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Topic: Lava tube

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	Lava tube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tubes form in one of two ways: by the crusting over of lava channels, and from pahoehoe flows where the lava is moving under the surface ([1]).
		Lava stalactites that hang from the roof are rare in lava tubes.
		However, short lavacicles on the ceiling of a lava tube form as the lava in the tube retreats and the viscous lava on the ceiling drips as it cools.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lava_tube (588 words)

	Lava - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Felsic lavas such as rhyolite and dacite are often associated with strombolian eruptions, typically form lava domes and sheeted flows, and are associated with pyroclastic surge deposits and tuffs.
		Lava tubes are formed when a flow of relatively fluid lava cools on the upper surface sufficiently to form a crust.
		Lava tubes are known from the modern day eruptions of Kīlauea, and significant, extensive lava tubes of Tertiary age are known from North Queensland, Australia, some extending for 15 kilometres.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lava (2622 words)

	Thurston Lava Tube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lava from this vent buried the entire north flank of Kilauea, all the way to the ocean.
		The tube extends beyond the main trail before pinching off (permission to visit this part of the tube must be granted at park headquarters prior to entry).
		Thurston lava tube is also called by its Hawaiian name, Nahuku, which refers to the small protuberances on the walls of the tube.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/Parks/hawaii/crater_rim_drive/menu10.html (301 words)

	Lunar Lava Tube Radiation Safety Analysis
		Lava tubes are basically formed when an active low viscosity lava flow develops a continuous and hard crust, which thickens and forms a roof above the still flowing lava stream, and at the end of the extrusion period an empty flow channel now free from molten magma is left [1].
		The formation of lava tubes is generally associated to the formation of "sinuous rilles" [4], frequently observed on the lunar basalt surface, especially in the maria floors, which formed from high extrusion and very low viscosity magma which filled the existing basins.
		An estimation of the cross-sectional size of the observed lava tubes was performed by projecting the walls of the adjacent rille segments all along the roofed-over segments, whereas the length were measured directly from the imagery and the roof thickness was estimated through the craters superimposed to the uncollapsed roof.
	lowdose.tricity.wsu.edu /2001mtg/abstracts/deangelis2.htm (1295 words)

	Lava tube magnetism
		Estimates of the amount of lava flowing through a tube can be made by measuring the amount of distortion the electrically conductive lava produces in a radio wave passing over its surface coupled with a measure of the speed of the lava.
		The variations produced by even medium-sized lava tubes are approximately five percent of the total intensity of the earth's magnetic field in Hawai'i.
		Tubes are long, continuous features, but most other structures are not, so we can differentiate tubes from most other disturbances by preparing a map of magnetic field variations.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /volcanowatch/2001/01_05_31.html (830 words)

	Moon Miners' Manifesto: Settling into a Lava Tube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Instead of grading or even terracing the lava tube floor, it could be left natural with the town built on a spaceframe deck spanning the lava tube shoulder to shoulder.
		Tube structure windows may be characteristically convex, curved in to the pressurized interior, so as to put the panes under compression.
		The early lava tube settlement will not be an assembly of individually pressurized buildings, but rather, like the in-surface burrowings, a maze of structures conjoined by pressurized walkways, streets, alleys, and parkways.
	www.asi.org /adb/06/09/03/02/100/lava-tube-settling.html (1816 words)

	Lava Tubes
		Lava tubes are thus self-forming within a flow field, and like channels they develop downflow during an eruption.
		Lava tubes are very efficient transporters of lava from the vent to the flow front, and Laszlo Keszthelyi has recently calculated that lava flowing in a tube loses only about 1Cº of heat/kilometer.
		At the flow front, the lava behaves much like a river delta, forming small distributary tubes that continue to branch until they consist of the same type of single flow-unit tubes (toes) that have been forming the flow the whole way downslope.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/hawaii_review/lava_transp/tubes.html (758 words)

	Martian Lava Tube Caves As Habitats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lava tubes are caves formed by flows of highly fluid lava--a "river" of molten rock flowing from an eruption source, either volcano or fissure.
		The walls of these tubes are composed of the surrounding native rock with a veneer of fresh lava as a glaze.
		Another feature of lava tubes on this planet are "hornitos." These are breaches in the solid roofs of an active lava flow, which result in lava spattering out of the holes.
	www.marssociety.org /education/learn/mmpltube.asp (3482 words)

	Current update of the eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai`i (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lava spilled from several such cracks in the past two weeks, and here some of it spattered and built small ramparts and a cone.
		Lava has welled from some cracks and then, after solidifying, was cut by renewed widening of the cracks.
		The vents, lava tubes, and flows active in 2005-2006 include the numbered vents in the crater, the MLK vent complex and associated flows, the Puka Nui vent, and the upper Kuhio (PKK) tube, which feeds the lava flows eventually reaching the ocean.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /kilauea/update (1467 words)

	Lava Tube Tumulus and Skylights Climb - Big Island of Hawai'i
		The tube itself is at road level and climbing the side allows you to peer inside a number of holes (skylights) in the roof.
		As magma flows through a lava tube, pressure is built up due to the difference in the rate the lava flows between the cooler crust of the tube and the more fluid lava below.
		This often overlooked lava tube is right on Chain of Craters Road as you approach the end of the road.
	www.instanthawaii.com /cgi-bin/hawaii?Hikes.ltube (1074 words)

	Hiking Around Las Vegas, Mojave, Lava Tube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lava tubes are formed when lava is flowing down a hillside and the surface of the lava cools to form a hard crust, but the lava below the surface (which is now insulated by the crust) stays hot and continues flowing.
		Lava tubes have a habit of partially collapsing and forming holes in the ceiling.
		Lava tubes are the kind of place where Hanta virus might be a problem, so don't stir up too much dust.
	www.birdandhike.com /Hike/MOJA/Lava_Tube/Lava_Tube.htm (1581 words)

	Lava tube: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lava tubes are natural conduits through which lava lava quick summary:
		Lava is molten rock that a volcano expels during an eruption....
		Mauna loa is an active shield volcano in the hawaiian islands, one of five volcanic peaks that together form the island of hawaii....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/la/lava_tube.htm (1132 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: Lava fountain
		Lava fountain of the Pu`u `O`o cinder and spatter cone on Kilauea Volcano, Hawai`i.
		A jet of lava sprayed into the air by the rapid formation and expansion of gas bubbles in the molten rock is called a lava fountain.
		Lava fountains erupt from isolated vents, along fissures, within active lava lakes, and from a lava tube when water gains access to the tube in a confined space (see type of explosive activity where
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/LavaFountain.html (195 words)

	Kazumura Cave Tours
		Lava from the crater began to flow down the north east flank of the volcano toward the sea, 25 miles away.
		Lava traveling through a tube is insulated against the cooling effects of the air and can travel great distances with little heat loss.
		Lava flowed for anywhere from 60 to 150 years, depending on who you talk to, and is quite possibly the reason why Kazumura Cave is the world's largest known lava tube.
	www.fortunecity.com /oasis/angkor/176 (1149 words)

	Lava Tube Caves in Kenya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They comprise of lava tube systems, formed in a period of recent volcanic activity, and are totally different from limestone caves.
		Relatively rare, they are believed to have been formed when molten lava, of the correct type and viscosity (pahoehoe lava), flowed down a slope of an ideal angle.
		Primary lava tube formations are a record of the past and any damage done to them will never heal.
	www.kilimanjaro.cc /eam/caves.htm (461 words)

	Volcano Hazards: Lava Flows
		Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent.
		If lava enters a body of water or water enters a lava tube, the water may boil violently and cause an explosive shower of molten spatter over a wide area.
		Deaths attributed to lava flows are often due to related causes, such as explosions when lava interacts with water, the collapse of an active lava delta, asphyxiation due to accompanying toxic gases, pyroclastic flows from a collapsing dome, and lahars from meltwater.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Hazards/What/Lava/lavaflow.html (545 words)

	Thurston, Nahuku Lava Tube Walk - Big Island of Hawai'i
		Tubes occur anywhere there is a weakness in the rock that allows the 2000°F magma to squeeze through.
		The tube is a part of what caused the sudden drainage of lava and a part of the collapse.
		The tube is often wet, due to the large amount of rain the area receives and the porous nature of the lava rock.
	www.instanthawaii.com /cgi-bin/hawaii?Hikes.thurston (1819 words)

	The Virtual Cave: Virtual Lava Tube Home Page
		Lava tube caves are found throughout the world in places where fluid lava has flown over the surface.
		Lava tubes are found in the western U.S.A. (Washington, California, Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona), the Canary Islands, Italy, Japan, Korea, Kenya, and other volcanic hot spots.
		Lava tubes contain many features similar to those in limestone cave, such as stalactites and stalagmites, helictites, and a sort of flowstone.
	www.goodearthgraphics.com /virtual_tube/virtube.html (311 words)

	Oregon L5 - Lunar Bases Inside Lava Tubes
		If lunar lava tubes are chosen as base sites, their structure of solid basalt walls and ceiling should be well-modelled by the smaller but similarly-formed lava tubes of Earth.
		Our first steps were to survey a variety of large lava tube caves in Oregon and S.W. Washington for their match to lava tube forms expected on the Moon and for their suitability from a practical standpoint for lunar base simulations.
		Lava tubes in the Bend area have preserved a fine volcanic dust deposited 6,800 years ago by the giant eruption that created Crater Lake (Chitwood, 1982).
	www.oregonl5.org /lbrt/l5aaa88a.html (4411 words)

	Thurston Lava Tube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Thurston Lava tube is a a 350-500 year-old lava tube at the summit of Kilauea Caldera located in Volcano National Park.
		Lava tubes are formed by underground lava hardening on the outside of the flow while lava continued to flow within.
		The area surrounding the Thurston Lava Tube is considered a rain forest.
	www.albion.edu /geology/Geo210_Hawaii/Kilauea/thurston_lava_tube.htm (153 words)

	Artemis Project: Lunar Lava Tube Dimensions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Terrestrial tubes form by the build-up of levees on either side of a lava channel.
		On Earth, subsequent widening and deepening of the tubes is sometimes observed (due to the melting of the roofs and floor).
		Depth is the distance from the surface of the moon to the ceiling of the lava tube.
	www.asi.org /adb/m/04/02/01/02/lava-tube-size.html (520 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: Lava tube
		Tubes form by the crusting over of lava channels and pahoehoe flows.
		When the supply of lava stops at the end of an eruption or lava is diverted elsewhere, lava in the tube system drains downslope and leaves partially empty conduits beneath the ground.
		Such drained tubes commonly exhibit "high-lava" marks on their walls, generally flat floors, and many lava stalactites that hang from the roof.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/LavaTube.html (154 words)

	Undara Lava tube
		The tube contains this forest not because it rains there (imagine long rain clouds 10 meters wide just raining in the tubes) it is there because the plants are fire sensitive and the walls keep fire out.
		The tube are not level, one would expect them to be (on average) descending or the lava would not have flowed.
		Where the tube dips and rises again there may be enough gap to crawl through into the next section but this is for the experts.
	www.eddiem.com /trips/drive2001/undara/undara.htm (1517 words)

	California Underground, Realms -- Fire and Ice
		When the eruption slows, or if the flow is diverted elsewhere, the tube drains and a lava-tube cave is born.
		In California we have both types of volcanoes, but lava tubes only form in the flows of the very fluid lava.
		Once the lava cools the lava tube formation is complete.
	www.museumca.org /caves/fire.html (203 words)

	Lava Tube Cave (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is a "lava tube cave," which I had never seen before.
		Evidently a stream of lava carved out a channel as it flowed, and the sides gradually solidified and crusted upwards and over to form a roof.
		Since the tube is not "improved," you either bring a flashlight or rent a lantern.
	karws.gso.uri.edu /Photo_shows/Oregon_Oct02/LavaTube.html (212 words)

	Show Caves of USA: Thurston Lava Tube
		Image: the entrace of the lava tube is a collapsed part of the roof.
		Thurston lava tube is entered through a collapsed part of the roof.
		On the other hand, lava tubes are very uniform, so you can see most typical features of this type of caves in Thurston lava tube very well.
	www.showcaves.com /english/usa/showcaves/Thurston.html (341 words)

	CVO Website - Mount St. Helens - Ape Cave
		Ape Cave is one of numerous lava tubes formed in the Cave Basalt.
		is the longest lava tube (12,810 feet or 3.9 kilometers) in the conterminous United States (similar tubes are found in Oregon, California, and Idaho) and one of the longest in the world.
		Lava stalactites, conical or cylindrical deposits of lava that hang from the ceiling of a tube, are formed by dripping; stalagmites are similar in shape and are formed on the floor of the tube by the accumulation of drips from the ceiling.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/MSH/ApeCave/description_ape_cave.html (575 words)

	Lava Beds National Monument (National Park Service)
		Lava Beds National Monument is a land of turmoil, both geological and historical.
		These lava tube caves, of which there are more than 500 in the Monument, are a favorite underground destination for visitors to explore.
		The historic battlegrounds of the Modoc War and the surrounding volcanic landscape are the primary reasons the Lava Beds were designated as a National Monument in 1925.
	www.nps.gov /labe (168 words)

	Tube (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transbay Tube, an underwater rail tube across the San Francisco Bay
		Tube, a childrens programme with inflatable characters on SABC, South Africa
		Tube and Berger, the alias of Dance/Electronica producers Arndt Rörig and Marco Vidovic from Germany
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tube (126 words)

	Thurston Lava Tube
		At this very minute some 10 miles east lava is flowing through a similiar conveyance in a seeming inexhaustable slide to the sea.
		Never having tubed before, I had no idea of whether at some point I must turn around and commence the reverse process, or if somehow the earth would miracuously open, and there would be a sign from above leading to my redemption.
		Here on the path to the tube is another of the excellent markers provided by the park service to attune your mind to what your body is experiencing here among the wonders of the world.
	pahoahi.tripod.com /volcano/tube.htm (536 words)

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