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Topic: Laws or customs of war

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	The Avalon Prject - Laws of War : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907
		Prisoners of war may be set at liberty on parole if the laws of their country allow, and, in such cases, they are bound, on their personal honour, scrupulously to fulfil, both towards their own Government and the Government by whom they were made prisoners, the engagements they have contracted.
		A prisoner of war cannot be compelled to accept his liberty on parole; similarly the hostile Government is not obliged to accede to the request of the prisoner to be set at liberty on parole.
		Prisoners of war liberated on parole and recaptured bearing arms against the Government to whom they had pledged their honour, or against the allies of that Government, forfeit their right to be treated as prisoners of war, and can be brought before the courts.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague04.htm (3427 words)

	War Crimes Trials - MSN Encarta
		War Crimes Trials, trials of persons charged with criminal violation of the laws and customs of war and related principles of international law.
		The first war crimes trials in modern times were held after World War II (1939-1945) by the victorious Allied nations to prosecute German and Japanese war criminals.
		With respect to war crimes and crimes against humanity, the tribunal found overwhelming evidence of a systematic rule of violence, brutality, and terrorism by the German government in the territories occupied by its forces.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561717/War_Crimes_Trials.html (981 words)

	The Avalon Project - Laws of War : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague II); July 29, 1899
		Every prisoner of war, if questioned, is bound to declare his true name and rank, and if he disregards this rule, he is liable to a curtailment of the advantages accorded to the prisoners of war of his class.
		Prisoners of war may be set at liberty on parole if the laws of their country authorize it, and, in such a case, they are bound, on their personal honor, scrupulously to fulfill, both as regards their own Government and the Government by whom they were made prisoners, the engagements they have contracted.
		Any prisoner of war, who is liberated on parole and recaptured, bearing arms against the Government to whom he had pledged his honor, or against the allies of that Government, forfeits his right to be treated as a prisoner of war, and can be brought before the Courts.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague02.htm (3432 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration
		When the outcome of war was regarded to be the judgment of heaven, or the vanquished were regarded as being abandoned by the gods, such doctrines were used as justification for the cruel treatment of the defeated.
		War crimes can be punished, not only by the organs of the country of which the offender is a citizen--for example, a guard who tortures, or a camp commander who orders the torturing of, prisoners of war will in a civilized country be court-martialed by his own authorities--but also by the enemy.
		It is not the civil law of the invaded country; it is not the civil law of the conquering country; it is the law of war.
	www.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_warcrimes.html (4032 words)

	Crimes Of War Project > The Book
		The term war crimes evokes a litany of horrific images—concentration camps, ethnic cleansing, execution of prisoners, rape, and bombardment of cities.
		Wartime atrocities not prohibited under the Geneva Conventions or Additional Protocol I may nonetheless be war crimes under the customary law rubric of “violations of the laws and customs of war” (the same phrase as in the Nuremberg Charter).
		As for civil wars, unfortunately, international law today has fewer rules regulating the conduct of internal conflicts, which many States consider part of their domestic jurisdiction and, consequently, there is a shorter list of war crimes.
	www.crimesofwar.org /thebook/war-crimes-categories.html (1150 words)

	Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulation concerning the Laws and ...
		Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulation concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land.
		Prisoners of war may be set at liberty on parole if the laws of their country authorize it, and, in such a case, they are bound, on their personal honour, scrupulously to fulfil, both as regards their own Government and the Government by whom they were made prisoners, the engagements they have contracted.
		Any prisoner of war, who is liberated on parole and recaptured, bearing arms against the Government to whom he had pledged his honour, or against the allies of that Government, forfeits his right to be treated as a prisoner of war, and can be brought before the courts.
	www.law.wits.ac.za /humanrts/instree/1899b.htm (3448 words)

	COURTTV.COM- TRIALS
		The prosecutor is investigating the individual responsibility of the three Bosnian leaders for alleged acts of genocide, violations of the customs of war, and crimes against humanity perpetrated during the conflict in the former Yugoslavia.
		In this July 24, 1995 indictment, Milan Martic, president of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina, is charged with violations of the laws and customs of war in an attack on the Croatian city of Zagreb, which resulted in several civilian deaths.
		In this February 13, 1995 indictment, Dusko Tadic and Goran Borovnica are charged with war crimes stemming from the alleged mistreatment, sexual assault, and murder of prisoners held at the Omarska camp in the former Yugoslavia.
	www.courttv.com /casefiles/warcrimes/documents (814 words)

	Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulation concerning the Laws and ...
		Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulation concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October 1907.
		Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulation concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 3 Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser.
		Prisoners of war may be interned in a town, fortress, camp, or other place, and bound not to go beyond certain fixed limits; but they cannot be confined except as in indispensable measure of safety land only while the circumstances which necessitate the measure continue to exist.
	www.law.wits.ac.za /humanrts/instree/1907c.htm (3486 words)

	International humanitarian law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is a violation of the laws of war to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements, among them the wearing of a distinctive uniform or other easily identifiable badge and the carrying of weapons openly.
		Spies and "terrorists" are only protected by the laws of war if the power which holds them is in a state of armed conflict or war and until they are found to be an unlawful combatant.
		They may be tried for war crimes, such as murdering civilians or torture, but not acts of violence in accordance with the laws and customs of war such as killing or capturing enemy soldiers or damaging military property.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_humanitarian_law (1290 words)

	War crime - SourceWatch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A war crime is defined as "any of various crimes, such as genocide or the mistreatment of prisoners of war, committed during a war and considered in violation of the conventions of warfare." [1]
		"The body of laws that define a war crime are the Geneva Conventions, a broader and older area of laws referred to as the Laws and Customs of War, and, in the case of the former Yugoslavia, the statutes of the International Criminal Tribunal in The Hague (ICTY)."
		Michael Ratner, "International Law and War Crimes." A Report on United States War Crimes Against Iraq to the Commission of Inquiry for the International War Crimes Tribunal, New York, May 11, 1991.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=War_crime (754 words)

	THE HAGUE CONVENTION
		Article 9 Every prisoner of war, if questioned, is bound to declare his true name and rank, and if he disregards this rule, he is liable to a curtailment of the advantages accorded to the prisoners of war of his class.
		Article 10 Prisoners of war may be set at liberty on parole if the laws of their country authorize it, and, in such a case, they are bound, on their personal honor, scrupulously to fulfill, both as regards their own Government and the Government by whom they were made prisoners, the engagements they have contracted.
		Article 12 Any prisoner of war, who is liberated on parole and recaptured, bearing arms against the Government to whom he had pledged his honor, or against the allies of that Government, forfeits his right to be treated as a prisoner of war, and can be brought before the Courts.
	www.mtsu.edu /~baustin/hague2.html (3113 words)

	Berga. War Crimes. POWs and the Laws of War. Traditional Laws of War \| PBS
		The Hague Convention on the Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague II), promulgated in 1899, however, was the first international convention to use this identifying label.
		These chivalric traditions stemmed principally from kings' "ordinances of war," were not codified in any meaningful way until late in the nineteenth century, and were, at best, difficult to enforce.
		The first international agreement to address the condition of soldiers on the battlefield was the 1864 Convention on the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded on the Field of Battle, referred to commonly as the Red Cross Convention.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/berga/crimes/laws.html (315 words)

	International Law - Bombing of Civilians
		The provisions of Part II cover the whole of the populations of the countries in conflict, without any adverse distinction based, in particular, on race, nationality, religion or political opinion, and are intended to alleviate the sufferings caused by war...
		A threat or use of nuclear weapons should also be compatible with the requirements of the international law applicable in armed conflict particularly those of the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, as well as with specific obligations under treaties and other undertakings which expressly deal with nuclear weapons;
		However, in view of the current state of International Law, and of the elements of fact at its disposal, the Court cannot conclude definitively whether the threat or use of nuclear weapons would be lawful or unlawful in an extreme circumstance of self-defence, in which the very survival of a State would be at stake;
	www.dannen.com /decision/int-law.html (3030 words)

	NPR : Will Terrorism Rewrite the Laws of War?
		Yet as even a cursory examination of the history of the nation's laws of war shows, presidents from Washington to Reagan and beyond have long championed the idea of humane treatment of prisoners as a vital cornerstone of U.S. policy.
		Lincoln's orders also defined minimum standards for treating prisoners of war and explicitly outlawed all forms of cruelty -- "that is, the infliction of suffering for the sake of suffering or for revenge, nor of maiming or wounding except in fight, nor of torture to extort confessions," reads the code.
		Amid the increasingly brutal realities of war in the 20th century, the additional Geneva Conventions outlawed the use of chemical weapons and guaranteed the humane treatment of soldiers at sea, of prisoners of war and of civilians during wartime.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=5011464 (2185 words)

	Hague IV
		On the other hand, the High Contracting Parties clearly do not intend that unforeseen cases should, in the absence of a written undertaking, be left to the arbitrary judgment of military commanders.
		Until a more complete code of the laws of war has been issued, the High Contracting Parties deem it expedient to declare that, in cases not included in the Regulations adopted by them, the inhabitants and the belligerents remain under the protection and the rule of the principles of
		the law of nations, as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity, and the dictates of the public conscience.
	www.lawofwar.org /hague_iv.htm (3076 words)

	[No title]
		The MULTILATERALS PROJECT, The Fletcher School, Tufts University HA07-IV.txt CONVENTION (IV) RESPECTING THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS OF WAR ON LAND Signed at The Hague, 18 October 1907.
		The laws, rights, and duties of war apply not only to armies, but also to militia and volunteer corps fulfilling the following conditions: 1.
		All seizure of, destruction or wilful damage done to institutions of this character, historic monuments, works of art and science, is forbidden, and should be made the subject of legal proceedings.
	fletcher.tufts.edu /multi/texts/BH036.txt (3212 words)

	Laws of war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Geopolitical conditions of a particular era often dictate which laws are enforced, and by whom.
		Impersonating soldiers of the other side by wearing the enemy's uniform is allowed, though fighting in that uniform, like fighting under a white flag, is a perfidy which is forbidden, as is the taking of hostages.
		IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laws_of_war (2605 words)

	Hague Convention, Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land
		Hague Convention, Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land
		Prisoners of war are in the power of the hostile Government, but not in that of the individuals or crops who captured them.
		The obligations of belligerents with regard to the sick and wounded are governed by the Geneva Convention of the 22nd August, 1864, [FN:5 TS 377, ante] subject to any modifications which may be introduced into it.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/hague/hague2.html (3402 words)

	Filodiritto: Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the ...
		Filodiritto: Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land.
		Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land.
		The laws, rights, and duties of war apply not only to armies, but also to militia and volunteer
	www.filodiritto.com /diritto/pubblico/internazionale/lehague2.htm (3428 words)

	Military Law, Law of Armed Conflict - War, Military Justice, Military Courts, Air Force, Army, Navy, Marine Corps JAG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Law at War: Vietnam 1964-1973, from Vietnam Studies, Dept of the Army -- includes US and Vietnamese law regarding status of forces, POWs, legal issues, legal systems, etc.
		Civil law is the dominant legal tradition today in most of Europe, all of Central and South America, parts of Asia and Africa, and even some discrete areas of the common-law world (e.g., Louisiana, Quebec, and Puerto Rico).
		Beyond the most basic generalities—e.g., the common law follows an "adversarial" model while civil law is more "inquisitorial," civil law is "code-based," civil-law judges do not interpret the law but instead follow predetermined legal rules—judges and lawyers from the United States seldom have any deeper sense of the civil-law tradition.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/awc-law.htm (6900 words)

	Edwin Ginn Library-Multilaterals Project-Rules of Warfare; Arms Control
		Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land (29 Jul 1899)
		Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land
		Convention (X) for the Adaption to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention (18 Oct 07)
	fletcher.tufts.edu /multi/warfare.html (670 words)

	AII POW-MIA : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907
		AII POW-MIA : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907
		Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV)
		Thank You to the Avalon Project at Yale Law School - http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/avalon.htm
	www.aiipowmia.com /legis/hague1907.html (3404 words)

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