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Topic: Lazare Carnot

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Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carnot

Bureau des Longitudes

French Convention

Reign of Terror

Pierre Louis Prieur

Jean Baptiste Jourdan

Jacobite Rebellion

Committee of Public Safety

Robert Lindet

Georges Couthon

Paris Commune (French Revolution)

Georges Danton

Maximilien Robespierre

Military strategy

Jacobitism

	Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot - LoveToKnow 1911
		Carnot was a stern and sincere republican, and voted for the execution of the king.
		When Carnot's arrest was demanded in May 1 795, a deputy cried "Will you dare to lay hands on the man who has organized victory?" Carnot had just accepted promotion to the rank of major in the engineers.
		Carnot was elected one of the five Directors in November 1795, and continued to direct the war department during the campaign of 1796.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Lazare_Nicolas_Marguerite_Carnot (1215 words)

	Sadi Carnot
		Sadi Carnot was the eldest son of Lazare Carnot and he was born in the Palais du Petit-Luxembourg.
		Lazare Carnot resigned in 1807 and devoted himself to the education of his two sons.
		Carnot continued with his research after the publication of his book and although nothing of this was published, notes that Carnot made as his ideas developed have survived.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Biographies/CarnotBio.htm (867 words)

	Lazare Carnot Summary
		Lazare Carnot was born on May 13, 1753, in Nolay, Burgundy, where his father was a lawyer, royal notary, and local judge.
		Carnot was elected to the Legislative Assembly as deputy from Pas-de-Calais and concerned himself with military affairs.
		Carnot returned to office in defense of Napolon during the disastruous invasion of Russia; he was assigned the defence of Anvers against the Sixth Coalition - he only surrendered on the demand of the Count of Artois.
	www.bookrags.com /Lazare_Carnot (1508 words)

	Lazare Carnot : Organiser of Victory : French revolution : Napoleonic personalities :
		A staunch republican, Lazare Carnot was one of the men who voted for the execution of Louis XVI and his one desire was to see France strong enough to defend itself, and its ideals, against the reactionary nations intent on destroying it.
		Carnot set about reorganising the French army with mass conscription and the amalgamation (l'amalgame) of two battalions of conscripts/volunteers with a regular army battalion.
		Carnot's highest position in France was as President of the Directory, but his views on the republic, and his opposition to the empire and imperial honours, got him offside with Napoleon Bonaparte.
	www.napoleonguide.com /carnot.htm (229 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Born in Nolay, Carnot was educated in Burgundy and obtained a commission in the engineer corps of the Prince de CondÃ©.
		Carnot returned to office in defense of Napoleon during the disastrous invasion of Russia; he was assigned the defence of Antwerp against the Sixth Coalition - he only surrendered on the demand of the Count of Artois.
		Carnot's remains were interred at the PanthÃ©on in 1889, at the same time as those of Marie Victor de La Tour-Maubourg, Jean-Baptiste Baudin, and FranÃ§ois SÃ©verin Marceau-Desgraviers.
	sjedit.us.publicus.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Lazare_Carnot (715 words)

	Carnot_Sadi
		Carnot's father was appointed minister of the interior and Sadi Carnot was put in a somewhat difficult position in the military academy with his father in such a prominent position.
		Carnot's work is distinguished for his careful, clear analysis of the units and concepts employed and for his use of both an adiabatic working stage and an isothermal stage in which work is consumed.
		Carnot died in August 1823, Hippolyte Carnot returned to Paris and there he helped Sadi Carnot to make the book on steam engines that he was working on at the time more understandable to the general public.
	www.educ.fc.ul.pt /icm/icm2003/icm14/Carnot_Sadi.htm (1553 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Lazare Carnot
		Born in Nolay, Carnot was educated in Burgundy and obtained a commission in the engineer corps of the Prince de Condé.
		Carnot's remains were interred at the Panthéon in 1889, at the same time as those of Marie Victor de La Tour-Maubourg, Jean-Baptiste Baudin, and François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers.
		His son Sadi Carnot was a founder of the field of thermodynamics and the theory of heat engines (see Carnot cycle).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Lazare_Nicolas_Marguerite_Carnot (688 words)

	Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A military engineer by training, Carnot became the military genius of the Revolution and was chiefly responsible for the success of the French in the wars.
		After the fall of Maximilien Robespierre, who was primarily responsible for the Reign of Terror, Carnot managed to avoid punishment for his own part in the Terror and became a member of the Directory.
		Carnot was the best-known advocate of the principle of active defense.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/Carnot-L.html (285 words)

	Lazare Carnot information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (born May 13, 1753 in Nolay; died August 22, 1823 in Magdeburg) was a French politician and mathematician.
		Carnot was educated in Burgundy and obtained a commission in the engineer corps of the Prince de Condé.
		His son Sadi Carnot was responsible for the second law of thermodynamics, as well as the theory of heat engines (the Carnot cycle).
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Lazare_Carnot?redir=1 (462 words)

	Lazare Hippolyte Carnot
		Lazare Hippolyte Carnot (October 6, 1801 - March 16, 1888), French statesman, the second son of LNM Carnot, was born at Saint-Omer.
		Lamartine chbse him as minister of education in the provisional government, Carnot set to work to organize the primary school systems, proposing a law for obligatory and free primary instruction, and another for the secondary education of girls.
		But he declared himself against purely secular schools, holding that "the minister, and the schoolmaster.are the two columns on which rests the edifice of the republic." By this attitude he alienated both the Right and the Republicans of the Extreme Left, and was forced to resign on July 5, 1848.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/l/la/lazare_hippolyte_carnot.html (526 words)

	Carnot biography
		Lazare Carnot graduated from the School of Engineering in Mézières in 1773.
		In 1794, under direction from Carnot and Monge, a 'grande école' was set up called 'École centrale des travaux publiques' but its name was changed to 'École polytechnique' in the following year.
		His son Sadi Carnot visited him in Magdeburg in 1821 and it is clear that Lazare Carnot influenced his son.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Carnot.html (591 words)

	Lazare Carnot: Organizer of Victory How the Calculus of Enthusiasm Saved France
		Carnot kept turning over in his mind, on the one hand, the problem posed by the blind Jacobin fear and guilt manipulation that Robespierre and Danton were instilling, by terrorizing the population, and, on the other hand, the necessity of catalyzing and directing the revolutionary enthusiasm into a winning situation.
		Carnot also stressed that unless a national economic reconstruction and a national educational system were to be established as soon as the war was over, there would be no rights for anyone, the nation would self-destruct, and its people would return to the barbarity of ignorant savages.
		Carnot was a man who carried in his heart and mind, an ideal of beauty, and that ideal of beauty was the idea of a pure man, who does not let himself be dependent upon the vicissitudes of everyday life, nor does he escape into some ivory tower.
	members.tripod.com /~american_almanac/carnot.htm (7270 words)

	Lazare Carnot at AllExperts
		Born in Nolay, Carnot was educated in Burgundy and obtained a commission in the engineer corps of the Prince de CondÃ©.
		Carnot returned to office in defense of Napolon during the disastruous invasion of Russia; he was assigned the defence of Anvers against the Sixth Coalition - he only surrendered on the demand of the Count of Artois.
		Carnot's remains were enterred at the PanthÃ©on in 1889, at the same time as those of Marie Victor de La Tour-Maubourg, Jean-Baptiste Baudin, and FranÃ§ois SÃ©verin Marceau-Desgraviers.
	en.allexperts.com /e/l/la/lazare_carnot.htm (778 words)

	References - Lazare Carnot
		Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (Nolay, May 13, 1753 - Magdeburg, August 22, 1823) was a France politician and mathematician.
		He became a delegate to the National Convention in 1792, and in 1793 he was elected to the Committee of Public Safety, and the victories of the French army were largely due to his powers of organization and enforcing discipline.
		His grandson Marie François Sadi Carnot (son of Hyppolyte) was President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /AAS8144/lazare-carnot-references.html (403 words)

	Sadi Carnot - Biography
		Lazare was interested in broad operating principles that govern machinery; his most important conclusion was that accelerations and shocks in the moving parts in machinery must be minimized because they lead to losses of work output.
		Carnot's attention was caught by steam engines; he was convinced that Britain's advanced steam engines and France's neglect of the technology helped lead to Napoleon's downfall.
		In this book he put forth his Carnot cycle, which describes the operation of a theoretical ideal heat engine that operates at 100% efficiency; that is, the amount of work produced by the engine would be equal to the heat energy put into the system.
	ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu /212_fall2003.web.dir/Ben_Townsend/biography.htm (570 words)

	Carnot - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot was born in Nolay and...
		Carnot, Marie François Sadi (1837-94), French statesman, born in Limoges, and educated at the École Polytechnique.
		Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi (1796-1832), French physicist and military engineer, son of Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot, born in Paris, and...
	encarta.msn.com /Carnot.html (80 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Lazare
		Carnot was the outstanding commander of the French Revolutionary Wars, his strategy being largely responsible for French victories.
		Son of Lazare Carnot, he was an army officer most of his life.
		The coup of 18 Fructidor (Sept. 4, 1797), in which General Augereau was a key figure, annulled the previous elections and removed Lazare Carnot and François de Barthélemy from the Directory.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Lazare&StartAt=1 (815 words)

	Quantum Evolution, Johnjoe McFadden. Chapter 6
		Lazare must surely have chatted with his young son about the gears and pulleys and the other mechanical contrivances familiar to an engineer of 19
		Carnot believed that it was England’s industrial might, built upon the power of steam, which had ensured her victory over France.
		The science that Carnot invented, thermodynamics, is an extraordinarily wide-ranging discipline that is rivalled only by mathematics in its all-pervading influence over phenomena as diverse as mechanics, chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, the weather, the history of the universe, the origin of time and the dynamics of fl holes.
	www.surrey.ac.uk /qe/C6.htm (3261 words)

	Famous scientists of thermodynamics (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When Lazare Carnot died in August 1823, Hippolyte Carnot returned to Paris and there he helped Sadi Carnot to make the book on steam engines that he was working on at the time more understandable to the general public.
		Carnot's ideas were later incorporated into the thermodynamic theory of Clausius and Thomson.
		That Carnot's important book Rflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres dvelopper cette puissance should have been neglected at the time of its publication is certainly not because it went unnoticed.
	about-thermodynamics.com /carnot.html (1578 words)

	Talk:Lazare Carnot - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Carnot did indeed oppose Napoleon's progress towards Emperor, but he only left public life in 1807 (and then because the Tribunat, of which he was a member, was abolished; not because he resigned from it).
		The Fructidor coup was carried out to annul the results of elections at which monarchists had done disconcertingly well, so Carnot leaving the Directory then is not very strong evidence for sincere republican convictions.
		I'm not sure that the article text adequately reflects that this is the man who first created and operated a system which was able to raise large armies and support them in the field by conscription, requisition and (in the final analysis) coercion.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Talk:Lazare_Carnot (171 words)

	Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold
		He was the son of Lazare Carnot, a prominent political figure and former war minister for Napoleon.
		Carnot attended the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris and was alive at a time when steam engines were first being used.
		Carnot realized that heat and work were directly connected, since the energy from the heat could be turned into energy that made things move.
	www.absolutezerocampaign.org /get_involved/short_bios/carnot.htm (320 words)

	Carnot Bill (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Son of the revolutionary Lazare Carnot, himself minister of public instruction during the 100 Days, Hyppolite's association with the Saint Simonian school in the 1830s strongly influenced his social policies and made him aware of feminist demands.
		Carnot's circular calling schoolteachers to defend the republic served, however, to politicize even further the debate over education while consolidating the conservative alliance against him.
		Carnot had authorized the manual which the conservative alliance claimed was communist in its inspiration.
	www.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/ac/carproj.htm (1542 words)

	Napoleon
		Like Cambaceres and Fouché, but unlike all the other Napoleonic ministers, Carnot was one of the ‘regicides'; and had even sat on the Grand comité de Salut, the guiding body of the Terreur.
		The resulting crushing victory at Fleurus 26 June 1794, and the subsequent invasion of Belgium, Rhenanie and Holland (all made possible by Carnot's work) led to his being known as the ‘organiser of victory'.
		During the Directory Carnot was a member of the Chambre and subsequently became one the Directeurs, and he was essentially occupied with war matters.
	www.napoleon.org /en/reading_room/biographies/files/Carnot_Lazare_Nicolas.asp (625 words)

	Carnot Lazare Nicolas Marguerite - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Carnot Lazare Nicolas Marguerite - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite (1753-1823), French statesman and military engineer, born in Nolay, and prominent during the French Revolution....
		Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi (1796-1832), French physicist and military engineer, son of Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot, born in Paris and educated...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Carnot_Lazare_Nicolas_Marguerite.html (106 words)

	Lazare Carnot's Grand Strategy for Political Victory
		Carnot studied at a school run by the Oratorian Fathers, where he was taught the work of Leibniz, before pursuing his studies under the direction of another pupil of the Oratorians, Gaspard Monge.
		Carnot's military strategy is a model which is useful to study, because it was a republican political approach to the art of war, on the part of a man who had thoroughly grasped the links among science, the economy, technology, and a victorious military strategy.
		Carnot is appointed governor of Antwerp by Napoleon.
	members.tripod.com /~american_almanac/carnotdp.htm (11177 words)

	The Coming Pearl Harbor Effect, by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. (Aug. 30, 1997) - Part II
		It was on the verge of being crushed and dismembered as a nation, and Lazare Carnot was appointed to head the military forces of France.
		And Lazare Carnot made a revolution in warfare, and in economy, within a two-year period, which culminated with Robespierre and Saint-Just losing their heads.
		But the accomplishments of Lazare Carnot and his friend, Gaspard Monge, who had been formerly his teacher, was a revolution in economy.
	www.larouchepub.com /lar/1997/pearl_harbor_083097_2.html (5962 words)

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