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	Earth Science: Plate Tectonics Present to Cambrian
		Most of these blocks were assembled by a series of plate collisions into the super continents of Laurussia [the Old Red continent] by the Devonian and Laurasia by the Pennsylvanian.
		Meanwhile the remains of Rodinia, Gondwana, rotated clockwise and moved northward to collide with Laurasia -- the result was the super continent Pangaea [all land].
		Laurussia and Siberia collide to form Laurasia; meanwhile Gondwana collides from the south.
	geowords.com /lostlinks/j01/1.htm (710 words)

	EVOLUTION OF THE ARCTIC-NORTH ATLANTIC AND THE WESTERN TETHYS--A VISUAL PRESENTATION OF A SERIES OF ...
		The Early Carboniferous collision of Gondwana with Laurussia marked the onset of the Hercynian orogenic cycle and the ensuing reorganization of plate boundaries.
		During the Carboniferous, the West Siberian Craton rotated away from the northern margin of Laurussia and began to converge with the Kazakhstan Craton and the eastern margin of Fennosarmatia.
		Consolidation of the Himalayan-type Variscan fold belt, in response to the dextral oblique collision of Gondwana and Laurussia, was accompanied by important wrench deformations, oroclinal bending, and the rotation of individual blocks.
	www.searchanddiscovery.com /documents/97020/memoir43.htm (13414 words)

	Geology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is therefore one of the oldest hot spring systems in the world, and preserves one of the earliest terrestrial ecosystems (a hot spring is a surface seepage from a natural circulation of underground water, which is heated by high subsurface temperatures).
		Sedimentation on this continent was in a fairly arid environment, and so many of the sandstones deposited by streams and rivers were stained red by the oxidation of iron to haematite (in hot dry environments iron reacts with oxygen to form haematite, it is this haematite that gives the sandstones their red colour).
		The Old Red Sandstones in the vicinity of Rhynie were deposited in an alluvial fan environment (an environment where there is an accumulation of sediment deposited from fresh running water with a downstream-broadening shape).
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Palaeofiles/Lagerstatten/Rhynie/geology.html (329 words)

	PUBLISHED PAPERS
		The Laurussia ~ Gondwana seas included significant oceans and ocean channels: a/ Protoatlantic on the West (SW-NE), b/ reduced eastward directed (WSW-ENE) Rheic O. in the Middle, c/ reduced eastward directed (W-E) Prototethys ocean in the South, and Ural eye-shaped O. on the East.
		Abandoned Avalonian-Mid-German Rise accretion and origination of Laurussia (by collision of former Laurentia and Baltica) continent were recorded by Early Devonian deltas of Ardennes, Rhenish and central Polish areas as by Old-Red-like sediments of Greenland, British Islands, and, in central Europe, in Moravia.
		Utilization of the term Laurussia is generally recommended for the early Emsian (ca.
	www.gli.cas.cz /myweb/home/hladil/REF-Y/R-112.html (594 words)

	420 Text
		Shortly after collision, these amalgamated landmasses (Laurussia) appear from palaeomagnetic data to have drifted rapidly southward whilst undergoing counter-clockwise rotation (compare Figs 8 and 9).
		Young (1990a) described the pattern of provinciality, with the very endemic amphiaspid faunas of Siberia, the osteostracan cephalaspid province of Laurussia and the wattagoonaspid-phyllolepid province of Gondwana and (by then detached) Armorica and Perunica.
		However, in contrast to the fish, the Lochkovian and Pragian ostracodes (whose spat usually found it notoriously difficult to cross oceans) were the same in Laurussia, Perunica and Armorica; indicating that the Rheic Ocean between Gondwana and Laurussia was unlikely to have been of substantial width.
	www.geodynamics.no /Platemotions/500-400/Text/420_Text.htm (446 words)

	Star of the North Concert Band - Geology
		Appearance of fish with jaws, coral reefs, air-breathing scorpions and vascular leafless land plants.
		The supercontinent of Laurussia formed from Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia.
		Laurussia and Gondwana (along with the other proto-continents) combine to form the supercontinent of Pangea.
	www.starofthenorth.org /geology.html (601 words)

	Laurasia @AryanaSite.com
		About 300 million years ago, during the Permian period, Gondwanaland finally met up with southern Laurussia; the junction was in the area of what is now Italy, Greece, and the Balkans, which were then part of North Africa.
		At the same time, in the north, the Siberian plate collided with Laurussia, and the Kazakhstan plate collided with the Siberian plate.
		Their formation initiated some of the most extensive orogeny the world has known, including the formation of the proto-Rocky Mountains and the Urals (at the Laurussian-Siberian juncture).
	www.aryanasite.com /afghanistan/relatedarticles/laurasia3.htm (314 words)

	PUBLISHED PAPERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Emsian-Eifelian basins between Gondwana and Laurussia were arranged in vast triangle consisting of patchy oceanic and thinned continental crust.
		Mediterranean basins were separated from easternmost Laurussia areas also by another prominent ocean tract.
		The Emsian-Eifelian basins between Gondwana and Laurussia were arranged in a vast triangle consisting of patches of oceanic crust and thinned continental crust.
	www.gli.cas.cz /myweb/home/hladil/REF-Y/R-144.html (544 words)

	waulsort
		As Tournasian-early Visean carbonate deposition was widespread in the range of 30 degrees north to 10 degrees south, the very restricted paleogeographic distribution of Waulsortian and Waulsortian-like mound locations suggests a mechanism or set of conditions which effectively limited the distribution of mud mounds.
		Use of the Visean global reconstruction is appropriate because the relative positions of Laurussia and Gondwana changed only slightly over the Tournaisian-Visean interval, and the relatively slow rate of Laurussian drift only moved that paleocontinent approximately 1 degree south during the Tournaisian-early Visean (drift rate from Ross and Ross, 1985).
		Further, the region of Laurussia where European Waulsortian mound growth occurred lacked the benefits of upwelling waters according to predicted patterns (Parrish, 1982).
	www.auburn.edu /~kingdat/waulsortian/waulsort.html (5137 words)

	R-166
		Reinvestigation of Early/Middle Devonian benthic faunas (namely corals) shows that the northern and middle migration routes in the seas separating Gondwana and Laurussia were mostly oriented toward the southwest.
		It indicates a significant land barrier close to Laurussia, sharply limiting the transversal dispersal of the Ibermaghian marine organisms toward the northwest and being responsible for massive overlap of the Ardenne/Rhenish/Moravian spores toward the south-southeast.
		They were, in fact, "Ural Ocean" faunas, which used for their dispersal several passages in the area between Gondwana and Laurussia.
	www.gli.cas.cz /myweb/home/hladil/REF-Y/R-166.html (2438 words)

	Palaeos Paleozoic: The Paleozoic Era
		The combined continent is sometimes referred to as Euramerica, Laurasia, or Laurussia.
		By Permian time, Siberia and the Kazakhstan terranes were sutured to Euramerica (Laurussia) and the Chinese blocks started accreting to them.
		The Early Cambrian climate was probably moderate at first, becoming warmer over the course of the Cambrian, as the second-greatest sustained sea level rise in the Phanerozoic got under way.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Paleozoic.htm (1615 words)

	British Lower Carboniferous Stratigraphy
		These formations were deposited between 354 and 323 million years ago, when the piece of Earth's crust we now call 'Britain' lay close to the equator and towards the southern margin of the ancient continent of 'Laurussia'.
		The formations mostly formed in shallow, tropical seas that were teeming with life, in environments such as reefs, lagoons, tidal flats and offshore sand bars developed above flat-lying shelf areas or gently dipping carbonate ramps.
		Towards the end of the Carboniferous Period, Laurussia and Gondwana collided to form the supercontinent of 'Pangaea', a process that caused the widespread deformation of Lower Carboniferous formations throughout Britain, but particularly in south-west England.
	www.jncc.gov.uk /page-2938-theme=textonly (362 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ural Mountains
		They were formed in the late Carboniferous period, when a continent consisting largely of Siberia collided with the supercontinent that contained much of the world's land at the time: the combination of Laurussia (Europe and North America) and Gondwana.
		In geology, a supercontinent is a land mass comprising more than one continental core, or craton.
		World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ural-Mountains (740 words)

	Earth Station THE TRANSITION TO LAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The warm period lasted until 425 million years ago, when a gentl cooling began.
		Roughly 300 million years ago, Gondwanaland and Laurussia collided.
		The collision of Gondwanaland and Laurussia built mountains that created dry condition in Europe and North America.
	www.ccsf.edu /Departments/History_of_Time_and_Life/content/EarthStationTheTransitionToLand.htm (233 words)

	Journal of the Geological Society: Earth geography from 400 to 250 Ma: a palaeomagnetic, faunal and facies review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Pangaea B and C reconstructions also necessitate that the Asian blocks must have been further displaced from Laurussia during the Late Permian, which would imply a totally different evolution for the whole Tethyan region than the one normally accepted.
		Thus the distribution of Permian climatic belts cannot alone differentiate between the validity of the Pangaea A, B and C reconstructions: we have plotted the sedimentological data on both Pangaea A (Fig.
		These reconstructions show a rather broad arid belt with evaporites in Laurussia and parts of Gondwana, well-developed northern and southern humid wet belts with coal deposits, whereas equatorial coals are present only in South and North China.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_200407/ai_n9453037/pg_7 (1349 words)

	Chapter 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Tethys Ocean lay between Laurussia and Gondwanaland (South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia).
		Early in the Pennsylvanian, the collision of Gondwana with Laurussia began.
		On the North American craton the effect of this collision is seen in the Allegheny orogeny which began in the Mississippian and lasted into the Permian.
	ccollege.hccs.cc.tx.us /instru/physci/geo/cate/historical/HistCh9.htm (1625 words)

	Palaeos Paleozoic: Devonian: The Devonian Period
		At the same time other mountain ranges are thrown up - in southern Laurentia the Acadian/Appalachian, to the west the Antler /Cordillerian, to the north the Ellesmere (along the north margin of Laurentia) and to the far east the Uralian (in eastern Baltica).
		The new continent that results from this collision is called Laurussia or Euramerica.
		During the Devonian the equatorial region was dominated by this newly formed supercontinent, sometimes called the "Old Red continent".
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Devonian/Devonian.htm (2888 words)

	Chapter 9, part 1, Lecture Notes, Late Paleozoic Events, Levin: The Earth Through Time - Wiley
		Continental collisions associated with the assembly of the continents caused orogenies or mountain-building events.
		Allegheny orogeny in eastern North America and Hercynian orogeny in central Europe resulted from the collision of Gondwanaland with Laurussia.
		Note the collision between Laurentia and Baltica, forming Laurussia, along with the orange area of mountains at the junction between the continents.
	www3.interscience.wiley.com:8100 /legacy/college/levin/0470000201/chap_tutorial/ch09/chapter09-1.html (478 words)

	Freeman-Lynde GLY116 Paleozoic Tectonics Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Carboniferous/Permian mountain belt resulting from collision of Laurussia and Gondwana is called the Alleghenian-Hercynian Orogen in North America and Europe.
		The Carboniferous-Permian collision of Laurussia and Gondwana resulted in the Alleghanian-Ouachita-Hercynian Orogen of North America and Europe.
		Acadian/Caledonian A. Devonian-Carboniferous collision of Laurussia with an island arc
	www.arches.uga.edu /~rfreeman/Paleozoic_tectonics_questions.html (2727 words)

	WPSU-FM Online-Legacies February 24
		The Devonian Period occurred during the Paleozoic Era, and was the first time anything other than fish began to inhabit the Earth.
		During the Devonian Period, the land now known as Pennsylvania was a part of the paleocontinent, Laurussia (see the map below - Pennsylvania is on the southern peninsula in the red circle).
		The majority of Laurussia laid south of the equator and Pennsylvania was almost 30 degrees south of the equator.
	wpsu.psu.edu /Legacies/leg-feb24.html (398 words)

	WILSON CYCLE IN THE IBERIAN VARISCIDES: GEODYNAMICAL IMPRINTS ON PALAEOICHNOCOENOSES DISTRIBUTION (A SYNTHESIS OF KNOWN ...
		Iberian Massif constitutes the most southern and vast tectonic element of Armorican plate, a continental block that was separated from Gondwana supercontinent in Lower Palaeozoic.
		During this time, Armorica was divided from Laurussia by Atlantic proto-ocean, from Baltica by Tornquist sea and from Gondwana by Rheic.
		Beginning of oblique collision between Laurussia and Gondwana blocks (in the middle of which armorican plate would be catched), ophiolitic sheet obduction and thrust mantles installation in the North-western Iberia are contemporary of diachronically deposition, from NE and E, of flysch sequences (Lower Devonian-Lower Carboniferous).
	www.geocities.com /praedichnia/2eng.htm (1942 words)

	400 Text
		We also show the more substantial land masses (modified from Young 1990a), including the Old Red Sandstone continent which covered much of the large Laurussia plate in Europe and North America.
		Between 420 and 400 Ma Gondwana approached Laurussia rapidly and the Rheic Ocean dwindled.
		At 400 Ma it is possible to maintain the close links between Armorica and Gondwana, as shown in our previous maps, but we have shown Armorica as detached since in later Devonian and Carboniferous times the Hercynian orogeny demonstrates its collision with Perunica and other elements of northern and central Europe.
	www.geodynamics.no /Platemotions/500-400/Text/400_Text.htm (244 words)

	General Programme - IGCP Project 497
		The Rheic Ocean is generally held to have opened between Gondwana and a number of terranes that rifted from the Amazonian-West African margin of Gondwana.
		Its growth occurred at the expense of the Iapetus Ocean and its closure brought Gondwana into collision with Laurussia during the assembly of Pangaea.
		The expected result is a much better understanding of the geodynamic framework of the evolution of the Rheic Ocean and its associated peri-Gondwanan terranes and their evolution with respect to the orogenic processes of the Ouachita-Alleghanian-Variscan Orogen from the Americas to Central Europe and beyond.
	www.snsd.de /igcp497/gen_prog.htm (891 words)

	GEOL 102 The Late Paleozoic Era I: Carboniferous Geology
		Continued decline of CO (sucked up into soils) lowers greenhouse effect, start of new series of Gondwanan glaciations.
		Beginning of the collision between Laurussia and Gondwana, and thus the assembly of Pangaea
		Effects of Variscan causes renewed collision between Baltican and Laurentian parts of Laurussia, producing Hercynian Orogeny as Baltican region rotates counterclockwise (early in the Pennsylvanian)
	www.geol.umd.edu /~tholtz/G102/102lpal1.htm (565 words)

	Silurian Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		There was a wide and rapid spread of jawless fishes - ostracoderms - jawless armoured fish.
		The heterostracans - a diverse group of ancient, jawless fishes - underwent their major radiation in the Silurian, becoming common in Laurussia throughout the Devonian.
		Another jawless group, the Anapsida, forerunners of today’s lampreys, also flourished during the Silurian and early part of the Devonian.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /paleontology/Silurian.html (2624 words)

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