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Topic: Laws of Robotics

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Roger MacBride Allen

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	Three Laws of Robotics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		SF scholar James Gunn writes, "The Asimov robot stories as a whole may respond best to an analysis on this basis: the ambiguity in the Three Laws and the ways in which Asimov played twenty-nine variations upon a theme" (the number is accurate for 1980).
		Giskard Reventlov was the first robot to act according to the Zeroth Law, although it proved destructive to his positronic brain, as he was not certain as to whether his choice would turn out to be for the ultimate good of humanity or not.
		The Laws of Robotics are portrayed as something akin to a human religion and referred to in the language of the Protestant Reformation, with the set of laws containing the Zeroth Law known as the "Giskardian Reformation" to the original "Calvinian Orthodoxy" of the Three Laws.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics (5130 words)

	Paul A. Abrahm and Stuart Kenter- Tik-Tok and the Three Laws of Robotics
		Over two and a half decades before the now-famed Three Laws of Robotics were even a glimmer in their originator's mind, there existed, in fiction, a robot who represented a perfect embodiment of those laws.
		SECOND LAW: "A robot must obey orders given it by a human being except where such orders would conflict with the First Law." Tik-Tok states it as bluntly as it can be said: "I am a slave of the lit-tle girl Dor-o-thy." Or again: "From this time forth I am your o-be-di-ent ser-vant.
		THIRD LAW: "A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law." Looking ahead toward protection of his own existence as an armed combatant, Tik-Tok sorts the possibilities for his survival: "A sol-dier must be a-ble to run as well as to fight" (2:88).
	www.depauw.edu /sfs/backissues/14/abrahm14art.htm (7537 words)

	RRG/Learn More/History
		The word 'robotics' was first used in Runaround, a short story published in 1942, by Isaac Asimov (born Jan. 2, 1920, died Apr. 6, 1992).
		Law One: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law.
		The robot idea was hyped to the skies and became high fashion in the Boardroom.
	www.robotics.utexas.edu /rrg/learn_more/history (1478 words)

	Encyclopedia Galactica - Robotics - The Three Laws
		A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction allow a human being to come to harm.
		Susan Calvin first suggested the existence of a Zeroth Law of robotics.
		He suggested the First Law should be restated as "A robot may do nothing that, to its knowledge, will harm a human being; nor, through inaction, knowingly allow a human being to come to harm".
	www.geocities.com /Area51/Dimension/1136/robots/robotlaws.html (258 words)

	ipedia.com: Three Laws of Robotics Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Sladek later wrote a novel, Tik-Tok, in which a robot discovers that his so-called "asimov circuits" are not restraining his behavior at all, making him in effect a sociopath; he comes to doubt whether "asimov circuits" are even technically possible, deciding that they are simply a pseudo-religious belief held by robots.
		Giskard Reventlov was the first robot to act according to the Zeroth Law, although it proved destructive to his positronic brain, as he violated the First Law.
		This solved the original problem of robots not allowing anyone to be subject to necessary radiation even for proper time limits (robots were rendered inoperable by doses reasonably safe for humans, and were being destroyed attempting to rescue the humans).
	www.ipedia.com /three_laws_of_robotics_1.html (1883 words)

	The History of the Positronic Robot and Foundation Stories
		The robot is given into the care of Dr. Susan Calvin, a plain, lonely robopsychologist at US Robots who is attracted to a handsome co-worker named Milton Ashe.
		The robot assures Calvin that Ashe is likewise attracted to her, but Calvin eventually learns (to her embarrassment) that he is not.
		The robot lied to Calvin because it, like all robots, is programmed to prevent humans from being injured, and Calvin was suffering emotional distress from her unrequited love.
	www.asimovonline.com /oldsite/Robot_Foundation_history_1.html (2080 words)

	The Fourth Law (of Robotics)
		To be properly implemented and to avoid their interpretation in a potentially dangerous manner, the robots in which they are embedded must be equipped with reasonably comprehensive models of the physical universe and of human society.
		A robot will have to be somewhat human to recognize another human being, it takes one to know one, the saying (rightly) goes.
		Whatever the answer, one thing is clear: such a robot must be equipped with more than a rudimentary sense of judgment, with the ability to appraise and analyse complex situations, to predict the future and to base his decisions on very fuzzy algorithms (no programmer can foresee all possible circumstances).
	samvak.tripod.com /robot.html (2783 words)

	Get A Grip On Robotics - The 3 Laws of Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		However, the relationship betweens science fiction and robotics is a two way street: science fiction affects the field of robotics as well.
		Early in the history of robots, acclaimed writer Isaac Asimov became concerned that humanity was unprepared for what he saw as the inevitable: robots becoming an integral part of society in the future.
		A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders conflict with the first law.
	www.thetech.org /exhibits_events/online/robots/future/3laws.html (176 words)

	Patent Granted on Laws of Robotics
		Maybe I'm wrong but it seems to me any robot with the intelligence to be able to interpret these laws would be intelligent enough to pass the Turing test and have a "human like" mind.
		Asimov's first law requires at least some definition of what a human is, what an action is, and what sort of actions might harm a human.
		Asimov's laws act more like a safety on a gun or the guard a power tool - they were just intended to prevent humans from harming themselves with an intellgent tool they'd created.
	robots.net /article/931.html (1508 words)

	Asimov's Laws
		Zeroth law: A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.
		Therefore, the third law is not really needed, because the androids will never make the careless mistakes humans make and therefore their existence will never be in danger.
		It appears that according to the first law, the android will not be able to defend himself because he may "injure" the human who is trying to destroy him.
	www.androidworld.com /prod22.htm (1247 words)

	MMHP: MegaMaster Musings - Laws of Robotics
		If a robot is programmed to kill human beings, it will kill people, regardless of what any Law of Robotics says.
		Just because a robot has programming to limit its destructive behavior doesn't automatically mean the robot specifically follows "The Three Laws of Robotics" (which actually I believe are copyrighted), although people may nevertheless credit Asimov for coming up with the original idea of ethics programming to begin with.
		Also, programming a robot not to allow itself to come to harm (Law #3) seems counterproductive to Wily's goals, as he is specifically placing his robots in the line of fire (and some are designed to even go so far as to blow themselves up in an attempt to take a hapless player with them).
	www.mmhp.net /Commentaries/Musing24.html (573 words)

	Three Laws Of Robotics Revised in ZhurnalWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Robots must leap about like ninjas and attempt to damage one another (and human beings) in hand-to-hand combat.
		Robots must drive motor vehicles wildly and attempt to crash into one another (and human beings), except where doing so would conflict with opportunities to practice the First Law.
		Robots must shoot guns, launch missiles, detonate explosives, and otherwise attempt to destroy one another (and human beings), as long as such activities do not conflict with opportunities to practice the First or Second Law.
	zhurnal.net /ww/zw?ThreeLawsOfRoboticsRevised (220 words)

	Three Laws of Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Asimov attributes the Three Laws to John W. Campbell from aconversation made on December 23, 1940.However, Campbell claims that Asimov had the Laws already in his mind, and they simply needed to be stated explicitly.
		This solved the original problem of robots not allowing anyone to be subject to necessary radiation even for proper timelimits (robots were rendered inoperable in doses reasonably safe for humans, and were being destroyed attempting to rescue thehumans).
		In another story, problems with the first law were noted - for example, a robot could notfunction as a surgeon, which caused damage to a human; nor could it write game plans for American football since that would lead to the injury of humans.
	www.therfcc.org /three-laws-of-robotics-37730.html (1362 words)

	Robots
		Robot, which is derived from a Czech word meaning "menial labor," got its modern meaning from a 1920 play, R.U.R.
		(Rossum's Universal Robots), by Czech playwright Karel Capek (1890-1938).
		The robot scientist, equipped with a wealth of information about biochemistry and sophisticated AI software, watches the yeast grow, generates a set of hypotheses concerning the function of the gene in question, and then plans an experiment that will eliminate as many of the hypotheses as quickly and cheaply as possible.
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/html/robots.html (7591 words)

	Science Fiction Writer Robert J. Sawyer: On Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics
		First, remember, Asimov's "Laws" are hardly laws in the sense that physical laws are laws; rather, they're cute suggestions that made for some interesting puzzle-oriented stories half a century ago.
		Indeed, given that a huge amount of AI and robotics research is underwritten by the military, it seems that there will never be a general "law" against ever harming human beings.
		We already live in a world in which Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics have no validity, a world in which every single computer user is exposed to radiation that is considered at least potentially harmful, a world in which machines replace people in the workplace all the time.
	www.sfwriter.com /rmasilaw.htm (564 words)

	3 Laws Unsafe - Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics & I, Robot
		At the heart of the movie are Isaac Asimov’s “Three Laws of Robotics”, invented as a simple, but immutable moral code for robots.
		The film’s plot revolves around an apparent breaking of the laws, when a robot is suspected of murdering a famous scientist.
		Bundy notes that simple safety measures are already a crucial part of the design of industrial robots, which have in rare cases caused the death of people.
	www.asimovlaws.com (1143 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. The Three Laws Of Robotics
		The Three Laws were extended by a fourth law, the 'Zeroth Law', so named to continue the pattern of lower-numbered laws superseding higher-numbered laws.
		In Robots and Empire, Giskard was the first robot to act according to the Zeroth Law, although it proved destructive to his positronic brain, as he violated the First Law.
		Attorneys for the family said the robot should have been equipped with devices to warn workers that it was operating.
	fusionanomaly.net /threelawsofrobotics.html (1280 words)

	Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		"Asimov's First Law of Robotics: A robot must not injure a human or by inaction allow a human to be harmed.
		Asimov's Second Law of Robotics: A robot must obey any order given it by any human, except where such obedience would conflict with The First Law.
		I mean, she applies them to robots, whatever those are.
	www.woodbetweentheworlds.net /shelobs_lair/fw/robotics.htm (896 words)

	Asimov Quotes Part 4
		1.A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
		My only knowledge of robots was what I had read (and rejected) in earlier science fiction stories.
		The three laws of robotics were, in their actual wording, John Campbell's, but he insisted he got them out of the first couple of robot stories." (from 1977 and 1976 letters in
	www.testermanscifi.org /AsimovQuotesPart4.html (729 words)

	Isaac Hayes’ Three Laws of Robotics - Engadget - www.engadget.com
		A robot must be a sex machine to all the chicks, except where such actions conflict with the will of his main woman.
		A robot must at all times strive to be one bad motha-shutchyomouth.
		Sincerely speaking though I don't believe that all robots will be equipped with these 3 laws because it is just too idealistic - in reality corporations and military will embed their own laws into robots...
	www.engadget.com /entry/4182199342254177 (651 words)

	3 Laws Unsafe - I, Robot and Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		3 Laws Unsafe - I, Robot and Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics
		In anticipation of 20th Century Fox's July 16th release of I, Robot, the Singularity Institute announces "3 Laws Unsafe." "3 Laws Unsafe" explores the problems presented by Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics, the principles intended for ensuring that robots help, but never harm, humans.
		The Three Laws are widely known and are often taken seriously as reasonable solutions for guiding future AI.
	www.singinst.org /asimovlaws.html (83 words)

	Three Laws of Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		1.A robot may not injure a human being, or,
		2.A robot must obey the orders given it by human
		The Zeroth Law of Robotics: A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.
	www.umich.edu /~engb415/literature/cyberzach/Asimov/robolaw.html (64 words)

	The Laws of Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		the ultimate source of insight into robotics and automation
		(according to the Handbook of Robotics, or more precisely, Isaac Asimov):
		(This was added after the initial three laws.)
	trueforce.com /encyclopaedia/laws_of_robotics.htm (118 words)

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