Supreme Commander—airman, Strategist, Diplomat. . - book review
		Lauris Norstad was a major Air Force leader during the defining years of the Gold War, and except for Dwight Eisenhower, he was the most prominent of all the Supreme Allied Commanders Europe (SACEUR) since that position was established in early 1951.
		By war's end, Major General Lauris Norstad, though not one of the top combat heroes of the Army Air Forces, was definitely one of its top corners.
		The author analyzes in detail three major issues confronted by Norstad that were most significant: the role and employment of nuclear weapons in alliance defense, the Berlin crises of 1958-59 and 1961-62, and the problem of balancing SACEUR's roles as both an international and an American forces commander.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0JIW/is_3_54/ai_80786351 (968 words)

	General Norstad Scholarship - Political and Military Science - Nebraska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A Lutheran minister's son out of Minnesota, Lauris Norstad became one of the Air Force's youngest and most widely talented general officers; being around him in both Washington and Europe lifted my horizons.
		Lauris Norstad, a young officer who so impressed me by his alertness, grasp of problems and personality that I never thereafter lost sight of him.
		He spent 12 years of his professional life in Europe; all of those years will ultimately be written about for having cajoled and then bolted together the most successful coalition of nations ever.
	www.oldfields.org /philanthropy/education/univ_ne_indiv/general_norstad.html (160 words)

	SHAPE Biographies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lauris Norstad was born in Minneapolis, Minn., in 1907.
		Moving to Langley Field, Va., in July 1940, General Norstad was Adjutant of the 25th Bomb Group, and the following November he was named Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence of General Headquarters Air Force there.
		Relieved of duty as air deputy to supreme allied commander, Europe Nov. 20, 1956, the president appointed General Norstad to become supreme allied commander, Europe, and commander in chief, U.S. European Command.
	www.shape.nato.int /shape/bios/saceur/norstad.htm (403 words)

	The Founding of the Force
		Lauris Norstad to return to Washington to become chief of staff of Twentieth Air Force.
		General Norstad was destined to play a crucial role in crafting unification legislation and in planning for the independent Air Force.
		The JCS in July 1946 formally charged General Norstad (now director of Plans and Operations for the War Department General Staff) and Admiral Sherman with writing a draft unification plan that could be supported by both the Army and Navy.
	www.afa.org /magazine/Sept1996/0996founding.asp (4172 words)

	Norstad, General Lauris, NATO Strategy
		General Norstad was born in Minneapolis of Norwegian lineage and, like his brilliant former Deputy Commander, Lord Montgomery, he was the son of a clergyman.
		Early in his career Lauris Norstad planned to study law but this was put aside for the attractions of the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated in 1930 to enter flight training with the Army Air Corps.
		The supreme command of all the Allied Powers in Europe was given to General Norstad in 1956 and his forces will have to bear the weight and violence of warfare should that evil ensue.
	www.empireclubfoundation.com /details.asp?SpeechID=1574&FT=yes (2793 words)

	Lauris Norstad, General, United States Air Force
		Lauris Norstad, commander of U.S. and NATO forces in Europe during the Berlin crisis, died of cardiac arrest, at Tucson, Arizona, Medical Center.
		When Major Norstad was summoned to Arnold's Headquarters, he wondered if he was in for one of the famous Arnold dressing-downs.
		General Norstad was buried with full military honors in Section 2, Grave 4954, Arlington National Cemetery.
	www.arlingtoncemetery.net /lnorstad.htm (1391 words)

	Presidential Papers, Doc#1404 Secret To Lauris Norstad, 11 January 1960. In The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower
		Norstad, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, had written regarding discussions at the December meeting of the North Atlantic Council on a unified air defense system.
		On a ministerial level the French seemed cooperative, Norstad told Eisenhower, but he was not optimistic.
		In March 1959 the French had removed their Mediterranean fleet from NATO control (see no. 1112).
	www.eisenhowermemorial.org /presidential-papers/second-term/documents/1404.cfm (803 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- The Last Buss -- Dec. 28, 1962 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Before retiring as NATO's Supreme Commander in Europe, General Lauris Norstad set out in November to pay his adieus to Europe's statesmen.
		Norstad once again bade ceremonial leave to his old associates.
		General de Gaulle draped over General Norstad's shoulder the crimson sash and golden star of the Legion of Honor, its highest award.
	www.time.com /time/archive/printout/0,23657,827941,00.html (234 words)

	DWIGHT D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Norstad also dealt with a wide range of questions involving command relationships and organizations, disarmament proposals, German rearmament, missile deployments and personnel, as well as crises over Berlin between 1958 and 1961.
		Norstad appears to have been an articulate and forceful spokesman for NATO and for an active role for SACEUR in formulating policies.
		General Norstad's tenure as SACEUR is especially well-documented, in part because his staff conscientiously gathered an copied materials reflecting Norstad's influence on the formulation of NATO policies.
	www.eisenhower.utexas.edu /94-5.htm (10934 words)

	SHAPE history : 14 July 2003
		General Norstad skilfully led ACE through a difficult period marked by a dangerous Cold War confrontation in Berlin that began in 1958 and reached a high point with the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961.
		He also oversaw the beginning of the evolution of NATO’s strategy away from complete reliance on nuclear weapons to defend Europe against aggression and towards a more flexible policy in which forward-deployed forces would serve as NATO’s “Shield”, while the nuclear retaliatory forces remained NATO’s “Sword” for use in defending against a major attack.
		Following General Norstad’s retirement on 1 January 1963, General Lyman L. Lemnitzer took over the leadership of ACE.
	www.nato.int /shape/news/2003/history/h030714.htm (374 words)

	Soldiers and Statesmen: Civil Military Case Studies of the NATO decision-Making Process - Storming Media
		It turned out that NATO military officials achieved relatively independent positions from their civilian superiors and were able to influence political debate not only on the basis of military expertise, but also based on their own political assessment.
		General Lauris Norstad, who assumed the position of SACEUR in 1956, exercised a great deal of independence from his civilian superiors.
		During his tenure, Norstad was involved in a debate over NATO nuclear structure.
	www.stormingmedia.us /33/3370/A337053.html (229 words)

	Europe Goes Off the U.S. Leash
		In the early 1960s, Charles de Gaulle requested an interview with NATO commander-in-chief Lauris Norstad.
		After Norstad was seated, the French president said: "General, would you please tell me how many nuclear missiles NATO has stationed on French territory." Norstad replied: "Mr.
		I cannot give it to you." Returned de Gaulle: "General Norstad, that is the last time a NATO commander will speak that way to the French president." In 1966, France quit NATO's military command structure.
	www.commondreams.org /views02/0225-05.htm (700 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 99037877 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Publisher description for Norstad : Cold-War NATO supreme commander : airman, strategist, diplomat / Robert S. Jordan ; foreword by Robert O'Neill ; afterword by Robert E. Hunter.
		This book offers a biography of the most glamorous and powerful NATO Supreme Commander of the Cold War, General Lauris Norstad, as both a "nuclear" general and an "international" general.
		His primary goal was to keep the Alliance together as he accommodated British and French nuclear ambitions while forestalling the same in West Germany.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/hol056/99037877.html (170 words)

	SHAFR: March 2003 Newsletter: Needles in the Haystacks
		General Lauris Norstad is best known for his service as Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) from 1956 to 1962.
		Many scholars may find his pre-SACEUR files useful, and General Norstad's World War II files have been fully declassified, as have all of his materials dated prior to 1950.
		However, scholars interested in studying the diplomatic and military details of Western European defense during Norstad's tenure as SACEUR should be prepared not only for rewards but for frustration.
	www.shafr.org /newsletter/2004/april/haight.htm (2144 words)

	Lauris Norstad -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		U.S. Air Force general, commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces in Europe during the Berlin crisis of 1961, when East Germany erected the Berlin Wall.
		Norstad grew up in Red Wing, Minn., and graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., in 1930.
		More results on "Lauris Norstad" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9056161?tocId=9056161 (332 words)

	AUTOGRAPHS & MANUSCRIPTS: GENERAL LAURIS NORSTAD - TYPED LETTER SIGNED 10/06/1961 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		TLS: "Lauris Norstad" as NATO Commander, 1p, 8x10½.
		After taking part in the North Africa campaign in 1942-1943, Norstad became Chief of Staff of the 20th Air Force under General Hap Arnold's direct command.
		Promoted to Major General in June 1945, Norstad had direct responsibility for planning the atomic bomb missions carried out over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.
	www.galleryofhistory.com /archive/3_2005/military-leaders/190263-GENERAL-LAURIS-NORSTAD.htm (293 words)

	Countrybookshop.co.uk - Norstad - Cold-war Supreme Commander
		This is the story of the most powerful NATO Supreme Commander of the Cold War, General Lauris Norstad was both a 'nuclear' general and an 'international' general.
		His primary goal was to keep the Alliance together and was at the centre of the political/military manoeuvrings over Berlin.
		His primary goal was to keep the Alliance together as he accommodated British and French nuclear ambitions while forestalling the same in the West Germans.
	www.countrybookshop.co.uk /books/index.phtml?whatfor=0333490851 (359 words)

	Norstad, General Lauris, NATO's New Directions
		If he doesn't want to do that, it could be a bit of a problem to decide what responsibilities to undertake in the business world.
		General Lauris Norstad graduated from U.S. Military College in 1930 with a com mission in the Cavalry, and in 1931, after suitable training, he exchanged his saddle (metaphorically speaking) for wings in the Air Corps.
		Then, postings around the world until his assignment to Washington in 1940, Africa in 1942, and in various other important capacities for the balance of the war.
	www.empireclubfoundation.com /details.asp?SpeechID=265&FT=yes (3323 words)

	Norstad - Exercise Swarmer - Korea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He became an Air Force man officially in July 1949.
		Lauris Norstad sent for Barney to participate in what was known as EXERCISE SWARMER.
		Barney served as chief of information for the exercises.
	www.oldfields.org /military/airforcekoreanorad/airforce_1.html (159 words)

	Acquisition Review Quarterly: Clipped Wings: The Death of Jack Northrop's Fly... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nearly all the interviewees for this research -- including Secretary (and Senator) Symington, Generals LeMay, Norstad, and Quesada -- are gone now, but their recollections here serve to make clear what really happened to the predecessors of today's B-2 bomber.
		This view was supported by General Lauris Norstad, who was in 1983 the only surviving member of the Senior Officers Board.
		General Norstad's position was similar: In his opinion, the charge of Mr.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:81763173&refid=holomed_1 (6876 words)

	General Lauris Norstad Squadron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This internet site is provided as a public service by the General Lauris Norstad Squadron, Arnold Air Society.
		It is intended for use by the public for viewing and retrieving information only.
		Links to other internet sites do not imply endorsement by General Lauris Norstad Squadron or Arnold Air Society.
	www.tc.umn.edu /~aas/home.php (371 words)

	Johns' Western Gallery: Catalog: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Description: This "Short Snorter" from among General Hoyt S. Vandenberg's personal World War II mementoes is a United States one dollar bill crowded with 16 signatures on front and 24 on back, including General Dwight D. Eisenhower, General H. "Hap" Arnold, Lauris Norstad, Lord Mountbatten, Senator W. Harriman, and Stephen Early among others.
		Along the edge Vandenberg has inked his initials and has written, "Short Snorter Mid-Atlantic June-1-42." The June 1, 1942 date identifies a critical point in the war, with England and America struggling to reach an agreement on joint operations for 1942-43.
		The back of the bill includes the signature of Lauris Norstad (assistant chief of staff for operations, 12th Air Force) and several other lesser-known names that might reasonably belong to 12th Air Force personnel around the time of Operation TORCH.
	www.johnswesterngallery.com /book_detail.html?Id=2361 (454 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 99037877 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Table of contents for Norstad : Cold-War NATO supreme commander : airman, strategist, diplomat / Robert S. Jordan ; foreword by Robert O'Neill ; afterword by Robert E. Hunter.
		Norstad and the "Grand Strategy" for the Cold War
		Nuclear Weapons for Europe's Defense: Norstad and the Eisenhower Administration
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/hol053/99037877.html (147 words)

	Army Air Forces in World War II
		Gen. Lauris Norstad directed Hansell to launch similar fire raids against Japan from the Marianas.
		Hansell, who had devoted much of his life to selective targeting and precision bombing doctrine, reluctantly sent an incendiary raid against Nagoya on January 3, 1945.
		The raid failed to achieve the level of destruction Arnold and Norstad desired.
	www.usaaf.net /ww2/hittinghome/hittinghomepg7.htm (573 words)

	Air Power History: Once in a Blue Moon: Airmen in Theater Command. Lauris Norstad, Albrecht Kesselring, and Their ...
		Air Power History: Once in a Blue Moon: Airmen in Theater Command.
		Lauris Norstad, Albrecht Kesselring, and Their Relevance to the Twenty-First Century Air Force.
		The author's initial concept was to shed light on why only one airman during the first fifty-three years of the post-1947 United States Air Force, was chosen to become...
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_go2703/is_200206/ai_n7053193 (181 words)

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