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Topic: Lead antimoniate

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	[No title]
		The white enamel as used was therefore a mixed silicate of lead and potash rendered opaque with oxide of tin.
		It must be remembered that many of these colours owe their tint to the lead used in their composition, or to the grounds containing oxides of lead and tin on which they were painted.
		This coperta was a soft lead glass consisting of silica (sand), 20 parts; oxide of lead, 17 parts; potash, 12 parts; and common salt, 8 parts; fused together and then finely ground in water.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=44225 (4995 words)

	Ceramic Toxicology
		Lead poisoning is often associated with potters; indeed, it is regarded as a classic potter's disease.
		Rather than trying to research which lead frits are safe for use under normal conditions and which may be prone to leach lead oxide, it is easier to simply remember that any lead frit is safer for use than any raw compound, but all should be handled with care.
		Antimony in the oxide form is seldom used today, but one of its compounds, lead antimoniate or Naples Yellow, is a commonly use colorant.
	www.sfsu.edu /~ceramic/manual/ceramictoxicology.htm (3597 words)

	Untitled Document
		Red lead also should not discolor alcohol; if it does it has been adulterated with coal-tar dye (most likely a test of the color upon purchase from the chemists at that time); also, when doctored with coal-tar it has a tendency to bleed when painted over with white lead.
		It is then loosely covered with a grid of lead, which keeps the tan from falling in, allowing the carbon dioxide formed by the fermenting of the tan to enter the pot and act upon the coils and plates of lead with the vapors of vinegar and moisture.
		Lead white is also the fastest drying of all of the whites because of the drying action of the lead pigment upon the oil.
	www.jcsparks.com /painted/pigment_print.html (13637 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Antimony determinations were performed after water dilution of samples using an air/acetylene flame (217.6 nm) and pneumatic nebulization.
		Determination of antimony on the trivalent state in the samples was performed by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry using a flame heated quartz cell as atomizer.
		Pentavalent antimonial characteristics are the antithesis of the ideal drug profile for the treatment of any disease, the situation is the worst possible if we consider that leishmaniasis affects mainly poor people living in less developed countries where health services usually show precarious conditions.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?oc03049 (2839 words)

	Memórias on line
		We analyzed data from historical controls treated with meglumine antimoniate to compare the frequency of adverse events observed in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with the same dose of meglumine antimoniate contaminated with heavy metals in an endemic area of the State of Bahia, Brazil.
		The presence of trivalent antimony contaminating pentavalent antimonials for clinical use was demonstrated and could explain the toxic events observed during treatment (Franco et al.
		Contamination of antimonials with heavy metals such as lead, arsenic and cadmium is not expected unless poor quality control of manufacturing process allows the use of impure salts.
	memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br /981/4622.html (742 words)

	Lead Poisoning Prevention
		Lead is used in some hobby and artists ceramic glazes because it is required to allow glazes to mature at lower kiln temperatures, to fire properly in kilns without precise firing temperatures, to prevent cracking, to provide certain colors not otherwise attainable, and to withstand repeated dishwasher use.
		Lead wheel weights falling off cars and trucks is an unregulated source of lead pollution in the U.S. On average, cars and light trucks have up to 10 wheel weights that range from 1/2 inch to 6 inches in length and from 1/4 ounce to 4 ounces in weight.
		Lead was detected in small quantities in emissions from zinc-based wicks, suggesting that the lead may be a common contaminant in the zinc, wick or wax.
	orgs.unca.edu /eqi/LPP/where.html (14282 words)

	Laboratory of Barry P. Rosen
		Thus, antimonials are likely to remain the mainstay of antileishmanial therapy for the foreseeable future.
		Understanding how antimonial drugs work in the treatment of leishmaniasis and why they sometimes fail is fundamental to the optimal use of the existing formulations and is also likely to be instructive in the development of new therapies.
		Reduction of antimonials The mode of antileishmanial action of SbV is not understood although there is general agreement that SbV is converted into SbIII, which is thought to be active form of the drug.
	www.med.wayne.edu /biochem/rosenlab/html/wellcome.html (804 words)

	mannigefrei (English to German translation glossary) Tech/Engineering
		Red lead pigment was not only used in pure red lead paint, but also used in a variety of multiple pigment paints, containing red lead as the principal pigment, which are desired to meet specific conditions.
		Red lead and linseed oil paints were designed and used to meet exacting requirements for slow and quick drying, low cost, light weight, salt or fresh water exposure, or other conditions as the formulator or specifier desired.
		Properly formulated multiple pigment or pure red lead paints adhere tenaciously and form impervious films resistant to water, many corrosive gases, and air Red lead has a strong affinity for the film, which is tough and elastic when dry, so that it can expand and contract as the surface expands and contracts with temperature changes.
	www.proz.com /kudoz/57874 (483 words)

	Oral Delivery of Meglumine Antimoniate-{beta}-Cyclodextrin Complex for Treatment of Leishmaniasis -- Demicheli et al. ...
		on the oral absorption of antimony in mice and on the efficacy
		Oral absorption of antimony from meglumine antimoniate and its complex with ß-cyclodextrin.
		The plasma was assayed for antimony by graphite furnace atomic
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/48/1/100 (2310 words)

	The Seven Great Monarchies: Assyria (Part 3) by George Rawlinson, M.A.,
		All leads to the conclusion that in Assyrian as in classical sculpture, color was sparingly applied, being confined to such parts as the hair, eyes, and beards of men, to the fringes of dresses, to horse trappings, and other accessory parts of the representations.
		It is uncertain whence the coloring matter was derived; perhaps the substance used was the suboxide of copper, with which the Assyrians are known to have colored their red glass.
		Besides occurring in combination with red in the cases already mentioned, it was employed to color the foliage of trees, the plumage of birds, the heads of arrows, and sometimes quivers, and sandals.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/16162/16162-h/r2c.htm (17354 words)

	Stage-Specific Activity of Pentavalent Antimony against Leishmania donovani Axenic Amastigotes -- Ephros et al. 43 (2): ...
		antimoniate resembles the parasite's response to sodium stibogluconate.
		Pentostam induces resistance to antimony and preservative chlorocresol in Leishmania donovani promastigotes and axenically grown amastigotes.
		Visceral leishmaniasis unresponsive to Pentostam caused by Leishmania tropica in Kenya.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/43/2/278 (2908 words)

	KREMER Pigments: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		It is a chemical combination of lead and antimony oxides and may vary in color from sulphur-yellow to orange yellow, depending on the proportion of the two materials.
		Compounds of lead and antimony are known to have been used in Babylonia and Assyria in the production of yellow ceramic glazes.
		Current investigation is discovering traces of both antimony and tin with lead in areas of yellow paint on old paintings.
	www.kremer-pigmente.de /englisch/43130e.htm (366 words)

	An Alchemists Glossary of Terms, Definitions, Formulas & Concoctions - Part 2 (I-R)
		Lead Oxide obtained from the flues at lead smelters.
		Mixture of Antimony Oxychloride and Antimony Oxide (Sb ; Sb SbOCl).
		A white powder of Antimonious Oxychloride (SbOCl), made by precipitation when a solution of Butter of Antimony in spirit of salt is poured into water.
	www.3rd1000.com /alchemy/alchemyterms2.htm (4219 words)

	clayart - thread 'antimony (antimoniate of lead)' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Antimony of Lead makes no sense to me as they are respective
		lead oxide, which are are both virtually impossible to find.
		Antimony Oxide is usually a stock item and we have obtained Lead Oxide
	www.potters.org /subject76057.htm (1851 words)

	Sanders Studios: Tutorials - Pigments Past
		Lead antimonate is often of a rather pale hue.
		Red coloured lead tetroxide (Pb3 O4) composed of lead monoxide and lead peroxide which evolves by heating litharge for several hours at 480º C. It is an orange to brilliant scarlet red, heavy, earthy, poisonous powder.
		Cremnitz White is a high-quality corroded white lead made by a nineteenth-century variation of the Dutch process, litharge being used as a basic raw material instead of metallic lead.
	www.sanders-studios.com /instruction/tutorials/historyanddefinitions/pigmentspast.html (3690 words)

	Sanders Studios: Tutorials - Lead Palette
		Once I had decided on lead white as a basis for this palette, I then had to be concerned with selecting colors which were both extremely lightfast and chemically compatible with lead.
		Atmospheric sulfur in our industrial age is known to darken lead; the cure has been a good coat of varnish to seal the paint from direct interaction with impurities in the air.
		[Their Flake White is a mixture of lead and zinc.] Because of the need for paint to become increasingly flexible in each successive layer, and due to lead's superior flexibility over any other white, I do not use any other white in any layer of my paintings when using this method.
	www.sanders-studios.com /instruction/tutorials/modernapplications/leadpalette.html (1970 words)

	handprint : yellow watercolors
		Lead antimoniate or antimony yellow (PY41) is the traditional basis of genuine naples yellow, manufactured as a pigment since at least the 1400's, though similar antimony yellows appear in the middle east as early as 500 BCE.
		PY216, a complex of tin, antimony, zinc and titanium oxides, is a lightfast, semiopaque, moderately staining, light valued, moderately dull medium yellow pigment.
		James Turner patented the original turner's yellow (lead oxychloride) in 1781; it was a bright yellow to orange artist's pigment that was popular in the early 19th century; it was fugitive and now obsolete.
	www.handprint.com /HP/WCL/watery.html (6670 words)

	Notebook
		Although the lead whites are excluded from pastel sticks, cadmium, chrome, and manganese colors can be found in some pastels.
		When zinc, lead, or cadmium metals are heated to high temperatures, such as those involved in welding processes, fumes may be released that can cause serious illnesses.
		Painters who work with any process that requires the burning of paint or pigments should be aware that constant inhalation of the fumes is dangerous, that they should work with adequate exhaust ventilation and that they should use a respirator designed to protect the wearer from poisonous metal fumes.
	www.noteaccess.com /MATERIALS/ToxicityPigmt.htm (1416 words)

	Making Artists Paint - Safety Information
		White Lead, also known as Cremnitz White, Flake White, Silver White and Lead Carbonate was at one time the only permanent opaque white known and so was unavoidable in the studio.
		There are a number of other colors that are lead based such as the Chrome reds and yellows and even genuine Naples Yellow.
		Lead is one of the most toxic substances used by artists over the centuries.
	www.paintmaking.com /safety.htm (1277 words)

	Yellow Artist Pigments
		An absolutely permanent yellow except in the presence of lead pigments (unless well bound in oil) or in the presence of moisture over a long period.
		An oxide of lead closely related to Litharge, which is lighter, Massicot a little redder, Poisonous and quite impermanent.
		Banned in 1908 when it was revealed to the public that this golden yellow color that artist's loved was in fact made from the urine of cows that were forcibly fed large quantities of Mango leaves.
	www.paintmaking.com /yellow.htm (2641 words)

	Re: yea
		I have some very good news for you (seeing as you are a fellow lead-head) we had been trying out different samples of Basic lead carbonate, massicot and antimony oxide.
		mixing the antimony and basic lead carb will result in beautiful yellow which oxidises nasty very quickly in presence of oxyigen once knifed into oil...havent figured that one out so its shelved for time being...only straight masic varnish seems to keep it from turning.it turns quick too!....so damn!!.....
		"lead heads" out there paul (delorenzo) gave me an excellent method of grinding ld wht that seems to work for me better than adding wax (though wax is excellent and comes in handy,thanks for the tip)..
	www.1art.com /wwwboard/messages/962.html (379 words)

	Earthstone Arts
		It is considered a defect in earthenwares because they are porous and the vessel will not then hold liquid.
		Metal oxides are painted on the glaze before firing to give the characteristic colors, such as blue (cobalt), green (copper), browny-mauve (manganese) and yellow (antimoniate of lead).
		The pots are taken from the still-firing kiln and plunged into water, sometimes having been previously dropped into vegetation to reduce the metal oxides and so give different color results.
	www.earthstonearts.com /glossary.html (1727 words)

	The history of chemistry on Earth and Almea
		Litharge was used along with antimony oxide to form Naples yellow, a yellow lead antimoniate glaze, in Assyria, -8C.
		Antimony was used in the -7C to decolorize glass.
		The confusion of antimony with arsenic and the use of the latter by unscrupulous or uninformed physicians contributed to the disrepute and sometimes prohibition of antimony remedies.
	www.zompist.com /versci.htm (6782 words)

	Catalogue Record: ALCH00109
		1686.' On a volatile salt of zinc [apparently the chloride], and on an alloy derived from ores of iron, antimony, tin, lead, and bismuth.
		volatilised copper] with precipitates of antimony and iron, and with mercury.
		Comparison of the fusibility of alloys of lead, tin, and bismuth in various proportions.
	www.newtonproject.ic.ac.uk /catalogue/viewcat.php?id=ALCH00109 (592 words)

	Pigments and their Chemical and Artistic Properties
		: Red oxide of lead, not to be confused with iron oxide.
		: It is produced by heating white lead in the presence of air.
		White lead has always been one of the most important pigments in many painting techniques; yet chemists are still undecided as to just what our normal modern lead white is. The traditional method is called "the stack process." The "stack" consists of hundreds or thousands of earthenware
	www.jcsparks.com /painted/pigment-chem.html (11975 words)

	Erotic surrealist paintings "Sea Ooh See" - Pigments History
		White Lead: basic carbonate of lead, artificially prepared with lead and vinegar.
		They knew another red pigment: Lead Red (tetroxide of lead = Minium) which had a bad reputation (because it can turn brown when exposed to light) but which has now proved to be more permanent than Vermilion in the Italian paintings of the 14th century!
		This pigment, which is extraordinary permanent (one can verify it in the museums), was widely used in Italy in the 14th an 15th centuries under the name of “giallorino”.
	www.erotic-surrealist-paintings.us /hist_pig.htm (1768 words)

	Cedar oil: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		They would grind cobalt compounds in a mortar and pestle[?] to produce a blue pigment.
		They could obtain green from copper, yellow from lead antimoniate[?], fl from charcoal, and white from gypsum.
		Link to this page: The easy way of educating your website visitors.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ce/Cedar-oil.html (189 words)

	URANIUM and CERAMICS by Edouard Bastarache
		One obtains yellows by means of potash antimoniate and lead oxide.
		There is a possibility of lung tissue damage leading to a risk of lung cancer if a high enough radiation dose results from insoluble DU compounds remaining in the lungs over a prolonged period (many years).
		This leads to an air concentration of 1 µg/m3.
	ceramic-materials.com /cermat/education/172.html (3505 words)

	Pottery: May 2006
		The Italian potters did not long remain unaffected by these influences, but though Persian, Syrian and Egyptian pottery must have been fairly plentiful in the households of the wealthy, it was the distinctively Hispano-Moresque wares from which the potters of Italy drew the inspiration for a new ware of their own.
		The idea of rendering this ware ornamental, and fitting it for more than vulgar use, led to a great development of the graf/lato process; where, while the vessel, with its white clay coating was firm yet soft enough, patterns were scratched or engraved through the white slip to the red body beneath.
		In the earlier painted wares the only colors used were manganese-purple and a transparent copper-green as on the mezza-majolica~ but early in the I 5th century cobalt-blue was added to the palette, and, later on, the strong yellow antimoniate of lead, mixed with iron.
	indonesianpottery.blogspot.com /2006_05_01_indonesianpottery_archive.html (7718 words)

	The Seven Great Monarchies, by George Rawlinson, The Fourth Monarchy
		A number of stone piers were erected in the bed of the stream, firmly clamped together with fastenings of iron and lead; wooden drawbridges connected pier with pier during the day, and on these passengers passed over; but at night they were withdrawn, in order that the bridge might not be used during the dark.
		Diodorus declares that besides this bridge, to which he assigns a length of five stades (about 1000 yards) and a breadth of 30 feet, the two sides of the river were joined together by a tunnel, which was fifteen feet wide and twelve high to the spring of its arched roof.
		To prevent the moisture from penetrating into the brick-work and gradually destroying the building, there were interposed between the bricks and the mass of soil, first a layer of reeds mixed with bitumen, then a double layer of burnt brick cemented with gypsum, and thirdly a coating of sheet lead.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/1/6/1/6/16164/16164-h/16164-h.htm (19110 words)

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