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Topic: Laws of thought

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	The Laws of Thought (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The restrictions Plato places on the laws of thought (i.e., "in the same respect," and "at the same time,") are an attempt to isolate the object of thought by removing it from all other time but the present and all respects but one.
		On another model in which concepts are thought to descend from multiple genuses, the laws of thought are not as applicable because, as a member of more than a single genus, a concept could contain contradictory attributes.
		Thus, the laws of thought do not universally rule over all thinking but are only universal when the objects of thought are abstracted from the reality of the phenomenal world.
	atschool.eduweb.co.uk /cite/staff/philosopher/lawsofthought.htm (3128 words)

	Body
		We examine, for example, the process of thought (statements and demonstrations) by which we are conducted to the conclusion, that the square of the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle, is equal to the sum of the squares of its two sides.
		To develop, that is, determine, define, and elucidate these laws, and thus present universal criteria of valid and invalid procedures of the intelligence, when the object of such procedure is truth, is, as we understand the subject, the true and exclusive sphere and aim of logic as a science.
		When one conception is thought of as excluded from the sphere of another conception, as in the judgment, "Mind is not matter," the former substance being thought of as excluded from the sphere or class of material substances, the judgments in that case is called negative.
	truthinheart.com /EarlyOberlinCD/CD/Mahan/Mahanlog.htm (15612 words)

	Thought Power / How to Control Thoughts
		Thought is focussed and given a particular direction and, in the degree that thought is thus focussed and given direction, it is effective in the work it is sent out to accomplish.
		The birth of a noble thought is a potent antidote to counteract an evil thought.
		Ignorant of the laws of thoughts, the worldly-minded individual falls a prey to all sorts of thoughts—thoughts of hatred, anger, revenge, lust—and grows weak-willed, deficient in powers of discernment, and slave of the adverse subtle workings of the mind.
	www.yoga-age.com /modern/thoughtpower.html (15695 words)

	Sodomy Laws and Impact of LGBT Movement
		These laws were a barrier in the LGBT civil rights movement because until they were abolished, citizens who practiced sodomy were considered (whether convicted or otherwise) essentially criminals by the legal profession and perhaps society at large.
		[6] The court, relying heavily on states law, decided that at that point they would not tell states with a long tradition of ruling in favor of anti-sodomy laws that these laws were a contradiction to the constitution.
		In one of the most vindicating statements of the decision they stated “when homosexual conduct is made criminal by the law of the state, that declaration in and of itself is an invitation to subject homosexual persons to discrimination both in the public and private spheres”.
	www.albany.edu /ws/journal/2004/querbes.htm (2913 words)

	20 Credibility
		The inconsistency of denials of the laws of thought is one instance of those laws, and not their whole basis.
		In the case of a thought which is self-inconsistent (whether as a whole or through the conflicts of its parts), its credibility falls to zero, and the credibility of denial becomes extreme.
		That initially intuitive credibility may be annulled or made extreme, through the law of contradiction; or it may be incrementally increased or decreased, by various techniques (yet to be shown), within the confines of the laws of contradiction and of the excluded middle.
	www.thelogician.net /2_future_logic/2_chapter_20.htm (2837 words)

	Thought Power
		Thought is focussed and given a particular direction and, in the degree that thought is thus focussed and given direction, it is effective in the work it is sent out to accomplish.
		The birth of a noble thought is a potent antidote to counteract an evil thought.
		Ignorant of the laws of thoughts, the worldly-minded individual falls a prey to all sorts of thoughts—thoughts of hatred, anger, revenge, lust—and grows weak-willed, deficient in powers of discernment, and slave of the adverse subtle workings of the mind.
	www.sivanandadlshq.org /download/thought_power.htm (16915 words)

	Critical thinking web - Tutorials and Exercises on Critical Thinking, Logic and Creativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The name 'laws of thought' is also misleading, for what is important is not the fact that we think in accordance with these laws, but the fact that things behave in accordance with them; in other words, the fact that when we think in accordance with them we think truly.
		These principles are known as the laws of thought because they are considered to be some of the most fundamental principles of logic.
		Notice that although they are called "laws of thought", it does not mean that people actually follow them all the time.
	philosophy.hku.hk /think/logic/3laws.php (766 words)

	The Laws of Thought
		Also, by the law of identity, repeating the name of an object does not double up the object: it remains one and the same; therefore, the conjunction “P and P” is equivalent to “P” and the conjunction “notP and notP” is equivalent to “notP”.
		These laws of thought are intended as perfectly neutral; they make no direct, specific ontological or epistemological claim, but rationally sort out the very act and concept of such claims – whence their name.
		The laws of thought do not evade or deny the appearance of contradictions or unsolved problems; they just tell us that such appearances are illusions, not realities.
	www.thelogician.net /5b_ruminate/5b_chapter_01.htm (5514 words)

	Plato, Laws, 348 BC
		The Laws were thought to have been in the process of publication at the time of his death.
		He seems to me to have thought the world foolish in not understanding that all are always at war with one another; and if in war there ought to be common meals and certain persons regularly appointed under others to protect an army, they should be continued in peace.
		Many persons say that legislators ought to impose such laws as the mass of the people will be ready to receive; but this is just as if one were to command gymnastic masters or physicians to treat or cure their pupils or patients in an agreeable manner.
	www.constitution.org /pla/laws.htm (15352 words)

	HU250 The Laws of Thought (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		LAW OF NON-CONTRADICTION -- NO STATEMENT IS BOTH TRUE AND FALSE.
		LAW OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE -- EVERY STATEMENT IS EITHER TRUE OR FALSE.
		LAW OF IDENTITY -- NO STATEMENT EVER CHANGES ITS TRUTH VALUE.
	www.hu.mtu.edu /~wsewell/hu250/lawthght.htm (34 words)

	Laws of Nature
		Science includes many principles once thought to be laws of nature: Newton's law of gravitation, his three laws of motion, the ideal gas laws, Mendel's laws, the laws of supply and demand, and so on.
		Though the former is not a law, the latter arguably is. The latter is not nearly so accidental as the first, since uranium's critical mass is such as to guarantee that such a large sphere will never exist (van Fraassen 1989, 27).
		The complaint lodged against Humeans is that, on their view of what laws are, laws are not suited to explain their instances and so cannot sustain the required inference to the best explanation.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/laws-of-nature (5233 words)

	LAWS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE KINGDOM OF SOULS
		An exploration of the essential differences between principle and law, as these terms are used by the Tibetan, gives a clearer grasp of the process by which the consciousness of humanity is affected, impulsed, and energized.
		The law is the expression or manifestation and activity of that aspect of truth which the principle presents.
		Additionally the encompassing Principle and the Law of Freedom, together with the Principle and the Law of Liberation, and the Law of the Supplementary Seven are discussed in The Rays and the Initiations.
	www.souledout.org /newworldreligion/principleslaws/prinlawdefn.html (787 words)

	The mathematics of human thought
		The design of the following treatise is to investigate the fundamental laws of those operations of the mind by which reasoning is performed; to give expression to them in the symbolic language of a Calculus, and upon this foundation to establish the science of Logic and construct its method.
		He was particularly keen to ensure that his mathematics really did capture laws of mental activity, and to this end he spent a great deal of time reading psychological literature and familiarizing himself with what the philosophers had to say about mind and logic.
		Since his algebra was intended to capture some of the patterns of logical thought, his definitions of addition and multiplication had to correspond to some basic thought processes.
	www.maa.org /devlin/devlin_01_04.html (1881 words)

	History of New Thought
		The Science of Mind is the study of Life and the nature of the laws of thought; the conception that we live in a spiritual Universe; that God is in, through, around and for us.
		He thought that at the center of our being we are all operated on by spiritual laws which execute themselves.
		Emerson is not thought of as a New Thought writer, but rather as one of the sources from which New thought drew a great deal.
	www.cslsr.org /about/historyofnewthought.htm (1432 words)

	The Imutable Universal Laws
		If laws, such as the law of gravity, do change, they change so slowly that, for our lives here on Earth at the present time, we can, for all practical purposes, consider them constant and without change.
		Understanding the law of gravity and understanding how to apply it your life gives you two things: a powerful tool to use in making your life easier, and a warning regarding the consequences of ignoring/violating the law.
		You are simply applying the universal laws in the same manner that you would invoke the law of gravity to assist you in rolling you car down a hill.
	www.joy101.org /bc-02-universal-laws.html (3718 words)

	Competition and the Laws of Thought
		The Law of Contradiction A. It is impossible for anything both to be and not to be.
		The Law of Excluded middle ("either A or not A" as valid for all A's)is not admitted as a valid method of mathematical proof in cases in which all members of an infinite class are involved.
		In 1908, in a paper on the untrustworthiness of the principles of logic, L. Brouwer challenged the belief that the laws of the classical logic as they have come down to us essentially from Aristotle (4th century B.C.) have an absolute validity, independent of the subject matter to which they are applied.
	thegoshinyamajujutsuandcomputerclub.netfirms.com /smaoin.htm (756 words)

	Dr Smith's Logic Page
		All of our syllogisms rely on these laws - that any thing is equal to itself, that tautologies must be true, and that contradictions must be false.
		It is also important to avoid conflating or confusing the so called "laws of thought" with set of nomological (Physical) laws for the universe.
		These laws of thought, or axioms of classical logic, are a set of a priori abstractions that humans create, in order to make categorical syllogisms, their existence is contingent upon sentient brains - they are rules that we make them up
	www.candleinthedark.com /laws.html. (1148 words)

	LAW: NATURAL AND DIVINE
		The later New Thought idea that one thinks and feels into Law and that Law returns the selected product is like turning the film over to a photofinisher who processes the film and then returns the pictures.
		The notion of an active, responsive, impersonal Law is as antiquated and needless as the old theories of phlogiston to explain combustion and epicycles (circles within circles) to explain the paths of heavenly bodies assumed to be moving around an immobile Earth at the center of the universe.
		Nevertheless, the old view of an impersonal active Law can continue to be a useful myth for those who find it helpful, who have no taste for demythologizing, and who are too set in their ways to change.
	websyte.com /alan/law.htm (1775 words)

	Amazon.ca: Laws Of Thought: Books: George Boole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Boole's LAWS OF THOUGHT set in motion forces that would lead to the ultimate fulfillment many of his goals including the establishment of mathematical logic.
		He thought that he was supplying a unifying foundation for Aristotle's logic and that he was at the same time expanding the range of propositions and deductions that were formally treatable in logic.
		Boole thought that Aristotle's logic was "not a science but a collection of scientific truths, too incomplete to form a system of themselves, and not sufficiently fundamental to serve as the foundation upon which a perfect system may rest" (Boole 1854, 241).
	www.amazon.ca /Laws-Thought-George-Boole/dp/1591020891 (1198 words)

	Logic Reasoning Thought Laws
		The laws are innate to thought, that is their essence belongs to thinking, and thinking in any manner contrary to these laws is mind bending.
		The differences between the laws of thought and laws of nature are simply and essentially, that the former do NOT require empirical observation to validate, merely requiring thought itself, where the latter require empirical determinations, and consequently may be subject to manipulation as in this example of say aircraft.
		principle (or law) of contradiction: the axiom that _a thing cannot be and not be at the same time' or _that nothing can have at the same time and at the same place contradictory and inconsistent qualities'.
	www.forceofdestiny.co.uk /Literature/Questor/Logic.html (6813 words)

	Logic: Logic and the laws of thought
		Rationalism holds that the laws of thought apply to everything whatever because they are the most general truths of reality.
		Empiricism holds that the laws of thought are useful verbal conventions applying only to the way we think or talk, not necessarily to what we think and talk about or even necessarily how we must think or talk.
		Simply stated, the first of the fundamental laws is a tautology.
	www.theology.edu /logic/logic7.htm (1545 words)

	Hate-Crime Laws Threaten Our Liberty
		In short, these laws place additional penalties on those found guilty of committing a crime if the act was motivated by racism, sexism, homophobia, or other forms of bigotry.
		The hate-crime laws already on the books generate numerous questions which threaten their practical implementation, and are likely to get bogged down with legal challenges.
		But more important than their practical consequences, these laws set a dangerous precedent and threaten the basic foundations on which a free society stands.
	www.fff.org /freedom/0200f.asp (666 words)

	The Secret-God's Laws \| Vertical Thought [January - March 2007] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Just like the laws of physics, God's spiritual laws have natural consequences built in—positive results when we live in harmony with them and negative results when we try to go against them.
		Deuteronomy 28 is known as the blessings and curses chapter because it outlines the blessings God promised for obedience to His laws and the curses that result from disobedience.
		God's laws are principles that lead to a happy, healthy life now and an even greater future in the Kingdom of God.
	www.verticalthought.org /issues/vt14/c_secret.htm (648 words)

	The Laws of Thought (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Law number one is in conflict with Special Relativity.
		Law number two is in conflict with quantum and classical physics.
		Law number three also ignores the properties mentioned in 2.
	home.earthlink.net /~tdp/exmid.html (284 words)

	(Type a title for your page here)
		As far as there are any laws observable they are formulated in psychology; they include laws both of correct and of incorrect thinking, since the tendency to commit certain fallacies must be considered a psychological law in the same sense as the more fortunate habits of correct thinking.
		When we call logic analysis of thought the expression should be interpreted so as to leave no doubt that it is not actual thought which we pretend to analyze.
		Once a result of thinking is obtained, we can reorder our thoughts in a cogent way, constructing a chain of thoughts between point of departure and point of arrival; it is this rational reconstruction of thinking that is controlled by logic, and whose analysis reveals those rules which we call logical laws.
	ditext.com /reichenbach/logic/1.html (1003 words)

	Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination: Questions And Answers
		Employers are required to post notices to all employees advising them of their rights under the laws EEOC enforces and their right to be free from retaliation.
		All laws enforced by EEOC, except the Equal Pay Act, require filing a charge with EEOC before a private lawsuit may be filed in court.
		When a charge is dismissed, a notice is issued in accordance with the law which gives the charging party 90 days in which to file a lawsuit on his or her own behalf.
	www.eeoc.gov /facts/qanda.html (3756 words)

	Thought Vibration ot The Law of Attraction in the Thought World bt William Walker Atkinson
		Thoughts of Anger, Hate, Envy, Malice and Jealousy will draw to us the foul brood of kindred thoughts emanating from the minds of others; circumstances in which we will be called upon to manifest these vile thoughts and will receive them in turn from others; people who will manifest inharmony; and so on.
		At the same time these negative thoughts, if they reach one whose mental attitude is pitched on a low key, deepen his negative state and add fuel to the fire which is consuming his strength, or, if you prefer this figure, serve to further smother the fire of his energy and activity.
		Lots of men have plenty of energy - they are full to overflowing with it; and yet they lack concentration - they lack the concentrated force that enables them to bring their power to bear upon the right spot.
	website.lineone.net /~cornerstone2/tvib.htm (19648 words)

	From the laws of thought to computer logic: To mark the 125th anniversary of George Boole's death, we take a look at ...
		From the laws of thought to computer logic: To mark the 125th anniversary of George Boole's death, we take a look at the influence of his ideas on logic, mathematics and computer science
		His celebrated treatise, The Laws of Thought, published in 1854, opened up new possibilities, not just for logic or mathematics, but also for the yet-to-be-born science of electronic computing.
		Let us begin with a quick tour of his masterpiece, whose full title is An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg12316784.100-from-the-laws-of-thought-to-computer-logic-to-mark-the125th-anniversary-of-george-booles-death-we-take-a-look-at-the-influenceof-his-ideas-on-logic-mathematics-and-computer-science.html (336 words)

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