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Topic: Lava flows

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	Lava - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lava tubes are known from the modern day eruptions of Kīlauea, and significant, extensive lava tubes of Tertiary age are known from North Queensland, Australia, some extending for 15 kilometres.
		Lava lakes do not usually persist for long, either draining back into the magma chamber once pressure is relieved (usually by venting of gases through the caldera), or by draining via eruption of lava flows or pyroclastic explosion.
		Lava flows are enormously destructive to property in their path but generally move slowly enough for people to get out of their way, so casualties caused directly by active lava flows are rare.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lava_flow (2741 words)

	Lava tube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lava tubes are natural conduits through which lava travels beneath the surface of a lava flow, expelled by a volcano during an eruption.
		They can be actively draining lava from a source, or can be extinct, meaning the lava flow has ceased and the rock has cooled and left a long, cave-like channel.
		Lava stalactites that hang from the roof are rare in lava tubes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lava_tubes (591 words)

	Galapagos Lava Fields and Flows
		Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour onto the Earth's surface from an erupting vent.
		They are impacted by the wide range in speeds of the different lava types (basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite), the lava discharge during eruptions, and the characteristics of the erupting vent and topography over which lava travels.
		When basalt lava flows are confined within a channel or lava tube on a steep slope, the main body of the flow reaches speeds more than 18 miles (30 km) per hour.
	www.galapagosonline.com /Galapagos_Natural_History/Geology/Lava_Fields_and_Flows.htm (619 words)

	Global Volcanism Program \| Volcanoes of the World \| Types and Processes Gallery \| Lava Flows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Lava flows vary widely in viscosity and volume, and are distinguished from lava domes by their elongated extent downslope.
		Flow velocities are typically low enough that lava flows most often do not pose a direct hazard to human observers, but long-term, long-duration flows such of those currently occurring at Kilauea volcano can cause extensive damage to houses and other structures.
		The lava dome has formed during the past forty years both by expansion when new magma is intruded into the dome and by the extrusion of lava flows down its flanks.
	www.volcano.si.edu /world/tpgallery.cfm?category=Lava+Flows (1935 words)

	Dive and Discover : Hot Topics : Lava Flows
		Lava flows are usually only 1-10 meters thick, but some flows can be as thick as 50-100 meters, depending on the type of lava and the volume of the eruption.
		As the upper surface of the lava cools and becomes rock, it is continually ripped apart by the moving molten lava inside the flow.
		Lava tubes are tunnels that form within a lava flow during an eruption.
	www.divediscover.whoi.edu /hottopics/lavaflows.html (1024 words)

	CVO Website - Magma, Lava, and Lava Flows
		Lava flows are streams of molten rock that erupt relatively nonexplosively from a volcano and move slowly downslope.
		The flanks of lava flows typically are unstable during their growth and collapse repeatedly, occasionally producing explosive blasts and (or) small pyroclastic flows.
		Lava flows are streams of molten rock that erupt relatively nonexplosively from a volcano and move downslope.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Glossary/LavaFlows/description_lava_flows.html (3204 words)

	ScienceMaster - JumpStart - Volcanic Lava Flows
		Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent.
		Deaths attributed to lava flows are often due to related causes, such as explosions when lava interacts with water, the collapse of an active lava delta, asphyxiation due to accompanying toxic gases, pyroclastic flows from a collapsing dome, and lahars from meltwater.
		Lava flows, however, can bury homes and agricultural land under tens of meters of hardened fl rock; landmarks and property lines become obscured by a vast, new hummocky landscape.
	www.sciencemaster.com /jump/earth/flows.php (556 words)

	Lava Flows - Io: Jupiter’s Volcanic Moon
		Lava flows are seen to spill out in all directions from the caldera.
		The dark, red curving line on the northwest edge of the caldera may be a crusted-over lava tube feeding the nearby dark, hot flows of silicate lava.
		New images show that the lava channel is roofed over in several places insulating the lava from the freezing temperatures at the surface and this may allow the lava to travel longer distances.
	www.planetaryexploration.net /jupiter/io/lava_flows.html (391 words)

	Hawai'ian Volcanoes: Lava Flows
		Lava flows are the most common of the direct volcanic hazards in Hawai'i.
		The speed of a lava flow is determined not only by the steepness of the terrain, but also by the volume of lava that is erupted, because large flows tend to advance more rapidly than do small flows.
		Lava tubes are significant in terms of hazard, since the tubes insulate the lava and allow it to flow much farther before cooling and stopping.
	www.vulkaner.no /v/vulkinfo/tomhaz/hawaii1.html (781 words)

	Vic Camp - lava flow features
		Sometimes several small lava channels will flow around subdued hills or high ground to produce a kipuka, an Hawaiian term for "island." In Hawaii, these features are generally noted by their mature vegetation, which stands in contrast to the stark lack of vegetation in the younger, surrounding basalt flows.
		It is not unusual for lava to accumulate in volcanic craters, filling the craters to a high level to generate lava lakes.
		lava flows that have cascaded down from the crater rim due to overspilling of a crater lake.
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /how_volcanoes_work/flow_features.html (1533 words)

	Venusian Volcanic Features
		Lava flows can be characterized by smooth surfaces and the presence of channels, levees, pressure ridges, flow margins, and flow directions.
		Many of the flows are hundreds of kilometers long, comparatively narrow (tens of kilometers), Many scientists believe the flow fields are generally basaltic in composition [Campbell and Campbell, 1992].
		A medium-to-light gray flow appears to be ponded to the west by the crater.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/venvolc.htm (2781 words)

	Types of Lava Flows
		The surfaces produced by lava flows often reflect their internal movement in relation to their congealing crust.
		They flow smoothly and are often formed by small volumes of hot, fluidbasalt.
		Aa flows are emitted from the vent at high rates ranging to 50km an hour, often with much lava fountaining.
	library.thinkquest.org /17457/volcanoes/hazards.lavaflow.php (297 words)

	PSRD: Asteroidal Lava Flows
		There is a complicated interplay of the amount of volatile substances (which produce the gases that drive the powerful eruptions) and the size of an asteroid (which defines the escape velocity), as shown in the illustration on the left.
		The resemblance of eucrites to pahoehoe flows suggests that lava flows on Vesta are insulated.
		On top of that the surface of the flows were pummeled by projectiles early in the history of the solar system, converting the original works of volcanic art into debris piles.
	www.psrd.hawaii.edu /April03/asteroidalLava.html (2905 words)

	Lava
		Moore and his coworkers studied lava from the Mauna Ulu eruption They described pillow lavas as elongate, interconnected flow lobes that are elliptical or circular in cross-section (Moore, 1975).
		As the crust on a flow becomes thicker, it insulates the lava in the interior of the flow.
		Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/vwlessons/lava.html (1573 words)

	Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park - View Lava Safely
		Lava is currently entering the ocean 3 miles from the ranger station at the end of Chain of Craters Road.
		Currently, lava is flowing into the ocean in a remote area of the park, 2 1/2 miles beyond the ranger station at the end of Chain of Craters Road.
		Lava is currently entering the ocean and from the viewing area at the end of this moderate walk, one may see glow or lava from a distance (2 1/2 miles).
	www.nps.gov /havo/visitor/lava.htm (1597 words)

	Lava Flows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Lava flows are the least hazardous of all processes in volcanic eruptions.
		More silica-rich flows can move as far away as 1.3 km from their sources and have thicknesses of 100 m (Bryant, 1991).
		Another way to stop a lava flow is to increase the lava flow's viscosity (Bryant, 1991 and Scott, 1989) by spraying it with water, increasing the rate at which gas escapes from the flow, stirring the flow, or seeding the flow with foreign nuclei (Bryant, 1991).
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/hazards/primer/lava.html (490 words)

	photos of lava flows
		Lava flows might form either as primary flows directly flowing out of a vent from the vent or by rapid aggregation of hot fluid spatter that fall back from lava fountains to form a flow.
		The most simple division can be made between aa lava that usually has a blocky appearance, since the surface of the flow breaks into spiny or blocky pieces, and pahoehoe lava flows, which form a smooth surface and often produce spectacular ropy textures.
		Much more on lava flows and their various types can be found on a brilliant section of Vick Camps "How volcanoes work" website.
	www.decadevolcano.net /photos/keywords/lava_flows.htm (225 words)

	Galapagos Geology - Lava Flows
		Early in the flow, when the lava is hotter, these twists have the appearance of ropes, but later, as it cools and becomes more viscous, the twists are shaped more like entrails.
		As the flow moves along, the surface rubble at the edge of the flow falls off of the front edge and is over-ridden.
		At Punta Moreno, on the west side of Isabela, visitors have the opportunity to walk out on a lava flow that is about 1,000 years old.
	www.rit.edu /~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/Vulcanism5.html (458 words)

	Lava Flows Give Meaning To Your Life
		This type of lava is characterized by having a smooth, billowy, or ropy surface, and is known as pahoehoe.
		These characteristic ropes develop when a thick skin of lava at the surface of the flow is compressed into folds by the faster moving lava beneath it.
		Pahoehoe flows are relatively thin and can form lava tubes, paths of fast moving lava that are insulated by a hardened crust of lava at the surface.
	www.albion.edu /geology/Geo210_Hawaii/ActiveVolc/lava.html (522 words)

	NATURE. Forces of the Wild. Volcanic Action \| PBS
		Such dramatic flows are seen on the flanks of the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea in FORCES OF THE WILD.
		Lava flows, however, are actually the least dangerous output of an erupting volcano.
		Lahars are essentially fast-moving mud flows; as they race down valleys, they transport huge boulders, destroy houses, and bury structures from buildings to bridges.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/forces/lava.html (403 words)

	Lava Flows - John Seach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Lava flows are the most common volcanic formation on earth.
		Lava flows cover 70% of the earth's surface.
		Viscous lava which is squeezed through a gap in the lava flow crust.
	www.volcanolive.com /lavaflow.html (100 words)

	Annenberg Media Exhibits -- Volcanoes - Judging Hazards
		Lava flows are a threat, but they are usually slow enough that people can get out of the way.
		Debris flows, fragments of mud and other debris that flow down the sides of a volcano, are another serious and little-known hazard.
		Lava, ash, and debris flows are the most common and serious volcanic hazards, but others do exist.
	www.learner.org /exhibits/volcanoes/judgehaz.html (369 words)

	NOVA \| Volcano's Deadly Warning \| Anatomy of a Volcano: Lava \| PBS
		Lava is the word for magma when it erupts onto the Earth's surface.
		Geologists also use the term to describe the solidified deposits of lava flows and fragments hurled into the air by explosive eruptions (for example, lava bombs or blocks).
		Lava flows can also move slowly, especially as they begin to cool and develop a hard crust.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/volcano/anat_04.html (84 words)

	Articles / Impact / Excessively Old "Ages" For Grand Canyon Lava Flows - Institute for Creation Research
		The isotope ratios are from hawaiite lava flows from the Uinkaret Plateau on the north rim of Grand Canyon.
		The observation that obviously recent lava flows from the north rim of Grand Canyon give ages even older than the deeply buried lava flows, challenges the basic assumptions upon which the isochron dating method is based.
		These recent lava flows are being tested by the most sophisticated analytical techniques, to determine the best explanation for the excessively old "age." The same methods are also being applied to the deeply buried lava flows of Grand Canyon.
	www.icr.org /index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=353 (1483 words)

	Volcanoes Online: Glossary
		Lava occurs as flows, domes, fragments within cones of volcanoes and as pillows formed on the ocean floor.
		Lava Flow:Lava which is outpoured in a flow on the land from a vent or fissure.
		Lithosphere:The solid outer shell of the Earth which is composed of the Earth's crust and the solid outermost layer of the mantle.
	library.thinkquest.org /17457/glossary/glossary.html (1253 words)

	Galapagos geological formations - lava flows - Galapagos Cruises
		During a pahoehoe flow the outer skin of lava cools and becomes viscous.
		Thus, a cross-section of an aa flow reveals a rubbly surface, a solid inner layer of slowly-cooled magma, and finally a narrow zone of over-ridden rubble.
		Flows over steeper terrain move more rapidly and tend to be of the aa type while slower flows tend to form pahoehoe.
	www.galapagoscruise.com.ec /index.pl/lava-flows (519 words)

	Lava contacts
		In active volcanic areas such as Axial Seamount, it is typical to encounter lava flows of various ages.
		When a brand new lava flow erupts it is biologically barren and a "blank slate" until it is colonized by vent or non-vent species.
		Thus if sessile, non-vent animals are present on a lava flow, it is at least years if not decades old.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /vents/nemo/explorer/concepts/contacts.html (248 words)

	Lava
		Lava is the word for magma (molten rock) which is on the surface of the Earth.
		Block lava - A solid rock chunk greater than 64mm in diameter which was ejected from a volcano or lava flow.
		Lava in a tube or channel can flow quite a bit faster, speeding at a top speed of around 23 mi/hr.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/earth/interior/lava.html (313 words)

	Lava Beds National Monument - Nature & Science
		Lava Beds National Monument sits on the northeast corner of the Medicine Lake Volcano, a little-known mountain in the Cascade Range.
		This crater, nearly 400 feet deep, was once filled with highly-fluid lava that spilled over its banks and flowed towards the northeast, forming many of the monument's lava tube caves.
		The lava flows from the north and east sides of the Medicine Lake Volcano filled in much of the former basin, leaving only the northern end as a lake.
	www.nps.gov /labe/pphtml/subnaturalfeatures39.html (609 words)

	Lava Flows in 3D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This model is easy to demonstrate and very useful in relating hazards associated with lava flows (or mud flows).
		Vary the slope of the volcano (lava moves faster on steep slopes).
		Compare you lava flows and relief map to known historic lava flows for the volcano you are interested it.
	home.comcast.net /~rsilverman13/science_education/lava_flows_on_plastic_three.htm (382 words)

	Lava Flows
		Lava flows are formed by molten rock that erupts in fountains like these, or pours across the ground from a vent.
		Molten rock can erupt from several vents at the same time merging together to form a fast moving river of lava.
		On flatter ground lava flows spread out in broad sheets up to several kilometers wide and usually move less than one kilometer an hour.
	www.solarviews.com /cap/volc/lava1.htm (135 words)

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