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Topic: Law of 22 Prairial

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	The Law of 22 Prairial, An II
		The Law of 22 Prairial, An II The Law of 22 Prairial, An II
		Finally, all who are designated in previous laws relative to the punishment of conspirators and counter-revolutionaries, and who, by whatever means or by whatever appearances they assume, have made an attempt against the liberty, unity, and security of the Republic, or labored to prevent the strengthening thereof.
		The Convention modifies all those provisions of previous laws which are at variance with the present law, and it does not intend that laws concerning the organization of the ordinary courts should apply to the crimes of counter-revolution or to the functioning of the Revolutionary Tribunal.
	sourcebook.fsc.edu /history/law22prairial.html (916 words)

	PlanetPapers - French Revolution - Motives of Committee of Public Safety
		The aim of revolutionary government is to establish it” This was to be achieved by the passing of “laws and controls necessary to strike terror in the hearts of counter revolutionaries”.
		The terror was their weapon, with which to establish and restructure areas of education, war and munitions, provisioning and supply, and ultimately change the very principles and traditions daily life relied upon.
		It is for this reason that they were able to create a virtual dictatorship over France and introduce policies such as the policy of Suspects, and the Law of 22 Prairial, (June 10, 1794), which “suspended a suspects right to a public trial and to legal assistance”.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/2382.php (569 words)

	Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Robespierre was elected to the States-General of 1789, and his influence in the Jacobin Club grew steadily until he became its leader (see Jacobins).
		The law of 22 Prairial (June 10) gave the Revolutionary Tribunal greater powers just when military successes convinced the moderates in the Convention that emergency measures were no longer necessary.
		In answer to a speech by Robespierre that seemed to threaten further purges, former terrorists and ultrarevolutionaries joined the Plain in a dramatic rising within the Convention on 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-robespie.html (591 words)

	The Fall of Robespierre
		Friction grew among the committees with Robespierre's introduction of his Law of 22 Prairial on June 10, 1794.
		Also, by the Law of 22 Prairial threatening deputy immunity, the uneasiness and rivalry intensified between the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security.
		After the Law of 22 Prairial reorganized the Revolutionary Tribunal, which had been formed in March 1793 to condemn all enemies of the regime, opposition to Robespierre grew.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~etanter/fall.html (525 words)

	The Revolutionary Tribunal - LoveToKnow 1911
		Soon, too, it came to be used for personal ends, particularly by Robespierre, who employed it for the condemnation of his adversaries.
		Before 22 Prairial the Revolutionary Tribunal had pronounced 1220 death-sentences in thirteen months; during the forty-nine days between the passing of the law and the fall of Robespierre 1376 persons were condemned, including many innocent victims.
		The lists of prisoners to be sent before the tribunal were prepared by a popular commission sitting at the museum, and signed, after revision, by the Committee of General Security and the Committee of Public Safety jointly.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /The_Revolutionary_Tribunal (349 words)

	Chronology of the French Revolution: 1793-1794
		A radical yet vague measure, this law empowered the watch committees to arrest and detain without trial anyone who exhibited actions that were in support of tyranny or federalism, or anyone who was thought to be against liberty or revolutionary actions.
		Second Law of Ventose mandates the redistribution of property of all those detained since May 1789 to the patriots.
		Law of 22 Prairial reorganizes Revolutionary justice system by increasing the number of judges and jurors and depriving the accused of defending counsel or the right to call witnesses.
	www.otal.umd.edu /~msites/frchron93-94.html (1309 words)

	RevsOnLineProgramme : The Republic of Virtue: [another] City Upon a Hill? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Law of Suspects This law, passed on 17 September 1793, authorized the creation of revolutionary tribunals to try those suspected of treason against the Republic and to punish those convicted with death.
		To this end, on 22 Prairial (10 June), they proposed a law that would free the Revolutionary Tribunals from control by the Convention and would greatly strengthen the position of prosecutors by limiting the ability of suspects to defend themselves.
		Furthermore, the law broadened the sorts of charges that could be brought so that virtually any criticism of the government became criminal.
	www.plcweblogs.org /PLCHistory/2005/05/27 (600 words)

	Lecture 13: The French Revolution, The Radical Stage, 1792-1794 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Inflamed by their poverty and hatred of wealth, the SANS-CULOTTES insisted that it was the duty of the government to guarantee them the right to existence.
		On June 22, 1793, 80,000 armed sans-culottes surrounded the meeting halls of the National Convention and demanded the immediate arrest of the Girondin faction.
		The Convention yielded to the mob and 29 Girondin members of the Convention were arrested.
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/lecture13a.html (1729 words)

	Law of 22 Prairial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In several evening sessions, the two Committees met to decide how to go about revoking the Law of 22 Prairial.
		After several debates that took place during the month of Messidor, they called in Robespierre and Saint-Just to force them to revoke the law themselves, which had been the result of a combination that all of the other members of the government had been unaware of.
		Of the members of the National Security Committee, it was Vadier and Moïse Bayle who attacked the law and its authors with the most force and indignation.
	www.columbia.edu /~iw6/docs/22debate.html (278 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : French Revolution (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Such measures encountered consistent resistance from the parlements (law courts), dominated by the "Robe Nobility", which saw themselves as the nation's guardians against despotism, as well as from court factions, and both ministers were ultimately dismissed.
		Charles Alexandre de Calonne, who became Controller-General of the Finances in 1783, pursued a strategy of conspicuous spending as a means of convincing potential creditors of the confidence and stability of France's finances.
		On July 14, 1790, and for several days following, crowds in the Champ-de-Mars celebrated the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille; Talleyrand performed a mass; participants swore an oath of "fidelity to the nation, the law, and the king"; the king and the royal family actively participated.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com.cob-web.org:8888 /topic/French_Revolution.html (5040 words)

	Clubs for the People
		The Law of 22 Prairial, Year II (10 June 1794)
		Those who have sought to mislead opinion and to prevent the instruction of the people, to deprave morals and to corrupt the public conscience, to impair the energy and the purity of revolutionary and republican principles, or to impede the progress thereof, either by counterrevolutionary or insidious writings, or by any other machination;
		Finally, all who are designated in previous laws relative to the punishment of conspirators and counterrevolutionaries, and who, by whatever means or by whatever appearances they assume, have made an attempt against the liberty, unity, and security of the Republic, or labored to prevent the strengthening thereof.
	www.columbia.edu /~iw6/docs/22law.html (651 words)

	History 3206 ::: Revolutionary and Napoleonic Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In general, likeness abounds between the two documents, as they both strive to uphold and protect the rights they proclaim as being basic to the human existence, with the main difference being their applicability in a useful, tangible environment, such as a court proceeding.
		A link between the Law of Suspects and the development of the Terror can readily be seen in the following Law of 22 Prairial Year II.
		Among the most significant provisions was the establishment of a one-penalty-fits-all approach: "The penalty provided for all offenses under the jurisdiction of the Revolutionary Tribunal is death." Additionally, the Law facilitated the process of proclaiming defendants guilty by reducing the number of votes required for guilt.
	www.valdosta.edu /~raboyd/hist.3206.html (6902 words)

	[No title]
		October 22 - Necker appointed Director of the Treasury.
		July 22 - Foulon and Bertier, rumored to have been part of a plot to starve Paris, are murdered and decapitated by a mob.
		August 1 - Law of 22 Prairial repealed.
	www.periclespress.com /francel4.html (1039 words)

	[No title]
		Sept 17 Law of Suspects passed; arrest of all showing favor to monarchy or who had "not constantly manifested their attachment to the Revolution."
		Nov 24 Final adoption of the Revolutionary calendar dated from Sept 22, 1792, with 12 months of 30 days and 5-6 Sans Culottides at the end of each year.
		Jun 10 Law of 22 Prairial; streamlined Revolutionary Tribunal for action against "enemies of the people"; permitted use of any kind of testimony; denied suspects right of counsel; gave Comm.
	www.harding.edu /USER/jewell/WWW/4051.html (973 words)

	Terror, Reign of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the spring of 1794, it eliminated its enemies to the left (the Hébertists) and to the right (the Indulgents, or followers of Georges Danton).
		Still uncertain of its position, the committee obtained the Law of 22 Prairial, year II (June 10, 1794), which suspended a suspect's right to public trial and to legal assistance and left the jury only a choice between acquittal and death.
		The Terror that followed, in which about 1,400 persons were executed, contributed to the fall of Robespierre on July 27 (9 Thermidor).
	www.freeserbia.net /Reign.html (249 words)

	End times tribulation in light of the French Revolution
		What were considered universal rights and privileges in ages past, and rooted in the natural law, were consistently denied to people at practically every political and social level.
		The Convention passed the Law of Suspects, (1793), which authorized the imprisonment of almost anyone for any reason.
		The Convention sent "missionary representatives" to the provinces with the specific mandate to close churches, hunt down citizens suspected of religious practices, endeavor to constrain priests to minister, and threaten with deportation for lack of citizenship priests who refused to abandon their posts.
	www.renewamerica.us /columns/rasavage/050217 (1943 words)

	The Radical Revolution
		On June 10, he managed to legislate the Law of 22 Prairial (see the discussion of the French calendar below), which allowed tribunals to convict accused enemies without hearing any evidence whatsoever.
		The new, more moderate Convention instantly repealed the Law of 22 Prairial, freed political prisoners, and stripped the Committee of Public Safety of all its powers.
		The radical Jacobins, fearful that they might suffer the same headless fate as their political enemies in the preceding year, all went into hiding.
	www.wsu.edu:8000 /~dee/REV/RADICAL.HTM (3223 words)

	[No title]
		Feared all out atheism, encouraged Festival of the Supreme Being, with Jacques-Louis David stage-mastered for him on 20 Prairial II, June 8, 1794.
		Two days later, law of 22 Prairial speeded up the terror; of 2,639 guillotined, over half, 1,515, died during June and July, 1794, and tended to be more upper class.
		Law of 22 Prairial repealed, membership of Rev. Tribunal purged; only six people guillotined in August, 40 more over the rest of the year.
	comp.uark.edu /~rsonn/sonn13.html (498 words)

	Castorblog: How do you spell "Der Fuehrer" in French?
		For all their posturing about the Enlightenment and their role in inventing human rights, the French have never been terribly fond of free speech.
		During the Terror they issued the Law of 22 Prairial which mandated the death penalty for criticizing the Revolution and which forbade accused the right of self-defence.
		This week the leader of that nation which still genuinely believes it embodies all that is noble and wise in human form found time to lecture Eastern European countries about the dangers of speaking honestly.
	castorblog.com /archives/000184.html (254 words)

	French Revolution: 1789-1795
		June 22: The Constitution of 1793 is adopted.
		June 10: The Law Of 22 Prairial is adopted
		August 22: The Constitution of the Year Ill is adopted, establishing the Directory
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/WestEurope/FrenchRev.html (233 words)

	Robespierre:0582437555:Hardman, John:eCampus.com
		Section I: The general situation from the execution of Danton to the law of 22 prairial: 5 April--10 June
		Section IV: Payan, Robespierre and revolutionary justice: the Orange Commission and the law of 22 prairial
		The law of 22 prairial: the parliamentary dimension
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=0582437555 (474 words)

	Quia - AP Chapter 19: French Revolution Key Terms
		An attempt to reduce the excesses of the Reign of Terror
		Law which made anyone fair game for the death during the Terror
		Provided the death penalty to anyone who wrote negatively of the revolution
	www.quia.com /jg/501836list.html (533 words)

	Revolutionary Time Line
		September 22: Official establishment of the Republic; Louis XVI is now "Citizen Capet." Proclamation of "Year 1 of the Republic"
		December 4: Billaud-Varennes drafts a law giving the Committee of Public Safety direct power over all provincial officials.
		June 10: Passage of the Law of 22 Prairial - the Great Terror begins.
	www.blakeneymanor.com /timeline.html (1399 words)

	Rev Chronology
		July 22: "La patrie is in danger" declared
		August 10: Storming of the Tuileries, fall of the monarchy
		September 29: Establishment of the Law of the Maximum
	www.angelfire.com /ca6/frenchrevolution89/revchronology.html (281 words)

	Timeline of the French Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		February 22: First Assembly of Notables, called by Charles Alexandre de Calonne against a background of state financial instability and general resistance by e.g.
		June 14: Le Chapelier law banning trade unions is passed by National Assembly
		September 22 First day of the French Revolutionary Calendar.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution (1406 words)

	Pave France - The British Need More Parking
		Conscious that Europe is a continent that has brought forth civilisation; that its inhabitants, arriving in successive waves from earliest times, have gradually developed the values underlying humanism: equality of persons, freedom, respect for reason,
		Drawing inspiration from the cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of Europe, the values of which, still present in its heritage, have embedded within the life of society the central role of the human person and his or her inviolable and inalienable rights, and respect for the law...
		Curiously, nowhere in the whole of the 265 pages of this bloated establishing document are the above inalienable rights enumerated.
	www.pavefrance.com /blog/archives/000638.html (956 words)

	[No title]
		July 22 - Foulon and Bertier murdered and decapitated by a mob.
		May 20 - Forced loan on the rich.
		July 27-28 - Robespierre ousted from power and guillotined.
	www.periclespress.com /francel3.html (351 words)

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