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Topic: Law of Universal Gravitation

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	gravitation - Encyclopedia.com
		Since the gravitational force is experienced by all matter in the universe, from the largest galaxies down to the smallest particles, it is often called universal gravitation.
		According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, the force between any two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses (see mass) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
		Newton's theory of gravitation was long able to explain all observable gravitational phenomena, from the falling of objects on the earth to the motions of the planets.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-gravitat.html (896 words)

	Law of universal gravitation - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The law of universal gravitation states that gravitational force between masses decreases with the distance between them, according to an inverse-square law.
		Newtonian gravitation can be derived from general relativity in the limit where the bodies are moving slowly with respect to the speed of light and the gravitational field is weak and unchanging with time.
		Every object in the Universe attracts every other object with a force directed along the line of centers for the two objects that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the separation between the two objects.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Law_of_universal_gravitation (277 words)

	Newton's law of universal gravitation Summary
		In accord with both Kepler's laws and Newton's laws of motion, the Sun was at the focus of the elliptical planetary orbits exerting a gravitational pull that, in specific accord with Kepler's third law, resulted in the proper relation of the planets' sidereal period to their mean distance from the Sun.
		The law of universal gravitation also states that the gravitational force between two objects is inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between m and m.
		The mass referred to in the first and second laws is the same, and it is often called the "intertial mass." The mass that appears in the law of gravity is called the "gravitational mass" because it determines the strength of the gravitational force between two objects.
	www.bookrags.com /Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation (3564 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Law
		law is that it should proceed from the representative of the highest public authority, be this a single person, several persons, or finally the totality of all the members of the community, as in a democracy.
		law is an emanation of the highest authority, or is issued by the presiding officer of the community by virtue of his authority, is what distinguishes it from mere counsels, requests, or admonitions, which presuppose no power of jurisdiction and can, moreover, be addressed by private persons to others and even to superiors.
		Law in the strict sense is imposed upon rational, free beings as a controlling guide for their actions; but it can be such only when it has been proclaimed to those subject to it.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09053a.htm (3865 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gravitation is the reason for the very existence of the Earth, the Sun, and every object in the universe; without it, matter would not have coalesced into masses and life would not exist.
		The expansion of the universe (predicted by the Robertson-Walker metric) was confirmed by Edwin Hubble in 1929.
		Gravitation is the attractive influence that all objects exert on each other, while "gravity" specifically refers to a force which all massive objects are theorized to exert on each other to cause gravitation.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=gravitation (1865 words)

	gravitation. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Since the gravitational force is experienced by all matter in the universe, from the largest galaxies down to the smallest particles, it is often called universal gravitation.
		According to Newton’s law of universal gravitation, the force between any two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses (see mass) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
		Newton’s theory of gravitation was long able to explain all observable gravitational phenomena, from the falling of objects on the earth to the motions of the planets.
	www.bartleby.com /65/gr/gravitat.html (651 words)

	Science 122 Program 17 Gravitation
		It is one one hand a consequence of the gravitational equation applied to the earth (m1) the object (m2) and the distance to the center of the earth from the surface, or the radius of the earth (r).
		It can't be the gravitational constant because it is constant.
		That the Law of Universal Gravitation was accepted by the scientific community without experimental verification is a testament to the thoroughness with which Newton presented it.
	honolulu.hawaii.edu /distance/sci122/Programs/p17/p17.html (3333 words)

	ipedia.com: Gravity Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Newton's law of universal gravitation can be written as a vector equation to account for the direction of the gravitational force as well as its magnitude.
		Gravitational acceleration, and acceleration in general, is measured in metre per second squared or in galileoss or gees.
		Since Einstein discovered his theory of gravitation the gravity is not one of the fundamental forces of nature so it is a small wonder that it has not been fitted into the formalism of quantum mechanics (the three fundamental forces: Electromagnetism, the Strong Force, and the Weak Force, can be).
	www.ipedia.com /gravity.html (3421 words)

	Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation; Orbital and Escape Velocities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The second is Newton's original formulation of the law of universal gravitation, which was obtained as a mathematical model explaining the observed orbits of planets and the Moon, while the first is a consequence of Newton's formulation.
		This gravitational acceleration is always directed toward the center of mass of the planet (or of whatever the object with mass m might happen to be).
		This gravitational acceleration is the gravitational field strength on the surface of the sphere of radius r centered at the center of mass of mass m1.
	www.vhcc.edu /ph1fall9/lectures/ph_981102_981113/ph1_1106/class_notes.htm (2134 words)

	Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
		This comparison led him to conclude that the force of gravitational attraction between the Earth and other objects is inversely proportional to the distance separating the earth's center from the object's center.
		This force of gravitational attraction is directly dependent upon the masses of both objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance which separates their centers.
		Since gravitational force is inversely proportional to the separation distance between the two interacting objects, more separation distance will result in weaker gravitational forces.
	www.glenbrook.k12.il.us /gbssci/phys/Class/circles/u6l3c.html (1954 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Law of Universal Gravitation
		The Law of Universal Gravitation explains that gravitational force decreases with distance.
		In addition, the theory notes that the greater an object's mass, the greater its gravitational force.
		Newton would use universal graviation, along with his laws of motion, to substantiate Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/la/Law_of_Universal_Gravitation (211 words)

	Universal Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Introduction: The Universal Physics Journal is dedicated to the verification and improvement of Classical Physics as founded by Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton.
		The new concept of rest-motion is explained in Article II and the Universal Law of Mutual Forces is introduced in Article III.
		Article X is where the Universal Physics Rules for Force and Motion are published as an enhanced version of Newton's three Laws of Motion.
	www.universalphysics.org (1181 words)

	Gravitation and Gravity
		Gravitation is the attractive force existing between any two objects that have mass.
		Since gravitational force is happening to all matter (objects) in the universe, from the largest galaxies down to the smallest atoms, it is often called universal gravitation.
		Sir Isaac Newton was the first to fully recognize that the force holding any object to the earth is the same as the force holding the moon, the planets, and other heavenly bodies in their orbits.
	alex.edfac.usyd.edu.au /methods/science/studentwork/MassoftheEarth/gravitationandgravity.htm (471 words)

	Sir Isaac Newton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Newton’s second law can be stated as follows: The rate of change in a body’s linear momentum is proportional to the force applied to the body, and the acceleration will be in the same direction as the applied force, i.e.
		Newton maintained also that the gravitational force that a body exerted acted as though all the mass of the body were concentrated at the center of the body.
		Newton’s law of universal gravitation still holds up well for most circumstances, and it remained unchallenged until Albert Einstein published his general theory of relativity in 1915, in which gravity is defined as the curvature of space-time.
	members.aol.com /deepskyguy1/sirisaacnewton.html (1031 words)

	Gravitation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Every object in the universe attracts every other object in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
		Since G is so very small, the gravitational attraction between small masses on the earth's surface is not noticeable compared with the gravitational attraction between either mass and the earth.
		Gravitation is only an attractive force unlike electromagnetic forces which can be both attractive and repulsive.
	online.cctt.org /physicslab/content/PhyAPB/lessonnotes/gravitation/gravitymaster.asp (901 words)

	Scientific American: How do scientists measure or calculate the weight of a planet?
		Issac Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation tells us that the force of attraction between two objects is proportional the product of their masses divided by the square of the distance between their centers of mass.
		The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the sun is G times the sun's mass times the Earth's mass, divided by the distance between the Earth and the sun squared.
		Newton's Law of Gravitation states that every bit of matter in the universe attracts every other with a gravitational force that is proportional to its mass.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=000ACD5C-5FD7-1C71-9EB7809EC588F2D7 (823 words)

	NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
		Specialty definitions using "NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION": Newton's laws of motion.
		Two bodies attract each other with equal and opposite forces; the magnitude of this force is proportional to the product of the two masses and is also proportional to the inverse square of the distance between the centers of mass of the two bodies.
		Kepler's three laws of planetary motion, which had been derived empirically by Johannes Kepler, were obtained with mathematical rigor as a consequence of Newton's law of universal gravitation in conjunction with his three laws of motion.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/Ne/Newton%2527s+law+of+universal+gravitation.html (356 words)

	Hold Me Tight! (Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation)
		The gravitational force between a pencil and you is extremely small, because your mass and the pencil's mass are relatively small.
		Gravitational forces only become observable when the masses are as large as those of the planets, moon, and stars.
		The gravitational force between an apple and the Earth is 5 N on the surface of the Earth.
	schoolscience.rice.edu /science/curricula/PrintPreviewLearningExperienceOnly.cfm?LEID=755&CurriculaID=142 (941 words)

	Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law of Gravitation
		The constant of proportionality G is known as the universal gravitational constant.
		It is termed a "universal constant" because it is thought to be the same at all places and all times, and thus universally characterizes the intrinsic strength of the gravitational force.
		Thus, the weight of an object of mass m at the surface of the Earth is obtained by multiplying the mass m by the acceleration due to gravity, g, at the surface of the Earth.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html (1830 words)

	Gravitational Forces
		The objective of this lesson is for students to be familiar with Sir Isaac Newton, the development of his Law of Universal Gravitation.
		Students should be able to complete quantitative calculations using the Law of Universal Gravitation, understand the proportional nature of the equation, and be able to distinguish between mass and weight.
		This site discusses the relation between Newton's Laws of Motion, and his development of the Law of Universal Gravitation.
	www.gsu.edu /%7Emstjrh/gravity.html (749 words)

	Gravity
		If we postulate that the inertial mass and the gravitational mass are the same, then the acceleration due to gravity may be calculated by equating the weight of an object to the force exerted on the object by the earth's gravitational field:
		From this it is clear that the acceleration due to the earth's gravitational field is independent of the mass of the object.
		Second law: The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to that body and in the direction of that force.
	www.physchem.co.za /Motion/Gravity.htm (753 words)

	Spin Baby Spin
		Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation describes the gravitational attraction between any two massive particles in the known universe.
		Since the circular motion of the planets in the solar system is caused by the force of gravity, the study of universal gravitation is pertinent to our study of circular motion.
		The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the distance between the centers of mass of the two objects.
	members.tripod.com /itt_burney/gravitation.html (663 words)

	Newton's Law of Gravity
		This shows that the electric force dominates the gravitational force in the atom by an overwhelming forty orders of magnitude and is completely irrelevant to the structure of the atom.
		Note that since both the electrostatic and the gravitational forces are inversely proportional to the square of the distance, electric forces between charged particles will always dominate gravitational forces, at any distance.
		The gravitational force however is always attractive and hence is additive: the more particles (of any charge) the greater the gravitational force.
	theory.uwinnipeg.ca /mod_tech/node54.html (292 words)

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