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	Lazzaro Spallanzani
		Spallanzani was educated at the Jesuit College of Reggio[?], and started to study law at the University of Bologna[?], which he gave up soon and turned to science.
		Spallanzani researched and disproved the theory about the spontaneous generation of cellular life in 1768.
		Spallanzani also showed that some animals, especially lizard, can regenerate some parts of their body if injured or surgically removed.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/la/Lazzaro_Spallanzani.html (135 words)

	Lazzaro Spallanzani - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lazzaro Spallanzani (January 10, 1729 - February 12, 1799) was an Italian biologist.
		Spallanzani was educated at the Jesuit College of Reggio, and started to study law at the University of Bologna, which he gave up soon and turned to science.
		Spallanzani researched the theory about the spontaneous generation of cellular life in 1768.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani (578 words)

	Lazzaro Spallanzani Summary
		The Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) was one of the founders of modern experimental biology.
		Lazzaro Spallanzani was born in Scandiano on Jan. 12, 1729.
		Spallanzani is well known for one of his major works on microscopical observation that concerned the systems of spontaneous generation, and was an attempt to disprove J. Needham's and the Comte de Buffon's theory in support of spontaneous generation.
	www.bookrags.com /Lazzaro_Spallanzani (3133 words)

	Lazzaro Spallanzani (www.whonamedit.com)
		Spallanzani was born in Scandiano, a small town in the province of Emilia, northeast of the Apennines, to Gianniccolò, a distinguished lawyer, and Lucia Zigliani.
		Spallanzani concluded that it was the solid parts of the secretion, proteinaceous and fatty substances that form the bulk of the semen, that were essential, and he continued to regard the spermatozoa as inessential parasites.
		Spallanzani, a believer in preformation theory, found that he could prevent contamination by microorganisms in strongly heated infusions protected from aerial contamination, but he observed that as soon as air was allowed to enter the flask, microorganisms proliferated.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/2234.html (3448 words)

	Spallanzani, Lazzaro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Spallanzani also concluded that the fundamental factor in digestion is the solvent property of gastric juice - a term first used by him.
		Spallanzani was born in Scandiano, Emilia-Romagna, and studied at Bologna.
		Spallanzani also studied the migration of swallows and eels, the flight of bats, and the electric discharge of torpedo fish.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/S/Spallanzani/1.html (190 words)

	Centro Studi LAZZARO SPALLANZANI
		Spallanzani's greatest contribution to the expansion of animal regeneration research lay in his refusal to think within traditional constraints, such as assuming regenerative capacity to be limited to animals near the plant-animal transition in the 'great chain of being'.
		Spallanzani came to agree that the ears were the sense organs that enabled bats to avoid obstacles in total darkness.
		Spallanzani experimented on snails and was able to show that at least some grew a new head when decapitated.
	www.spallanzani.it /paginanews.asp?id=17 (662 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Lazzaro Spallanzani
		Lazzaro Spallanzani (January 10, 1729 - February 12, 1799) was an Italian biologist whose research of biogenesis paved the way for later discoveries by Louis Pasteur.
		Spallanzani was educated at the Jesuit College and started to study law at the University of Bologna, which he gave up soon and turned to science.
		Spallanzani showed that some animals, especially lizards, can regenerate some parts of their body if injured or surgically removed.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani (654 words)

	Lazzaro Spallanzani
		After the death of Vallisneri, whose chair at Padua had been the centre of interest in the natural sciences, Spallanzani was invited to take it, but the Austrian authorities doubled his salary and gave him a long leave of absence for a scientific expedition to Turkey to retain him.
		It was afterwards shown that this does not contain the brain, but it does contain eyes, mouth, tongue, and teeth, and these are all regenerated.
		Spallanzani made a long series of interesting experiments on artificial fecundation.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/spallanzani,lazzaro.html (544 words)

	Doug Aoki: Persistence of the toad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Lazzaro Spallanzani observed division in bacteria; his bladder is preserved in the museum at Pavia, in Italy.
		Pursuing his biological studies, Spallanzani cut off the legs of a male toad in the midst of its copulation but the dying animal did not relax the blind grasp to which nature drove it.
		Spallanzani therefore concluded: "The persistence of the toad is due less to his obtuseness of feeling than to the vehemence of his passion."
	www.arts.ualberta.ca /~aoki/Teaching/objet_a/phallus/toad.htm (74 words)

	Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729 - 1799)
		Spallanzani hat in dem alten Streit um die Frage der Urzeugung, das heißt der Entstehung von Lebewesen aus toter Materie, bereits 1769 unter der wissenschaftlichen Annahme "ohne Leben kein Leben" nachgewiesen, daß es durch luftdichten Abschluß und genügend langes Erhitzen einer organischen, Stoffe enthaltenden Flüssigkeit gelingt, die Entwicklung von Mikroben zu verhindern bzw.
		Spallanzani erweiterte und ergänzte das dortige Museum durch seine Sammlungen aus der Schweiz und Orten rund um das Mittelmeer.
		Spallanzani war ein charmanter Mensch, der viele Freunde hatte.
	home.tiscalinet.ch /biografien/biografien/spallanzani.htm (501 words)

	[No title]
		The Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute far infectious diseases is named after the Italian biologist, who was one of the founders of experimental biology.
		Born in Scandiano on January 12, 1729, and educated in law at the University of Bologna, Lazzaro Spallanzani turned to logic and metaphysics before becoming professor of physics at the universities of Modena and, finally, Pavia (1769), where he conducted most of his experiments.
		But Spallanzani was not convinced, and suggested that perhaps the microorganisms had entered the broth from the air after the broth was boiled, but before it was sealed.
	www.inmi.it /eng_biografia.html (269 words)

	Skeptical Observer - How Skepticism Blocks Progress
		Spallanzani was in effect making a claim for the paranormal, much as the pioneers of psychical research were to do in the following century in the case of telepathy.
		One of Spallanzani’s colleagues had actually thought of the sensitive-wing theory and tested it, by putting bats in an all-white room and coating their wingtips with some kind of fl stuff that would come off on the walls and various white objects if the bats’ wings touched them.
		Spallanzani was no maverick amateur, but a versatile and experienced researcher regarded as one of the leading physiologists of his day who did pioneering work in such areas as fertilisation, artificial insemination and limb regeneration.
	www.skepticalinvestigations.org /observer/bats.htm (949 words)

	Lazzaro Spallanzani - biografia
		Spallanzani nacque il 12 gennaio 1729 a Scandiano, vicino a Reggio Emilia, da Gian Nicola, giureconsulto, e da Lucia Ziliani, primo di nove fratelli.
		Spallanzani decise però di abbandonare il diritto per la filosofia naturale, spinto a ciò dalla cugina Laura Bassi, docente di Fisica generale all’Università.
		Durante il suo viaggio a Costantinopoli, Spallanzani fu accusato del furto di reperti del Museo di Pavia dal custode Serafino Volta, che sosteneva di averli visti nel museo privato dello scienziato a Scandiano.
	www.unipv.it /webbio/spalla99/spallanz.htm (1538 words)

	SPALLANZANI, Abbé [Lazzaro]., Programme ou Précis d'un Ouvrage sur les Réproductions Animales. Traduit de l'Italien, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Spallanzani first advanced the doctrine of the regeneration of the spinal cord.
		He found the precise location of those cuts in earthworms which affected the segmental regenerative process, and noted regenerative capacities of remarkable complexity and repetitiveness in the land snail, salamander, toad, and frog.
		"Spallanzani established the general law that in susceptible species an inverse ratio obtains between the regenerative capacity and age of the animal.
	www.polybiblio.com /phillips/703.html (252 words)

	Imago Mundi - Anatomy and physiology in the eighteenth century: Lazzaro Spallanzani.
		Hunter's great rival among contemporary physiologists was the Italian Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799), one of the most picturesque figures in the history of science.
		Allied to these studies of spontaneous generation were Spallanzani's experiments and observations on the physiological processes of generation among higher animals.
		Unfortunately he misinterpreted the part played by the spermatozoa in believing that their surrounding fluid was equally active in the fertilizing process, and it was not until some forty years later (1824) that Dumas corrected this error.
	www.cosmovisions.com /Williams040405.htm (333 words)

	The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation (1668-1859)
		An Italian priest, Lazzaro Spallanzani, was not convinced, and he suggested that perhaps the microorganisms had entered the broth from the air after the broth was boiled, but before it was sealed.
		The theory of spontaneous generation was finally laid to rest in 1859 by the young French chemist, Louis Pasteur.
		He boiled meat broth in a flask, heated the neck of the flask in a flame until it became pliable, and bent it into the shape of an S. Air could enter the flask, but airborne microorganisms could not - they would settle by gravity in the neck.
	www.accessexcellence.org /RC/AB/BC/Spontaneous_Generation.html (611 words)

	The Catholic Encyclopedia - Lazzaro Spallanzani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		After the death of Vallisneri, whose chair at Padua had been the centre of interest in the natural sciences, Spallanzani was invited to take it, but the Austrian authorities doubled his salary and gave him a long leave of absence for a scientific expedition to Turkey to retain him.
		It was afterwards shown that this does not contain the brain, but it does contain eyes, mouth, tongue, and teeth, and these are all regenerated.
		Spallanzani made a long series of interesting experiments on artificial fecundation.
	www.jcsm.org /StudyCenter/Catholic_Encyclopedia/14209a.htm (650 words)

	History of Regeneration Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Italian scientist, Lazzaro Spallanzani, began studying regeneration in vertebrates as well as invertebrates in the 1760s.
		Spallanzani was a great admirer of Charles Bonnet and was deeply influenced by the Swiss scientist’s philosophy.
		Spallanzani was also instrumental in debunking the theory of spontaneous generation (he shares this honor with Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur) and was the first scientist to perform a successful artificial insemination (these experiments were performed using dogs).
	odelberglab.genetics.utah.edu /regen_history.htm (781 words)

	Spallanzani, Lazzaro (1729-1799)
		One was left open to the air, the other was sealed after the broth in it had first been boiled to kill any bacteria that might already be present.
		Spallanzani observed that only the broth which had been sealed remained sterile.
		Proponents of spontaneous generation, however, remained unconvinced, arguing that the boiling had destroyed some "vital principle" in the air which explained why no microbes appeared in the closed container.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/Spallanzani.html (188 words)

	Germs from Nowhere: Spontaneous Generation - Antibiotics in Action
		Spallanzani used various sterilization times to show clearly that growth of microbes would not occur if culture medium was sterilized for at least 45 minutes in boiling water.
		Spallanzani did not resolve the question about the alteration of the air in the sealed and heated containers.
		Later chemists such as Gay-Lussac were able to show that oxygen was missing from the “air” remaining in the heated and sealed vessels and it was this absence of air that would prevent the appearance of “spontaneous” life.
	www.chemheritage.org /EducationalServices/pharm/antibiot/readings/spogen.htm (640 words)

	Clinica Lazzaro Spallanzani - Reggio Emilia
		Il Centro Medico Privato “Lazzaro Spallanzani” è una struttura d’eccellenza per il prestigio dei medici che vi lavorano e per l’utilizzo della più elevata e moderna tecnologia nell’ambito delle apparecchiature sanitarie di diagnostica e di terapia.
		Il Centro Medico Privato “Lazzaro Spallanzani” è in grado anche di offrire prestazioni complementari al servizio pubblico, come la chirurgia plastica ed estetica, la chirurgia refrattiva ed altre tecnologie innovative.
		Lazzaro Spallanzani nacque a Scandiano, nel Ducato di Modena e Reggio, il 12 gennaio 1729.
	www.lazzarospallanzani.it /chiSiamo.php (689 words)

	Hospital preparedness and management of patients affected by viral haemorrhagic fever or smallpox at the Lazzaro ...
		This report describes the model of response for the Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani (INMI), Rome, Italy in managing patients suspected of or affected by smallpox or VHF either in the context of an intentional release or natural occurrence.
		In particular, the hospital was heavily involved in the control of hepatitis B and C epidemic in the ‘70s, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis spread in the mid ’80s and early ‘90s.
		In 1982, after smallpox vaccinations in Italy were discontinued, the Italian Ministry of Health identified the Lazzaro Spallanzani hospital as the place that would receive suspected cases and a negative-pressure Gelman’s containment bed isolator was purchased.
	www.eurosurveillance.org /em/v10n03/1003-221.asp (3192 words)

	Lazzaro Spallanzani - Definition, explanation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Lazzaro Spallanzani (January 10, 1729 - February 12, 1799) was an Italian biologist.
		He was born in Modena and died in Pavia, Italy.
		Lazzaro also discovered and described animal (mammal) reproduction, requiering semen and an ovum.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/la/lazzaro_spallanzani.php (800 words)

	Spallanzani Explores Vulcano, 1799 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Spallanzani actually descended into the crater of Vulcano and gathered samples for later laboratory testing.
		Spallanzini believed that volcanic fire was caused by the ignition of underground sulfur, and he thought that all of the Aeolian Islands arose from the sea at about the same time.
		This French edition of Spallanzani's Travels appeared seven years after the original Italian edition; it is of interest that most of the engravings have been redone.
	www.lhl.lib.mo.us /events_exhib/exhibit/exhibits/vulcan/27.shtml (159 words)

	An Adaptation of MICROBE HUNTERS
		To please his father, young Lazzaro Spallanzani pretended to be interested in the law--but during his vacations his mind wandered and his interest in the natural world took over as he watched skipping stones, and animals, and dreamed about understanding the violent fireworks of volcanoes.
		Spallanzani, you are throwing away Lazzaro's talents on the study of law.
		Spallanzani skipped stones over water in earnest, and wrote a brilliant scientific paper on the physics of skipping stones.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEC/AEF/1994/tucker-griffith_microbe.html (1942 words)

	Life Science Connections - Brief History of Life - Lazzaro Spallanzani
		Lazzaro Spallanzani was an Italian naturalist (a type of scientist) who also attempted to disprove the Theory of Spontaneous Generation, almost one hundred years after Francesco Redi's experiments.
		With the invention of microscopes after Redi's death, scientists were able to see tiny organisms that they could not see with the naked eye.
		It was not until another 100 years that Spallanzani was proved correct when another Scientist known as Louis Pasteur performed a similar experiment.
	www.vilenski.org /science/notebook/unit1/historyoflife/spallanzani.html (261 words)

	Life Science Connections - Brief History of Life - Lazzaro Spallanzani
		Lazzaro Spallanzani was an Italian naturalist (a type of scientist) who also attempted to disprove the Theory of Spontaneous Generation, almost one hundred years after Francesco Redi's experiments.
		With the invention of microscopes after Redi's death, scientists were able to see tiny organisms that they could not see with the naked eye.
		It was not until another 100 years that Spallanzani was proved correct when another Scientist known as Louis Pasteur performed a similar experiment.
	vilenski.org /science/notebook/unit1/historyoflife/spallanzani.html (261 words)

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