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| | Charles Peirce |
 | | He went on to obtain the BA and MA from Harvard, and in 1863 was awarded the Lawrence Scientific School's first B.Sc. |
 | | He has been described by careless writers as an idealist (“reality” = “the object of the final opinion of the scientific community”), but this description is inaccurate, since he believed that reality was best described as independent of mind, at least of minds in particular, if not necessarily of minds in general. |
 | | Philosophers of the school that is commonly called 'pragmatic' hold that all thought takes place in signs, where 'sign' is the word they use for the broadest conceivable variety of characters, expressions, formulas, messages, signals, texts, and so on up the line, that might be imagined. |
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