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Topic: Lay investiture

	INVOICE - LoveToKnow Article on INVOICE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Investiture of ecclesiastics by laymen had certain serious effects which were bound to bring on a conflict between the temporal and spiritual authorities.
		The papal prohibition of lay investiture was renewed at synods in 1078 and 1080, and although Gregorys death in exile (1085) prevented him from realizing his aim in the matter, his policy was steadfastly maintained by his successors.
		The king voluntarily abandoned lay investiture and the claim to homage during the pontificate of Paschal II., but continued to interfere with elections, to appropriate the revenues of vacant benefices, and to exact an oath of fealty before admitting the elect to the enjoyment of his temporalities.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /I/IN/INVOICE.htm (2549 words)

	Investiture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Investiture, from the Latin (preposition in and verb vestire, 'dress' from vestis 'robe') is a rather general term for the formal installation of an incumbent (heir, elect of nominee) in public office, especially by talking possession of its insignia.
		In the feudal system investiture was the ceremonial transfer of a fief by an overlord to a vassal.
		Lay investiture was the appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Investiture (364 words)

	Investiture Controversy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The controversy, undercutting the Imperial power established by the Salian Emperors would eventually lead to nearly fifty years of civil war in Germany, the triumph of the great dukes and abbots, and the disintegration of the German empire, a condition from which it would not recover until the reunification of Germany in the 19th century.
		Prior to the Investiture Controversy, the appointment of church officials, while theoretically a task of the Church, was in practice performed by secular authorities.
		The controversy had resulted in both sides trying to marshall public opinion, lay people became engaged in religious affairs, and lay piety had increased as a result, setting the stage for the Crusades and the great religious vitality of the 12th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Investiture_Controversy (1652 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Conflict of Investitures
		Investiture at this period meant that on the death of a bishop or abbot, the king was accustomed to select a successor and to bestow on him the ring and staff with the words: Accipe ecclesiam (accept this church).
		The king having renounced his claim to investiture, the pope promulgated in St. Peter's on 12 February, 1112, the return of all temporalities to the Crown, but thereby raised (as Henry had foreseen) such a storm of opposition from the German princes that he was forced to recognize the futility of this attempt at settlement.
		A basis for compromise lay in the distinction between the ecclesiastical and the secular elements in the appointment of bishops.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08084c.htm (5017 words)

	Investiture Controversy - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The ceremony of investiture consisted of the newly appointed bishop or abbot coming before the secular leader, who would then hand over a staff and ring as objects of power granted to them.
		Since a substantial amount of wealth and land was often associated with the position of bishop or abbot, it was materially beneficial for a secular ruler to appoint someone loyal to him.
		The lay investiture controversy: The case of England in the eleventh century
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /investiture_controversy.htm (1151 words)

	investiture. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The dispute over clerical investiture was one of the great struggles between church and state in the Middle Ages.
		When the struggle concerning investiture broke out (late 11th cent.), there was no general agreement as to the powers of the pope and the Holy Roman emperor in installing German bishops; it was only generally recognized that both had rights in the matter.
		Lay investiture was the term used for investiture of clerics by the king or emperor, a layman.
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/investit.html (739 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Investiture Contests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Investiture Controversy of the eleventh and twelfth centuries sprang from the Church reforms initated by Henry III (1039-1056).
		This decree was a declaration of the independence of the papacy from lay authority.
		In the Concordat, Henry V gave up lay investiture and the pope conceded to the emperor the privilege of bestowing the symbols of territorial and administrative jurisdiction.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/bluedot/invest2.html (490 words)

	investiture contest - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about investiture contest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Conflict between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire between 1075 and 1122, which centred on the right of lay rulers to appoint prelates (investiture).
		It began with the decree of 1075 in which Pope Gregory VII forbade lay investiture and with Henry IV's excommunication the following year after he refused to accept the ruling.
		Settlement was reached 1122 at the Diet of Worms, when it was agreed that lay rulers could not appoint prelates but could continue to invest them with their temporalities.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /investiture+contest (219 words)

	1074. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Skillfully pretending to be dependent on the princes, he continued lay investiture, opposed papal interference in Germany, and retained the support of the lay and clerical princes; in the meantime, relying on the towns and ministeriales, he built up the nucleus of a strong power.
		Both pope and emperor were weary of the investiture controversy, Europe was preoccupied with the Crusades (See The Crusades), and the time was ripe for compromise.
		The first important compromise negotiated by the pope was with Henry I of England (1107) and provided that the king should not invest with the spiritual symbols (the ring and the staff), but that he was to be present or represented at all elections.
	www.bartleby.com /67/455.html (765 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: investiture
		From the middle of the 11th century, and perhaps during the first half of that century, the term was used to designate the act and the ceremonies by which princes granted to bishops and abbots, besides their spiritual powers the temporal possessions which constituted their benefices, and the political rights which they had to exercise.
		The form of investiture consisted in the delivery of the spiritual emblems, ring and crosier, and sometimes also the keys of the church.
		As long as the princes had the welfare of the Church at heart the right of investiture was tolerated, but when ecclesiastical offices began to be bought and sold, and the free elections of bishops were hindered, the Church vigorously opposed lay investiture.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd04235.htm (282 words)

	The Owl, The Pussycat and the Investiture Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Owl, The Pussycat and the Investiture Controversy
		As I was saying, laymen took part in the investiture ceremony, claiming the right to invest the candidate with some or all of the insignia of his office.
		After all the lay argument simply boiled down to the view that investiture consisted of a series of acts in which the layman transferred power from himself to a churchman.
	www.ku.edu /kansas/medieval/108/lectures/investiture.html (2597 words)

	investiture -> History of the Investiture Dispute on Encyclopedia.com 2002
		On the 24thanniversary of Charles' investiture as Prince of Wales,Ian Parri asks...(Features)
		Investiture of City Council, Inauguration of Mayor and Induction Of Members of the Judiciary.
		Ravalomanana lors de son investiture le 6 mai La logique de l'affrontement se profilait mardi dans la crise malgache, avec.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/investit_HistoryoftheInvestitureDispute.asp (1091 words)

	Investiture - Definition of Investiture by Webster's Online Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The grant of land or a feud was perfected by the ceremony of corporal investiture, or open delivery of possession.
		By the canon law investiture was made per baculum et annulum, by the ring and crosier, which were regarded as symbols of the episcopal jurisdiction.
		Ecclesiastical and secular fiefs were governed by the same rule in this respect that previously to investiture, neither a bishop, abbey or lay lord could take possession of a fief.
	www.webster-dictionary.org /definition/investiture (225 words)

	The clerical reform movement and the investiture controversy
		The lay investiture arose within the feudal system's environment in which clerical dignitaries were profane sovereigns and therefore vassals of the King at the same time.
		Along with that, they attributed to the lay investiture the ethical decline of the clergy, particularly its leniency towards the breach of celibacy, the widespread simony (ecclesiastical crime and personal sin of paying for offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church) as well as the trade with relics.
		By outlawing lay investiture in excommunication during the Gregorian Reforms in 1075, Pope Gregory VII enraged King Henry IV.
	www.phil.uni-passau.de /histhw/stadtgeschichte/english/investiturstreit.html (859 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pope Paschal II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the long struggle with the emperors over investiture, he zealously carried on the Hildebrandine policy, but with only partial success.
		He went to France at the close of 1106 to seek the mediation of King Philip I of France and Prince Louis in the imperial struggle, but, his negotiations remaining without result, he returned to Italy in September 1107.
		Henry was then crowned in St Peter's on the 13th of April, and after exacting a promise that no revenge would be taken for what had passed withdrew beyond the Alps.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pope-Paschal-II (461 words)

	Investiture Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire during the late 11th and early 12th centuries; it began with a dispute about the lay investiture of bishops and abbots.
		In 1106 Henry I of England renounced the practice of investing prelates with the symbols of their spiritual office, and in return the church conceded that homage to the king should precede episcopal consecration (thus ensuring that the candidate become the king's man before he became bishop).
		A similar compromise was effected by the Concordat of Worms (1122) between the emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II; and in Germany (but not in Burgundy or Italy) the emperor also acquired the right to have elections conducted in his presence.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/InvestitureControversy/InvestitureControversy.html (219 words)

	Investiture Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Gregory VII died in exile, and Henry had problems with his own son The controversy was only formally resolved many years later, during the reign of Henry V with the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
		The Investiture Controversy Provides an overview of the lay investiture question in Europe 1076-1085, including early reform efforts, the rise of Hildebrand, and the struggle between Henry IV and Gregory VII.
		Benno of Meissen Biography of the Saxon bishop of Meissen, one of the players in the controversy over lay investiture.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Investiture_Controversy.html (635 words)

	CHURCH HISTORY
		Thus, investiture was political, not religious, and led to corruption.
		Lay investiture was the specific practice of appointing laymen to clerical posts.
		By lay investiture, men who were not already clergy were appointed to offices in the church, sometimes to very important offices.
	www.thirdmill.org /files/reformedperspectives/church_history/CH.Arnold.CH.18.html (1394 words)

	A Moment In Time with Dan Roberts
		Once he came to office he began to attack the practice of lay investiture.
		When a bishop took office he was invested, given the symbols of that office -- usually a ring or staff -- by the king or duke who controlled the area in which he would serve.
		In February 1075, the pope decreed that priests who accepted investiture from laymen were to be thrown out of office and laymen who invested them were to be thrown out of the church.
	www.amomentintime.com /transcript.asp?AMIT_ID=1244 (374 words)

	A History of the General Councils - AD 325 through AD 1870 - Mgr. Philip Hughes
		The third of the chronic evils which the reformers fought--lay investiture, as it was called--was not, at first, seen by all of them as a thing evil in itself, or even as the main reason why the other evils had been impossible to reform.
		And the original, and permanently influential, reason for this royal investiture was the same reason as of all such--these prelates held, "of the king," vast lordships, and it was vital to the stability of the country that the king be assured of the competence and the loyalty of the prelates to whom they were granted.
		In lay investiture, however, the stricter school of the reformers discerned the root of all the evils.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/CDHN/coun10.html (4535 words)

	The Laity and the Scandal
		Reflecting on dispiriting matters like these, conservative Catholics may be tempted simply to walk away from the whole mess, concentrate on their own spirituality, and leave it to the bishops and the bureaucrats to cope with the disaster.
		With lay ownership came the assertion of the trustees’ right to veto pastoral assignments by the bishop and to recruit priests of their own choice.
		It means giving lay representatives, through a structure and a process that don’t now exist, a role in preparing the terna—the list of three candidates for the bishopric in an open diocese that the papal nuncio sends to Rome.
	www.crisismagazine.com /november2002/feature1.htm (2706 words)

	ARCHBP. OF YORK GERARD - LoveToKnow Article on ARCHBP. OF YORK GERARD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		On the death of Rufus he at once declared for Henry I., by whom he was nominated to the see of York.
		He made difficulties when required to give Anselm the usual profession of obedience; and it was perhaps to assert the importance of his see that he took the kings side on the question of investitures.
		He pleaded Henrys cause at Rome with great ability, and claimed that he had obtained a promise, on the popes part, to condone the existing practice of lay investiture.
	www.87.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GE/GERARD_ARCHBP_OF_YORK.htm (285 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
		He had a strong sense of religion and reverence for the Church, and was liberal to her ministers; he did not, like his son, keep the benefices vacant and rob her revenues; he did not practise simony, and, so far, he fell in with the Hildebrandian reform.
		They had an interview in Normandy and appealed to the pope, who confirmed the previous investitures of the king on condition of his surrendering the right of investiture in future to the Church.
		During the remaining years of his life, Anselm enjoyed the friendship and respect of the king, and during the latter’s absence on the Continent in 1108, he was intrusted with the regency and the care of the royal family.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/history/5_ch03.htm (6878 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Ban on Lay Investitures, 1078 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Decree of Nov. 19th, 1078, forbidding lay Investiture
		Likewise if any emperor, king, duke, margrave, count or any one at all of the secular powers or persons shall presume to perform the investiture with bishoprics or with any ecclesiastical dignity, - he shall be bound by the bonds of the same condemnation.
		And, moreover, unless he come to his senses and relinquish to the Church her own prerogative, he shall feel in this present life, the divine displeasure as well with regard to his body as to his other belongings: in order that, at the coming of the Lord, his soul may be saved.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/g7-invest1.html (293 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		Medieval History textbooks always devote a lot of space to the Investiture Controversy, and have more emperors and popes running around getting excited about rings, sticks, clumps of dirt, and such stuff that it's hard to figure out what was going on.
		An "investiture ceremony" is when someone gets inducted into a new office organization and is given some thing as a sign that he or she now holds that office or belongs to that organization.
		This file may be copied on the condition that the entire contents,including the header and this copyright notice, remain intact.The contents of ORB are copyright © 1995-1999 Laura V. Blanchard and Carolyn Schriber except as otherwise indicated herein.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/nelson/investiture.html (2635 words)

	Henry V on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Crowned joint king with his father in 1099, he put himself at the head of the party desiring reconciliation with the pope and, with the approval of Pope Paschal II, rebelled (1104) against his father and compelled him to abdicate (1105).
		Formally reconciled with the church, Henry V practiced lay investiture from the beginning of his reign.
		At this time the pope proposed a compact that provided that if the king abandoned lay investiture and confirmed the pope's right to the Patrimony of St. Peter (see Papal States), the bishops of the empire would give up the temporal powers and estates they had received from former emperors.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/H/Henry5H1R1E1.asp (696 words)

	History of the Mass (16histot.htm)
		It was bittersweet for Guy for it was at Vienne that his uncle Henry V was excommunicated by Pascal over the lay investiture issue.
		The problems and division that had arisen in past regimes because of the lay investiture issue had taken its toll and Calixtus dedicated his papacy to trying to bring reconciliation and accord to this issue.
		With this diet the free elections of bishops were guaranteed to the chapters of the respective cathedrals and subject first and foremost to the approval of the Pope, not the emperor.
	www.dailycatholic.org /16histot.htm (1501 words)

	Germany - The Salian Dynasty, 1024-1125
		The relationship broke down in 1075 during what came to be known as the Investiture Contest, a struggle in which the reformist pope, Gregory VII, demanded that Henry IV (r.
		However, he resumed the practice of lay investiture (appointment of religious officials by civil authorities) and arranged the election of an antipope.
		Thus, the Investiture Contest strengthened local power in Germany in contrast to what was happening in France and England, where the growth of a centralized royal power was under way.
	www.countrystudies.us /germany/8.htm (500 words)

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