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	Open Collections Program: Women Working
		In 1912, the city’s population was nearly 86,000--60,000 of whom depended directly upon the payrolls of the textile mills.
		In 1911, the year before the strike, Massachusetts had passed a new law that was to take effect on January 1, 1912, that mandated the reduction of the maximum weekly work hours for women and children under eighteen from fifty-six to fifty-four hours.
		The Lawrence strike began with a walkout by workers on January 11, 1912.
	ocp.hul.harvard.edu /ww/lawrencestrike.html (578 words)

	Bread and Roses: The 1912 Lawrence textile Strike - By Joyce Kornbluh
		Lawrence citizens were encouraged by the town leaders to wear little American flags in their button holes as proof of their patriotic opposition to the I.W.W. The trial of Ettor, Giovannitti, and Caruso began in Salem, Massachusetts, at the end of September; it lasted for two months.
		But the immediate effect of the Lawrence strike was to hearten textile workers in other Eastern areas and to prepare for the next large strike drama in the silk mills of Paterson within the year.
		The strike also made a profound impression on the public and the rest of the labor movement by dramatizing the living and working conditions of unorganized, foreign-born workers in crowded industrial areas, and communicating the spirit of their rebellion.
	www.lucyparsonsproject.org /iww/kornbluh_bread_roses.html (3869 words)

	Lawrence Books
		Lawrence Massachusetts, located on the banks of the Merrimack River, boasts a diverse population of approximately 70,000, with roots in the cultures of the Canada, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Ireland, Germany, Turkey, Italy, Lebanon, to name a few.
		In his introduction, Thomas Leavitt states that "residents of Greater Lawrence in 1875 were not, by and large, a healthy lot." With that assertion, he launches into the history of the hospital that reflects the dynamic city and area it services.
		Lawrence is indeed a town of historic and beautiful architecture.
	www.lawrencefreelibrary.org /english/lawrbooks.htm (530 words)

	American Experience \| Emma Goldman \| People & Events \| PBS
		During the strike, they successfully overcame differences of nationality, craft, and gender; their democratic self-organization served as a school in self-management.
		Unlike most textile strikes, including the 1912 strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the Paterson strike did not begin as a defensive battle against a wage cut.
		Strike supporters were torn apart as a result of the defeat, and the I.W.W. never recovered in the East.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/goldman/peopleevents/e_strike.html (477 words)

	Bread and roses
		The strike came as a surprise to bosses, considering that the workers were largely unorganized.
		AFL leaders actually opposed the Lawrence strike and by the end of the struggle had sided with the bosses--denouncing strikers as anarchists and saboteurs.
		Strike supporters in other parts of the country--mostly from New York City--were called on to house and care for the children for the strike’s duration.
	www.socialistworker.org /Featured/Stories/390_08_LawrenceStrike.shtml (1283 words)

	MonthlyFeature
		Strike leaders advised the strikers to remain nonviolent, despite provocation by the employers and their allies.
		The strike's turning point came on February 24 when, at the behest of the textile manufacturers, police tried to prevent this mass exodus of children by clubbing a group of women and children at the Lawrence railroad station.
		The I.W.W. and the Paterson Silk Strike of 1913.
	www.holtlaborlibrary.org /Lawrence.html (994 words)

	Lawrence Textile Strike
		In the early part of the 20th century, Lawrence, Massachusetts, was one of the most important textile towns in the United States.
		The mayor of Lawrence called in the local militia and attempts were made to stop the workers from picketing.
		Dynamite was found in Lawrence and newspapers accused strikers of being responsible.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAlawrence.htm (954 words)

	Textiles and Society in Bradford and Lawrence, USA, 1880-1920
		Although the strike ended in defeat for the workers, it was transformed during its course from a wages dispute at an individual mill into a major confrontation about civil liberties, with the intervention of the municipal authority and police on the side of management.
		In Lawrence the rapid growth of large vertically integrated mills meant that it was possible, as in 1912 and 1919, to mobilise opposition and increase pressures on labour in industry wide strikes, something which was impossible in the fragmented Bradford textile industry.
		First textile worker leaders recognised the weakness of their industrial position allied with skilled workers in other industries, also confronted by technological change, to create an independent working class party to defend their rights in the political arena and to introduce at both the national and local level municipal and state socialism.
	www.bradfordhistorical.org.uk /antiquary/third/vol05/textiles.html (7678 words)

	Lawrence Cultural Alliance MEMBERS
		Celebrated on Lawrence's Common every Labor Day since 1985, the free festival features folk, ethnic and labor-oriented music, including local and nationally-known performers, as well as historical tours and reenactments, children's entertainment, and food and craft vendors.
		Lawrence Heritage State Park is a unit of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management's Division of Forests and Parks.
		The Robert Frost Foundation is dedicated to communicating the spirit and work of Robert Frost to his hometown and beyond, celebrating the profound influence Lawrence had on the poet and his work, and using this legacy as a source of inspiration for the arts and community enhancement.
	www.lawrenceculturalalliance.com /members.html (486 words)

	Wobblies ZR
		In Spokane, arrested one by one for mounting a soapbox, IWW men kept pouring into town, until too many of them were crowded into the jails, and finally the city officials, after several deaths from brutal treatment in prison, gave in to the demand for free speech and assembly.
		In 1912 and 1913, the strikes organized by the IWW reached a crescendo: lumbermen in Aberdeen, Washington, streetcar workers in Portland, Oregon, dock workers in San Pedro, California.
		The Lawrence textile strike lasted ten weeks, involved 25,000 men, women and children, and was watched with mounting tension by the entire nation.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Zinn/Wobblies_ZR.html (1630 words)

	Textile & Apparel Web \|\| EUROPE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Exports in textiles were up 4 percent last year, while exports of clothing decreased by 2 percent, the Association of Apparel and Textile Producers and Exporters said in its annual report.
		Textile and clothing imports were estimated last year at euro1.3 billion (US$1.67 billion), mostly from EU countries.
		The trust the local textile industry has placed in Italian technology is confirmed by the value of Italian exports to Turkey, amounting to 232 million euros in 2005, making Turkey the second major market for Italy’s textile machinery industry.
	www.textileandapparel.com /section/europe/8 (3365 words)

	John Golden and the Lawrence Strike (JOE HILL) (1912)
		Another Joe Hill song, which evolved around the I.W.W.-led strike against the Lawrence, Massachusetts, textile mills in 1912, was "John Golden and the Lawrence Strike." This song...
		Abot half of Lawrence's 85,000 population over the age of fourteen had jobs in the mills, and health and living conditions were so deplorable that a local physician maintained that thirty-six out of every one hundred men and women working in the mills died before the age of twenty-five.
		The strike was precipitated by a law passed by the Massachusetts legislature reducing the work-week from fifty-six to fifty-four hours for women and children, beginning January 1, 1912.
	www.fortunecity.com /tinpan/parton/2/johngold.html (1007 words)

	The Real Meaning of Labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		When the strike committee tried to send another group away, the children and their mothers were assaulted by police at the railroad station.
		The strike was not so much an economic strike for better wages and working conditions as it was a rebellion against company domination of every aspect of the workers' lives.
		The great strikes of 1945-46 frightened the monopolies, convincing their owners that the Cold War was an opportunity to defeat a labor movement growing in size, militancy and unity.
	www.felahfd.com /HFD5/ST75b_newsletter.htm (7408 words)

	Mary Heaton Vorse
		Wages in Lawrence were so low that thirty-five per cent of the people made under seven dollars a week; less than a fifth got more than twelve dollars a week.
		Strike demands were swiftly formulated: 15% increase; Double pay for overtime; Abolition of the bonus and premium system; No discrimination because of strike activity.
		A week after the first group of the children of the Lawrence strikers arrived in New York, news was flashed that another group, being sent to Philadelphia, had been prevented from leaving town by the Lawrence police.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAvorse.htm (3726 words)

	Textile & Apparel Web \|\| Ask Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		UK: Textile dye factory to be close with loss of 80 jobs...
		Textile manufacturer Vescom America to Relocate New York Facility to Henderson, North Carolina...
		Textile & apparel community that would improve business competence and opportunities, and also provides community services to encourage information flow between industry players.
	www.textileandapparel.com /faq (840 words)

	General Strike news & background : Melbourne Indymedia
		This time on the eve of the strike hundreds of Syndicate members and their families were arrested and held in prison for two weeks.
		An application by the strike committee for a permit for a march on 2 February 1912 was refused by Police Commissioner Patrick Cahill - the day came to be called Black Friday for the savagery of the police baton charges on crowds of unionists and supporters.
		In the aftermath of the strike three years later there was an electoral swing to Labor all over Queensland, and the second Queensland Labor Government was elected in 1915, led by Thomas Joseph Ryan, who regarded himself as a socialist.
	www.melbourne.indymedia.org /news/2006/07/116321.php (3693 words)

	The Bread and Roses Strike of 1912 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The strike was remarkable for the cooperation among immigrant workers, for the role of women, and for the strikers’ practice of expressing themselves in song. Some women strikers reportedly carried banners proclaiming “We want bread, and roses, too”, symbolizing their fight for both subsistence and dignity. Thus the name, the “Bread and Roses Strike”.
		The strike highlighted issues of child labor, workplace safety, and subsistence wages. It was an important step in labor’s long struggle for gains which many of us now take for granted.
		Lawrence Heritage State Park is open daily, from 9 to 4. Admission is free; we are fully accessible. We are located at 1 Jackson St., Lawrence, MA. For information call 978-794-1655.
	www.breadandroses.net /strike.html (116 words)

	Ebert, The Trial of A New Society
		To the Solidarity of Labor, that freed Ettor, Giovannitti and Caruso; especially to the New England Textile Workers who made the Lawrence Strike memorable and the city historical, this book is dedicated with pride in their epoch-making achievements.
		It was felt and dimly recognized that the trial marked a new period in American history, and that it accordingly had to be decided by new means.
		Both sentiments were felt to the very end, with the general strike as the greater power.
	www.workerseducation.org /crutch/pamphlets/ebert_trial.html (783 words)

	Special Collections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Special Collections of the Lawrence Public Library is composed of manuscripts, archives, periodicals, newspapers, photographs, artifacts, and ephemera.
		History of the United States with and emphasis on New England, labor, textiles and textile history, Catholicism, and genealogy.
		Collections include: Postcards and stereo slides of Greater Lawrence, photographs of Semana Hispana, the NRA parade of 1933, the Jennings family, the God and Country Parade of 1962, flood of 1936, Lawrence Cyclone (1890), before urban renewal (1958), Fr.
	www.lawrencefreelibrary.org /special_collections.htm (429 words)

	The history of our struggle
		Striking the textile towns of Lawrence and Paterson
		Two strikes in the textile industry--in Lawrence, Mass., in 1912 and Paterson, N.J., in 1913--illustrated the potential for workers of many different nationalities to build solidarity.
		James Oppenheimer wrote the song "Bread and Roses" to honor the great strike of textile workers in Lawrence, Mass., 90 years ago this month.
	www.socialistworker.org /Featured/History.shtml (1396 words)

	Camella Teoli Testifies about the 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike
		When 30,000 largely immigrant workers walked out of the Lawrence, Massachusetts, textile mills in January 1912, they launched one of the epic confrontations between capital and labor.
		The strike began in part because of unsafe working conditions in the mills, which were described in graphic detail in the testimony that fourteen-year-old millworker Camella Teoli delivered before a U.S. Congressional hearing in March 1912.
		Her testimony (a portion of which was included here) about losing her hair when it got caught in a textile machine she was operating gained national headlines in 1912—in part because Helen Herron Taft, the wife of the president, was in the audience when Teoli testified.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/61 (998 words)

	Massachusetts: History
		Labor unions struggled for recognition in a long, weary battle marked by strikes, sometimes violent, as was the case in the Lawrence textile strike of 1912.
		For his part in breaking the strike, Gov. Calvin Coolidge won national fame and went on to become vice president and then president, the third Massachusetts citizen (after John Adams and John Quincy Adams) to hold the highest office in the land.
		During the postwar period the decline of textile manufacturing was offset as the electronics industry, attracted by the skilled technicians available in the Boston area, boomed along Route 128.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/us/A0859530.html (2387 words)

	History Detectives . Investigations - Lawrence Billy Club \| PBS
		The workers clashed with textile mill operators and police as they asserted their demand for humane working conditions.
		During this cold and snowy January, pitched battles were fought in the streets of Lawrence in one of the most brutal strikes in U.S. history.
		A billy club with the words “Lawrence Strike” and the date 1/12/1912 has been passed down to a History Detectives contributor.
	www.pbs.org /opb/historydetectives/investigations/403_lawrence.html (167 words)

	The 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike, DBQ
		On January 12, 1912, ten thousand woolen textile workers from almost forty different nationalities went on strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts.
		Begun by Polish women the previous day, the strike resulted from a pay cut implemented by the American Woolen Company when a state law went into effect that reduced the weekly hours that women could legally work.
		Describe the causes of the Lawrence textile mill strike.
	womhist.binghamton.edu /teacher/DBQlaw.htm (207 words)

	Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1830-1930
		Selecting "Women and the Lawrence Textile Strike, 1912" takes the reader to a page with a discussion question and a brief contextual paragraph.
		This project documents the role of women in the strike and shows how striking immigrant workers struggled successfully against the combined forces of mill management, local police, and state militia." This brief introduction helps to provide context for the documents that follow and the question helps guide readers in evaluating the materials.
		The document list shows 21 documents, helpfully categorized by theme, such as in support of the strikers, the issues from two points of view, testimony of the strikers, the city's ethnic neighborhoods, newspaper accounts of the strike, the strike debate in magazines, and Rose Schneiderman and the legacy of Lawrence.
	www.publichistory.org /reviews/View_Review.asp?DBID=24 (1280 words)

	Camella Teoli Testifies about the 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike
		Her testimony (a portion of which is included here) about losing her hair when it got caught in a textile machine she was operating gained national headlines in 1912 -- in part because Helen Herron Taft, the wife of the president, was in the audience when Teoli testified.
		Do they go around in Lawrence there and find little girls and boys in the schools over 14 years of age and urge them to quit school and go to work in the mills?
		Hearings on the Strike at Lawrence, Massachusetts, House Document No. 671, 62nd Cong., 2nd sess.
	www.marxists.org /history/usa/unions/lawrence-strike/teoli.htm (1105 words)

	TIME.com: The Long Voyage Home -- May 31, 1948 -- Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		On the common in Lawrence, Mass., a skinny Yankee youngster in knee pants worked his way eellike through an agitated mob to the foot of the bandstand.
		The 62-day-long Lawrence strike made Fred Beal a radical for life.
		He drifted from mill to mill, became a labor organizer, helped lead the big textile strike in New Bedford, Mass., was jailed briefly.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,798681,00.html (662 words)

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