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Topic: Lazica

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	Khosrau I of Persia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the next years he fought successfully in Lazica or Lazistan (the ancient Colchis), on the Black Sea, and in Mesopotamia.
		In 545 an armistice was concluded, but in Lazica the war went on till 556.
		At last, in 562, a peace was concluded for 50 years, in which the Persians left Lazistan to the Romans, and promised not to persecute the Christians, if they did not attempt to make proselytes among the Zarathustrians ; on the other hand, the Romans had again to pay subsidies to Persia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khosrau_I_of_Persia (642 words)

	Lazic War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sassanids recognized Lazica (Egrisi) as the Byzantine sphere of influence by the Eternal Peace Treaty of 532.
		In response, a large Sassanian army led by Farroxan attacked Lazica, but was routed near the river Câxenis-câqali.
		In 562, the Persian ruler Chosroes I made the Fifty Years Peace with the Byzantine Empire and recognized Lazica as the Byzantine vassal state for an annual payment of gold.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lazic_War (524 words)

	Royal Horticultural Society - RHS Garden Rosemoor: Plant of the Month
		Hardiness: Hardy to -5C° (23°F) Iris lazica @ Rosemoor
		lazica refers to the fact that this iris was found in Lazistan on the shores of the Black Sea.
		Iris lazica an Award of Garden Merit and described it as: Evergreen, rhizomatous perennial to 25cm tall, with arching glossy green leaves and deep purple or lavender-blue flowers 6-8cm wide, the base of the falls veined on a white ground.
	www.rhs.org.uk /whatson/gardens/rosemoor/archive/rosemoorpom05feb.asp (524 words)

	502-506. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Persians campaigned successfully in Lazica (ancient Colchis, southwest of Iberia), making it a province (541).
		Khusrau's unsuccessful siege of Edessa (544) led to a five-year truce which was broken when the Byzantines invaded and eventually retook Lazica (549–555).
		A fifty-year peace was concluded with the Byzantines in 561 in which Lazica was recognized as Roman in exchange for an annual payment in gold to the Sassanians.
	www.bartleby.com /67/274.html (481 words)

	COLCHIS - LoveToKnow Article on COLCHIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		After this Colchis was incorporated with Pontus, and the Colchians are not again alluded to in ancient history till the 6th century, when, along with the Abasci or Abasgi, under their king Gobazes, whose mother was a Roman, they called in the aid of Chosroes I. of Persia (541).
		Lazistan) who led the revolt, was due to the fact that it was the only remaining bar which held the Persians, already masters of Iberia, from the Black Sea.
		The Alans, having gained knowledge of the district by a trick, invaded Lazica, and, probably in 712, a Roman and Armenian army laid siege to Archaeopolis.
	85.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COLCHIS.htm (841 words)

	The History of Georgia
		In 523, having subdued Kartli, the Persians moved into the Kingdom of Egrisi (also known as Lazica) in western Georgia.
		Lazica was still dependent on Byzantium, but this dependence was growing weaker and the kings of Lazica gained more independence.
		The rulers of Lazica tried to use the hostility between Byzantium and Iran to their own advantage, but the war ended with a fifty year long peace treaty (562 A.D.), and West Georgia finally found herself subjugated by Byzantium.
	members.tripod.com /ggdavid/georgia/history.htm (4474 words)

	Nabataea: The Fall of Petra
		Later two Persian armies were routed and finally after a memorable siege the strong fortress of Petra was retaken by the Byzantines in 551, and again a five-year truce was concluded between the two empires.
		Lazica was not included in the truce and hostilities continued there.
		Finally, the Persians had the worse of the conflict and negotiations were opened with Byzantium in 556 for a permanent settlement.
	nabataea.net /pfall.html (484 words)

	Frye.History of Ancient Iran
		One of his first tasks on ascending the throne was to make peace with the Byzantines, which he did in 532 evacuating several forts in Lazica, and to restore order in society, for as several sources state, children did not know who their fathers were, and questions of inheritance and ownership were unresolved.
		The aftermath of the Mazdakite troubles not only provided an opportunity to reduce the power of the great feudal lords, who after the time of Chosroes are little mentioned except as officials of the central government, but also to reorganize the clergy, the higher offices of which had been occupied by members of noble families.
		In Lazica the inhabitants revolted against Persian control, and a Byzantine force was sent in the fourth year of the truce to aid the local populace to oust the Persians, and as a result the Lazic war continued for a number of years.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/fryehst.html (6053 words)

	Jere's Ars Magica Saga: Geography: Georgia and the Colchis
		During the next three centuries, Georgia was involved in the conflict between the Byzantine and Persian empires.
		Lazica on the Black Sea (incorporating the ancient Colchis) became closely bound to Byzantium.
		Iberia passed under Iranian control, though toward the end of the 5th century a hero arose in the person of King Vakhtang Gorgaslani, a ruler of legendary valour who for a time reasserted Georgia's national sovereignty.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/Labyrinth/2398/bginfo/geo/colchis.html (3134 words)

	Ataman Hotel - Justinianos
		The treaty was on the whole favourable to the Byzantines, who lost no territory and whose suzerainty over the key district of Lazica (Colchis, in Asia Minor) was recognized by Persia.
		A five-years' truce was made in 545 and renewed in 551 but still did not extend to Lazica, which the Persians obstinately refused to restore, and a fierce struggle continued intermittently in this mountainous region.
		Justinian had thus maintained his eastern provinces virtually intact in spite of the vigorous offensives of the Persian king, so his policy on this front can hardly be described as a failure.
	www.atamanhotel.com /justinianos.html (3402 words)

	Iris lazica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		There is seed of Iris lazica in the new NARGS seed list.
		Iris lazica is a "Pontic" plant so it is tolerant of winter rain and summer irrigation, though also tolerant of dry summers.
		It is definitely hardy to zero F, but I don't know of anyone growing it in a colder place.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/pbs/2002-December/006089.html (183 words)

	Articles - Vakhtang I Gorgasali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Married to a Persian princess, he guarded the northern passes through Kartli, subdued the Alans ( Ossetes) and participated in Persian campaigns against Byzantium between 455 and 458 and in India, probably in Shah Peroz's wars against the Hephthalites in 474 - 476.
		The Georgian-Armenian rebellion of 482 was defeated and the country was ravaged by Persian punitive expeditions in 483 and 484.
		After a short exile in Lazica, he made peace with Persia and returned to Kartli in 485.
	www.greensky.biz /articles/Vakhtang_I_Gorgasali (490 words)

	LacusCurtius • Procopius — Anecdota, Chapter 2
		In addition to these difficulties it chanced that a pestilence fell upon the army and many of the soldiers also met their death as a result of their lack of provisions.
		It happened also that Chosroes had sent an army of Huns against the Armenians who are subjects of the Romans, in order that by reason of their preoccupation with this force the Romans there might take no notice of what was going on in Lazica.
		Still other messengers brought word that these barbarians had encountered Valerian and the Romans and, upon engaging with them, and having been heavily defeated in battle, had for the most part been destroyed.
	penelope.uchicago.edu /Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Anecdota/2*.html (1481 words)

	LAZ [V:712a] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		It is probable that the name Lazica referred to the most powerful element and covered a confederation of several tribes.
		Between 539 and 562 Lazica was the scene of the celebrated struggle between Byzantium under Justinian and Persia under
		Nearer to Trebizond were the “Roman Pontics”, which only means that the inhabitants were direct subjects of the Roman emperor and not of the Laz kings; from the ethnic point of view, the “Roman Pontics” could not have been different from the Laz.
	www.encislam.brill.nl /data/EncIslam/C8/COM-0578.html (2273 words)

	KCIS - Iris unguicularis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		lazica blooms later than I. unguicularis, not starting into bloom until January or February and blooming through April.
		Brian Matthew states that he has never seen a form of I. lazica with a stem but has heard that it sometimes has a stem.
		The form I am growing has a 6" stem that is sometimes even branched but has a much shorter perianth tube.
	www.kcis.org /et_irisunguicularis.htm (1142 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1998.11.23
		On the other side, a number of chroniclers know of a Lazica campaign as well, but they put this event in 528.
		Therefore, the order in which Procopius narrates the campaign and the accession need not (and in the event, does not) imply a chronological sequence.
		Since both Procopius and the chroniclers each know of only one Lazica campaign, the identification is quite compelling.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr-cgi-dev/1998/1998-11-23.html (1854 words)

	d. Hormizd IV to the Muslim Conquest. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The advance of the Turks constituted a real danger, but they were defeated by the Persian general Bahram.
		Bahram was ordered to invade Lazica but was met and defeated by the Romans on the Araxes.
		Superseded and insulted by the king, he rebelled.
	www.bartleby.com /67/275.html (600 words)

	THE LAZ
		The Laz probably descend from the inhabitants of ancient Colchis of Jason and the Argonauts fame.
		Although the exact area of Colchis has not been defined, it was roughly in the same area as the Abkhaz/Ajar regions of present day Georgia and during antiquity was also known as Lazica.
		The spoken language is Lazuri, a South Caucasian (Kartvelian) language closely related to Mingrelian.
	www.scimitarmusic.com /pontos/laz.html (421 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Justinian
		In 541, Belisarius was sent to the Persian frontier with a force that included some Goths brought from Italy, but Khusro had turned his attention to Lazica where the Lazi, like the Armenians had sought an alliance.
		However, in Lazica at the eastern end of the Black Sea, war between the Romans and the Persians continued with various vicissitudes but in general, the Romans had the upper hand and in 557 Khusro dispatched his envoy Izedh Gushnap to Constantinople to negotiate a truce.
		The Persians agreed to evacuate Lazica, and received an annual subsidy of 420 gold pounds, which was less than the 500 gold pounds a year which the emperor Anastasius had agreed to pay Khusro's father.
	www.roman-emperors.org /justinia.htm (9981 words)

	St. Nino and conversion of Georgia - Besiki Sisauri's Web Site
		At this period, the Roman Empire exercised suzerainty over the neighbouring state of Armenia, where Christianity had lately triumphed as a result of the mission of St. Gregory the Illuminator.
		We Should also recall that by St. Nino's time Western Georgia, comprising the provinces of Colchis, Abkhazia and Lazica, had already been evangelized by missionaries active in the Greek colonies along the Black Sea coast.
		The Council of Nicaea ill the year 325 was attended by bishops from Trebizond, the principal sea-port of Lazica, an l from Bichvinta, the strategic port and Metropolitan See situated on the borders of Colchis and Abkhazia.
	www.angelfire.com /pa/besiki/lives1.html (2346 words)

	The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Chapter 42
		The dependent king of Lazica received his sceptre at the hands of the Persian monarch, and the successors of Constantine acquiesced in this injurious claim, which was proudly urged as a right of immemorial prescription.
		After the decease of his father, Zathus was exalted to the regal dignity by the favour of the great king; but the pious youth abhorred the ceremonies of the Magi, and sought, in the palace of Constantinople, an orthodox baptism, a noble wife, and the alliance of the emperor Justin.
		The king of Lazica was solemnly invested with the diadem, and his cloak and tunic of white silk, with a gold border, displayed, in rich embroidery, the figure of his new patron; who soothed the jealousy of the Persian court, and excused the revolt of Colchos, by the venerable names of hospitality and religion.
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap42.htm (14044 words)

	The Campaigns of Emperor Herakleios, according to the Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor
		In August of 626 while Herakleios and his army were in Lazica away from Constantinople, a Persian army attacked the city from the east while an army of Avars, Slavs, and Bulgars attacked from the west and from the sea.
		As for Sarbaros, he dispatched him with his remaining army against Constantinople with a view to establishing an alliance between the western Huns (who are called Avars) and the Bulgars, Slavs, and Gepids, and so advancing on the City and laying siege to it.
		When Ziebel saw him, he rushed to meet him, kissed his neck, and did obeisance to him, while the Persians were looking on from the town of Tiphilios.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/theophanes.htm (7639 words)

	History of Iran: The Reforms of Khosrow Anushirvan (The Immortal Soul)
		The aftermath of the Mazdakite troubles not only provided an opportunity to reduce the power of the great feudal lords, who after the time of Khosrow are little mentioned except as officials of the central government, but also to reorganize the clergy, the higher offices of which had been occupied by members of noble families.
		A five-year truce was then concluded between the two empires and Khosrow received two thousand pounds of gold.
		In the Lazic war Khosrow finally lost, and negotiations were begun with Byzantium in 556 which led to a fifty-year peace treaty signed in 561, by which the Persians evacuated Lazica for an annual payment of gold.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/reforms_of_anushirvan.php (6062 words)

	Goths, Franks, and Justinian's Empire 476-610 by Sanderson Beck
		The Lazica king Gubazes invited Khusrau to reclaim this kingdom by driving out the Romans.
		Dagistheus was sent to Lazica in 549 with 7,000 Romans to regain the fortress of Petra.
		The truce with Persia was renewed for another five years as the Romans agreed to pay 2600 pounds of gold, though the hostilities in Lazica were not affected.
	www.san.beck.org /AB12-GothsFranksJustinian.html (23329 words)

	Procopius, The Secret History (with commentary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		This system was also a long-established custom with the Medes; and Chosroes, they say, increased the pay of his spies, and benefited by the precaution.
		But Justinian did away with the practice of hiring Roman spies, and in consequence lost much territory to the enemy, including Lazica, which was taken because the Romans had no information as to where the Persian King was with his army.
		The State had also always kept a large number of camels, which carried all the baggage when the Roman army marched against the foe.
	www.isidore-of-seville.com /library-procopius/secrethistory-122.htm (399 words)

	San Massimo il Confessore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		San Massimo è detto “il Confessore” perché seppe fieramente difendere l’ortodossia cristiana, con la parola, con gli scritti, con la vita, contro il monotelismo (teoria religiosa elaborata nel VII secolo in seno alla Chiesa bizantina; riconosceva le due nature di Cristo, ma affermava che in lui, la volontà divina predominava su quella umana).
		Martino I (649-655), il quale rimase vittima della persecuzione scatenata dall’imperatore, fu condotto prima prigioniero a Costantinopoli, poi processato nel 653 e inviato in esilio nel Chersoneso dove morì dopo due anni.
		Grande scrittore di quell’epoca, spaziò dalla morale all’ascetica, dalla dottrina mistica a quella tradizionale, teologo insigne, filosofo con la terminologia aristotelica; il punto centrale del suo pensiero fu Cristo, di cui contemplò profondamente i misteri, per difenderne l’integrità della natura umana.
	www.santibeati.it /search/jump.cgi?ID=92298 (527 words)

	Justinian and the Roman Empire - Historicist.com The Protestant Interpretation of Biblical Prophecy. The Historical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		This was in the favour of the Byzantines, who had gained the key district of Lazica in Asia Minor.
		In this, the Persians renounced all claim to the city of Lazica, which they had won back earlier, in exchange for an annual sum of 30,000 gold coins.
		So, despite the continual attacks from the Persians, Justinian managed to maintain his Eastern Provinces.
	www.historicist.com /articles/justinian.htm (1137 words)

	Sasanika - Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		A significant portion of Agathias ' Histories deals with the Byzantine-Persian conflict in Lazica.
		Lazica Summary is a chapter-by-chapter summary of this portion of Agathias' work.
		Herodian, or Herodianus, of Syria lived from 170-240 CE.
	www.sasanika.com /ClassicalSources.asp (172 words)

	Byzantine Empire 610-1095 by Sanderson Beck
		While Heraclius was in Lazica, in 626 Constantinople was once again under attack by Persians and Avars.
		His two associates suffered the same punishment, and they were banished to Lazica, where Maximus died on August 13, 662.
		Influenced by the mysticism of Dionysus the Areopagite and Gregory Nazianzen, Maximus wrote several books using allegorical exegesis, propounding his theology, and exhorting Christians to follow the ethics of love and monks asceticism.
	www.san.beck.org /AB15-ByzantineEmpire.html (17708 words)

	Trebizond, Exarchate of - ThroneWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		He followed up this tough talk by sending his brother, Boris, and the Viceregal army to capture the Georgian city of Konya in Psidia.
		In real terms that meant that the mountain peoples grumbled and became independent, while the ornery Cilicians and Phyrgians remained part of Georgia, since they certainly did not want to be part of either Syria or Trebizond.
		Only one of the ladies-in-waiting, Lysia, the daughter of the baron of Rybinsk, was up to the task so she tagged along.
	test.throneworld.com /wiki/index.php/Trebizond,_Exarchate_of (7213 words)

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