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Topic: Lead styphnate

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	DARPA/MTO/MEMS Digital Micro-Propulsion Project
		Lead styphnate is particularly sensitive to fire and the discharge of static electricity.
		Lead styphnate does not react with metals and is less sensitive to shock and friction than mercury fulminate or lead azide.
		Lead styphnate is only slightly soluble in water and methyl alcohol and may be neutralized by a sodium carbonate solution.
	www.design.caltech.edu /micropropulsion/styphnate.html (972 words)

	Lead Contaminates Handout
		Lead is toxic, and anyone who spends much time on an indoor shooting range is at serious risk of developing lead poisoning.
		Lead is used in bullets, batteries, fishing sinkers, old toy soldiers, and for decades it was an additive in gasoline.
		Because lead is absorbed by the bones and stored there quite tenaciously, archaeologists have been able to examine the bones of ancient people in pre-industrialized societies and estimate their lead levels.
	www.utexas.edu /safety/ehs/msds/lead.html (3201 words)

	lead
		One study of the distribution of lead between filtrate and solids in stream water from urban and rural areas reported the ratio of lead in suspended solids to that in filtrate varied from 4% in rural areas to 27% in urban areas.
		Lead is adsorbed by polar particulate matter as is evidenced by its dominance in sediment of specific gravity 2.0-2.9, where the clay fraction is found.
		Lead was found in 52% and 58% of the 98 and 110 composites sampled in the infant and toddler total diet study respectively, with lead concentrations ranging from 0.003-0.51 ppm.
	www.speclab.com /elements/lead.htm (7015 words)

	Ammunition priming mixtures and method of forming same - Patent 3983149
		The lead styphnate which results from the practice of this method has been isolated and subjected to X-Ray diffraction analysis confirming that this is a novel form of lead styphnate and is indeed a new compound.
		Normal lead styphnate (normal lead trinitroresorcinate) is a well known primary explosive which has been widely used for the manufacture of percussion primers for small arms ammunition and the like where it first came into use as a replacement for fulminate of mercury.
		The normal lead styphnate of this invention is prepared in situ in a wet mixture of styphnic acid (trinitroresorcine) and a lead compound such as lead oxide (litharge), lead hydroxide, basic lead carbonate, or lead carbonate.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /3983149.html (7305 words)

	Lead
		Lead is still used for sheathing cables, in bearing alloys, in artistic pigments and glazes, for decorative glass, in the chemical industry, and, of course, for bullets, which have always been in special demand in the United States.
		Now, lead is a systemic poison, but its use in paint and motor fuel was thought safe because nobody ate paint or scraped it into their coffee, and there was lots of air to dilute the lead coming out of exhaust pipes.
		Lead is sold as soft lead, 99.90% pure, common lead (lead that has been desilvered), 99.85% pure, and corroding lead (for paint), 99.94% pure.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/lead.htm (8222 words)

	The Sources of Lead in Gunshot Residue
		Lead is also one of the three elements sought and associated with gunshot residue in atomic absorption and SEM techniques.
		Some of the lead from this source emerges from the muzzle of the gun upon discharge, some is deposited in the bore of the firearm and some is frequently deposited on the exterior surface of the bullet during its journey through the gun barrel.
		Lead bullets and the lead rubbed and eroded from them during the discharge process are obvious sources of lead residues.
	www.afte.org /Journal/summer01abstrs/pg212.htm (341 words)

	No Safe Level of Lead, Study Suggests
		Exposure to lead poisoning in indoor firing ranges comes primarily from inhaling lead particles suspended in the air in the range (although it may also be ingested orally, with contaminated food for example).
		Another source of airborne lead for some range shooters is casting their own lead bullets by pouring molten lead into molds of the appropriate size for the caliber bullet desired.
		Lead levels just outside the range's exhaust fan were found to be 8,000 times higher than the acceptable level set by the Pinellas County's Department of Environmental Management, and those in the soil near the border between the range and the daycare center were about 40 times the acceptable level.
	www.leadpoisoningnews.com /pastime.html (6484 words)

	Method for making primer constituents - Patent 4336084
		A method of forming a lead styphnate compound plus an oxygen-donating compound, in situ, for use in a priming mix, said method comprising reacting trinitroresorcinol with an oxygen bearing compound selected from the group consisting of barium oxide, barium hydroxide compounds, barium carbonate, or mixtures thereof, in the presence of lead nitrate and water.
		A method of forming an intimate admixture of a lead styphnate compound and barium nitrate, in situ, for use in a priming mix, said method comprising reacting trinitroresorcinol with a barium compound selected from the group consisting of barium oxide, barium hydroxide compounds and barium carbonate in the presence of lead nitrate and water.
		In the process of this invention, the lead styphnate and barium nitrate are formed in situ by reacting TNR with barium oxide, barium hydroxide or barium carbonate and lead nitrate in the presence of water.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4336084.html (3112 words)

	Megalomania's Method of Making lead styphnate
		Lead styphnate, also called lead 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinate or normal lead styphnate, is an unstable primary explosive that resists shock but will detonate readily from heat or static.
		Lead styphnate was first prepared in 1914 by E. vonHertz from magnesium styphnate.
		The end result is an intimate mixture of lead styphnate and tetracene bound by gum arabic as a plastic mass.
	www.roguesci.org /megalomania/explo/leadstyphnate.html (789 words)

	Primary (Initiating) Explosives
		Lead azide is widely used as an initiating explosive in high-explosive detonator devices.
		Lead styphnate is slightly soluble in water and methyl alcohol and may be neutralized by a solution of sodium carbonate.
		Lead styphnate is used as an initiating explosive in propellant primer and high-explosive detonator devices.
	www.tpub.com /gunners/7.htm (420 words)

	KDHE - Adult Blood Lead Epidemiological Surveillance
		Melting lead should always occur in a well-ventilated area and in the absence of children and pregnant women as they are most vulnerable to the harmful effects of lead poisoning.
		Lead has the potential to leach out of these products when the children put the jewelry in their mouths.
		Pottery and ceramics containing lead are hazardous to both consumers and workers involved in the pottery and ceramics industry either through occupation or hobby.
	www.kdheks.gov /ables/hobby.html (1238 words)

	Lead_Poisoning
		Jacketed bullets most certainly spew lead particles upon impact with steel backstops, but the amount of this projectile disintegration borne residue is not as significant as the lead dust sprayed into the air - at arms length to the shooter - upon discharge of the cartridge.
		Lead, in dust form, accumulates in the human body because it is one of the few ingredients not eliminated via kidney, liver or other methods of waste removal functions.
		It is this compounded lead, along with the second source, the vaporized lead and lead styphnate (from the discharge of the primer), which possess the greatest danger to those on the shooting line.
	www.chuckkleinauthor.com /lead_poisoning.html (3999 words)

	Megalomania's Method of Making Lead Styphnate
		Lead styphnate, also called lead trinitroresorcinate, is an unstable primary explosive that resists shock but will detonate readily from heat or static.
		The preparation of lead styphnate is easy, but the chemicals used in its manufacture are of the kind only a lab would use.
		Lead styphnate is prepared by adding a magnesium styphnate solution to lead acetate solution in a small beaker while stirring, and keeping the temperature at 70 °C. A precipitate will form, keep stirring for 15 minutes.
	www.roguesci.org /megalomania/explo/lead_styphnate.html (321 words)

	Reducing Exposures to Airborne Lead in Indoor Firing Ranges -- United States
		Results show that exposure of shooters to airborne lead is greatly reduced by replacing traditional lead bullets with nylon-clad, copper-jacketed, or zinc ammunition.
		When shooters were firing lead bullets, their mean lead exposure was 110 ug/m((3)), calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA).
		Major sources of such exposures are lead bullets (from which airborne particles are released during firing) and primers containing lead styphnate (a highly explosive compound used to initiate the combustion of gunpowder in the cartridge).
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000142.htm (764 words)

	LEAD POISONING – It can happen to you
		Inorganic lead is defined as lead oxides, metallic lead, and lead salts.
		The airborne lead levels were reduced by a factor of 21 in the personal and by a factor of 7.5 in the general area air samples.
		Lead Exposure in indoor firing ranges: environmental impact and health risk to the range users; Abudhaise BA, Int J Occup Med Environ Health 1996:9(4):323-9.
	www.theppsc.org /Staff_Views/Heider/LeadHazards.htm (1384 words)

	Amazon.com: "lead azide": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In that application it is often mixed with lead azide, another primary explosive.
		The exception to this rule are azides, such as lead azide (PbN6), and nitrogen compounds such as...
		LEAD AZIDE Lead azide is a primary explosive used to initiate booster or base charges in blasting caps.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/lead-azide (511 words)

	Lead styphnate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pb), whose name is derived from styphnic acid, is a toxic explosive used as a component in primer and detonator mixtures for less sensitive explosives, such as nitroglycerine.
		National Pollutant Inventory - Lead and Lead Compounds Fact Sheet
		This page was last modified 11:35, 15 July 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lead_styphnate (198 words)

	Lead(II) azide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a commercially usable form it is a white-to-buff powder.
		Dextrose can be added to the solution to stabilize the product.
		This page was last modified 15:08, 10 July 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lead_azide (261 words)

	Bleitrizinat - lead tricinate (German to English translation glossary) Cartridge development,Chemistry; Chem ...
		The KudoZ network provides a framework for translators and others to assist each other with translations or explanations of terms and short phrases.
		Post "lead styphnate", and I'll happily agree...Got lots of other names too, but they are all too specialist, aren't they...
		gvetek: These synonyms occur in both German and English, Bleistyphnat and Bleitricinat, as well as lead styphnate and lead tricinate, respectively.
	www.proz.com /kudoz/994585 (149 words)

	Amazon.com: "lead styphnate": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		See all pages with references to lead styphnate.
		Molecular Name formula formula 1 2- Lead styphnate O PbC'r6tt3N3O9 02N NO2 Pb2+H20 O NO2 Lead 2,...
		Three major components in the primer compound play important roles in the formation and identification of GSR: The Initiator - lead styphnate, which is set off with a sharp blow, as when the firing pin strikes the primer cap;...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/lead-styphnate (454 words)

	Safety (MSDS) data for lead styphnate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Synonyms: lead tricinate, 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-benzenediol lead(2+) salt, 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinol lead (2+) salt, lead trinitroresorcinate, tricinat, styphnic acid lead salt
		May detonate if subject to mechanical shock or friction, or if heated.
		We have not verified this information, and cannot guarantee that it is up-to-date.
	physchem.ox.ac.uk /MSDS/LE/lead_styphnate.html (169 words)

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